全球食物供给非均衡性演变及贸易影响     

强文丽  田楠  刘爱民  成升魁 《地理科学进展》2022,41(8):1416-1427

降低食物供给的非均衡性是实现“零饥饿”的重要途径。论文在分析1986—2018年全球食物生产时空演变特征的基础上,基于洛伦兹曲线和锡尔系数,对全球与区域食物生产非均衡性及贸易影响进行了测度。结果表明：① 1986—2018年,全球各类食物产量均呈增加趋势,产出结构发生了显著变化,谷物在植物性食物中的比重减小,油料、蔬菜和水果所占比重增加。不同区域和国家食物营养来源具有显著差异,且尺度越小,差异越大。② 谷物、糖料和水果生产的集中程度相对较低,蔬菜、油料、薯类、水产品生产集中程度较高。豆类、蔬菜、油料、糖料和嗜好类人均产量非均衡性呈增加趋势,薯类、水果、畜禽类和水产品的人均产量非均衡性呈降低趋势。人均热量产出非均衡较低,脂肪和蛋白质产出的非均衡性较高。③ 贸易对全球人均食物及营养供给的非均衡性具有显著的降低作用,且其影响程度逐年增加。贸易对糖类、油料和嗜好类非均衡性降低作用最显著,对脂肪供给非均衡性的降低作用较大。制定以营养为导向的食物生产和贸易政策,对提升食物供给均衡性具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Seeing benevolently: Representational politics and digital race formation on ethnic food tour webpages     

《Geoforum》2017

The aim of this paper is to extend studies of food media and racialisation by applying Nakamura’s (2002, 2008) concepts of digital race formation and cybertype to the webpages of an ethnic food tour in southwestern Sydney. Whilst the literature on food media, and racialisation and food practices are burgeoning, little attention to date has been given to racialization and gendering on food websites, and particularly those for social enterprises, which have hybrid commercial and social aims. Given that Nakamura has focused on a range of new media but not webpages, we draw on analytic frameworks on visual racism from Van Leeuwen (2008) and interactivity and aesthetics by Adami (2014, 2015) to provide a detailed case study analysis of how the visual and verbal meaning-making strategies and the technological affordance of interactivity produce racialised and gendered cybertyping and Othering. Our analysis shows that racialised femininity is deployed to touristify a region seen by racist media to be criminalised, masculine and foreign. We conclude by arguing that methods for analysing meaning-making strategies in new media need to be developed in food studies and that food social enterprises should see their representational work as part of their social mission.  相似文献   

An assessment of “fishing down marine food webs” in coastal states during 1950–2010     

丁琪  陈新军  余为  陈勇 《海洋学报(英文版)》2017,36(2):43-50

渔获物平均营养级（Mean trophic level of fishery landings,MTL）是目前评估人类捕捞活动影响的研究中使用最广泛的生物多样性指标之一。根据联合国粮农组织FAO提供的渔获生产统计数据,结合Fishbase提供的相关鱼种营养级数据,本文评估了1950-2010年太平洋、大西洋和印度洋各沿海国海洋渔业开发状态。研究发现,在全球三大洋75个主要捕捞国中,43个国家MTL呈显著下降趋势,发生了Pauly于1998年提出的“捕捞降低海洋食物网”现象;但是,仅16个国家MTL的下降是由于高营养级种类的衰退,而27个国家属于“捕捞沿着海洋食物网”的下降机制。此外,20个国家MTL呈恢复上升趋势,但是,该恢复上升趋势通常伴随着传统低营养级种类产量的大幅下降;在上述20个国家中,11个国家的低营养级鱼类产量呈显著下降趋势。需谨慎分析“捕捞降低海洋食物网”现象,掌握MTL的潜在变化机制。  相似文献   

桑沟湾养殖生态系统浮游植物的粒径结构及浮游生物对栉孔扇贝碳需求的贡献     

蒋增杰  杜美荣  房景辉  高亚平  李加琦  赵丽  方建光 《海洋学报(英文版)》2017,36(10):97-105

The biomass and size fraction of phytoplankton in terms of chlorophyll a(Chl a) was measured during four cruises conducted in April, July, October 2013 and January 2014 in mariculture area, the Sanggou Bay, China.Results show that total Chl a levels in the surface seawater of the Sanggou Bay generally range from 0.10 to 20.46μg/L, with an average value of 2.13 μg/L. Nano-phytoplankton was the most important size-fraction and accounted for about 65.1% of total Chl a. In order to evaluate the importance of the "protozoan trophic link" for energy transfer from the microbial loop to filter-feeding feeders, Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri was then offered a natural planktonic community as potential prey. Results show that scallops obtained carbon source from natural plankton with the rate of 11 033.05 μg/(g·d). Protists(nanoflagellates and ciliates) were the dominant source of carbon retained by scallop(48.78%). The microbial loop provided 58.45% of the carbon source for farmed scallops. These results indicate that the microbial loop represent a valuable trophic resource in mariculture system of the Sanggou Bay.  相似文献   

温度和限食对花鲈早期幼鱼摄食与生长的影响     

王伟  张凯强  温海深  张美昭  李吉方 《海洋科学》2017,41(6):1-8

为探索北方人工繁育花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼冬季生长最佳温度及投饵模式,本实验首次采用温度和限食双因素处理来研究花鲈幼鱼的补偿生长规律。实验设置3个温度水平(20℃、16℃和12℃)和2个投喂水平(100%投喂和50%投喂),其中A组(20℃和100%投喂)为对照组,B组(16℃和100%投喂)、C组(12℃和100%投喂)、D组(20℃和50%投喂)、E组(16℃和50%投喂)和F组(12℃和50%投喂)为处理组。实验分2个阶段:第一阶段为30 d的处理阶段;第二阶段为20 d的恢复阶段。结果表明,花鲈幼鱼在不同温度及限食条件下具有不同的补偿生长能力和补偿生长机制。B组通过提高饵料转化率实现了超补偿生长;C组也是通过提高饵料转化率达到了完全补偿生长;D、E组则通过提高摄食率实现了完全补偿生长;F组的花鲈幼鱼则通过提高饵料转化率实现了部分的补偿生长。综合考虑花鲈幼鱼冬季培育成本及其生长,建议北方花鲈幼鱼越冬培育温度为16℃,投喂模式为100%投喂。  相似文献   

Determination of adsorbed and absorbed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in seawater microorganisms     

Petra Wallberg  Agneta Andersson   《Marine Chemistry》1999,64(4):51

To distinguish between adsorbed and absorbed PCBs in seawater microorganisms, 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC #153; HCB) was added to a pure culture of Chrysochromulina apheles Moestrup et H.A. Thomsen. After the addition of the HCB, the cells were immediately harvested onto 2 μm polycarbonate filters and rinsed with a gradient of ethanol concentrations. Rinsing with 40% ethanol (v/v) was found to remove 80% of the HCB, which was loosely adsorbed to the cell surfaces, but did not extract the interior of the cells, as tested by chlorophyll a analysis. This method was used in a time course experiment which estimated PCBs adsorption and absorption to different groups of plankton organisms. Three different ¹⁴C-PCBs, 4-chlorobiphenyl (IUPAC #3; MCB), 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC #52; TCB), and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC #153, HCB), were incubated in seawater from the northern Baltic Sea during a spring bloom. Samples were taken every third day and separated by filtration into three fractions; 0.2–2 μm (bacteria), 2–10 μm (flagellates), and >10 μm (microplankton; phytoplankton and protozoa). Two subsamples were retained from each size fraction. One of the subsamples was left untreated, to obtain adsorbed plus absorbed PCB, while the other subsample was rinsed with 40% of ethanol, to obtain the absorbed PCB. The sorption was found to vary depending on the hydrophobicity of the compounds, the structure of the cell membranes, and the lipid content and composition of the cells. The absorption increased for the TCB and the HCB in the largest size fraction over time, which coincided with an increase of the neutral and non-polar lipids.  相似文献   

Seasonal Response of Planktonic Foraminifera to Surface Ocean Condition: Sediment Trap Results from the Central North Pacific Ocean     

Nobuhisa O. Eguchi  Hodaka Kawahata  Asahiko Taira 《Journal of Oceanography》1999,55(6):681-691

The fluxes of planktonic foraminifera (calcareous shell producing zooplankton) were examined in order to clarify temporal and regional variations in production in the upper ocean in relation to hydrographic conditions. Three time-series sediment traps were deployed in the central North Pacific along 175°E for about one year, beginning in June 1993. Trap sites were located in the subarctic, the transition, and the subtropical water masses, from north to south. The southernmost site was under the influence of the transition zone in January to May. Both temporal and regional fluxes of planktonic foraminifera showed large variations during the experiment. In the subarctic water mass, high total foraminiferal fluxes (TFFs) and high organic matter fluxes (OMFs) were observed during summer to fall, suggesting that food availability is the most important factor for the production of planktonic foraminifera. Furthermore, low TFFs during winter were ascribed to low food availability and low temperatures. The OMFs and TFFs correlated well and increased rapidly after the disruption of the seasonal thermocline during winter, peaking in late February to early March in the transition zone. In the subtropical water mass, both OMFs and TFFs remained low due to lower productivity under oligotrophic conditions. In general, TFFs show a positive correlation with OMFs during the trap experiment, suggesting that food availability is one of the factors controlling the production of planktonic foraminifera in the central North Pacific. Relatively low TFFs during summer to fall in the subtropical water mass may be caused by the thermal structure of the upper ocean. Low SST possibly reduces the production of foraminifera during winter in the subarctic region.  相似文献   

太湖秀丽白虾生物学与食性的研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

施炜钢  严小梅  邴旭文 《湖泊科学》1995,7(1):69-76

对太湖秀丽白虾怀卵亲体进行培养,两次共获苗1．35万余尾,在实验室内成功地实成了是苗至亲体一个生命周期的饲养,同期结合对太湖白虾的定期采样测定,分析描述了太湖白虾的生产与繁残规律,并对其食性进行了定性与定量的研究分析。  相似文献   

太湖椭圆萝卜螺的食物来源分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

李宽意  刘正文  李传红  李艳敏  文明章 《湖泊科学》2008,20(3):339-343

椭圆萝卜螺（Radix swinhoei）是太湖常见螺类,能牧食附着生物与多种水生植物。对植食性螺类而言,食物的主要来源究竟是水生植物还是附着生物尚存在争议。以来自太湖的苦草、轮叶黑藻、附着生物及混合食物（苦草＋轮叶黑藻＋附着生物）作为椭圆萝卜螺的四组食物,通过两个月的室内养殖实验,根据椭圆萝卜螺的生长指标来分析其主要食物来源。结果表明：以苦草、轮叶黑藻为食物时,椭圆萝卜螺的成活率（成螺）、特定生长率（幼螺与成螺）均显著低于附着生物、混合食物,食物种类对幼螺成活率的影响则不显著。另外,食物种类对幼螺壳长的增长有显著影响,在牧食两种水生植物后,幼螺平均每天壳长增长在0.01-0.02mm之间,而牧食附着生物与混合食物后每天增长0.05mm以上。分析认为,椭圆萝卜螺尽管牧食水生植物,但附着生物仍是其主要的食物来源,并对其原因进行了初步探讨。  相似文献   

食物与桡足类营养级对亚热带分层水库浮游动物群落结构的影响     

陈辉煌  王文平  薛媛媛  高肖飞  金磊  杨军 《湖泊科学》2022,34(1):174-183

于2014年10-12月,采集厦门溪东水库浮游动物、浮游植物、浮游细菌与悬浮物样品,分析浮游动物群落与食物质量和食物浓度的关系,探讨桡足类营养级变化对浮游动物的影响.结果 表明,空间上后生浮游动物群落结构在水库不同水层间的差异不显著;时间上桡足类在水华期和非水华期的差异不显著,枝角类和轮虫在水华期和非水华期的差异显著....  相似文献