多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定镉标准溶液中镉的同位素组成   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

高博  梁细荣  刘颖  胡光黔  曾文  涂湘林 《岩矿测试》2008,27(5):321-324

建立了多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对Cd标准溶液同位素组成进行分析的实验方法。仪器的质量分馏校正采用Standard-Sample Bracketing法。实验结果用δ114/110Cd来表达。在此研究基础上,以SPEX Cd标准溶液为参考标准,对国外4种Cd标准溶液进行了测定。结果表明,实验测定的精度在0.07‰~0.13‰(δ114/110Cd),与目前文献报道的结果具有相似的精度。以最新SPEX Cd标准样品(δ114/110Cd=0)为基准,计算的δ114/110CdJMC、δ114/110CdSPEX-1、δ114/110CdBAM1012和δ114/110CdM櫣nster的值分别为0.55‰、0.56‰、-0.65‰和5.14‰,说明不同批次SPEX标准溶液的Cd同位素组成是明显不同的,最新的SPEX Cd标准溶液与SPEX-1 Cd的δ114/110Cd值存在着0.56‰的差别。将以SPEX Cd为参考标准的δ114/110CdBAM1012和δ114/110CdM櫣nster转化为以SPEX-1或JMC为参考标准后,得到的结果与文献报道的结果在误差范围内一致。  相似文献   

成都平原区水稻土成土剖面Cd形态分布特征及影响因素研究   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  

侯青叶  杨忠芳  杨晓燕  杨艳  赖木收 《地学前缘》2008,15(5):36

成土过程中不同形态镉(Cd)迁移转化的影响因素研究对于了解Cd的地球化学行为具有非常重要的意义。以四川省成都平原区农田生态系统水稻土剖面中不同形态Cd分布特征为例,探讨成土过程中不同形态Cd的迁移转化影响因素及其生态危害性。结果表明:总量Cd、离子交换态Cd和碳酸盐Cd均表现出表层富集,深层含量稳定的特征;岷江流域和沱江流域水稻土Cd含量的背景值分别为0.147,0.215mg·kg-1。外源输入耕层土壤中Cd主要为活动态,其增加量占Cd总量增加量的60.71%~90.52%,向下垂向迁移能力非常弱。成土过程随着土壤中Cd总量增加,稳定态Cd含量显著增加,而活动态Cd含量明显降低。土壤的pH值主要对碳酸盐态Cd含量有影响,pH值越大,其含量越高;随着土壤成熟度增高,粉粒和粘粒含量增加的同时,残渣态Cd含量显著降低,而有机结合态Cd含量显著增高。耕层土壤中Cd的生物有效性系数高达0.59~0.65,已经严重地影响到农作物安全。  相似文献   

不同环境下镉对小球藻吸收磷速率的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李定坚  徐明芳  许忠能  严国安  曹焕生 《海洋科学》2006,30(4):25-30

在人工配制的污水中进行静态模拟实验,研究了不同光照强度及不同pH值下,镉对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)在悬浮和固定状态下对污水中正磷酸盐的吸收速率的影响。结果表明,镉存在的情况下,在实验所设的各光照强度内,悬浮态小球藻对磷的吸收速率为4~10μg/(h.个),固定化小球藻为12~16μg/(h.个);而相同的镉浓度下,在不同的pH范围中,悬浮态小球藻对磷的吸收速率为1.9~9.4μg/(h.个),固定化小球藻为5.7~12μg/(h.个)。在不同光照强度下,镉总体上降低了小球藻对磷的吸收速率,其中使悬浮藻普遍下降40%~60%,而固定处理使藻受镉的影响较少,至多下降10%~20%,但在个别光照强度下镉反而促进了小球藻对磷的吸收速率。不同pH值时,无论悬浮态还是固定态,镉在大多pH下使小球藻的磷吸收速率下降20%~30%,固定处理并没有减少镉的影响,同样在个别pH下镉促进了对磷的吸收。  相似文献   

Sample treatment with focused ultrasound and bath sonication as a powerful tool for the evaluation of cadmium pollution in estuarine waters     

R. Agapito  S. Alves  J.L. Capelo  M.L. Gonalves  A.M. Mota 《Marine Chemistry》2006,98(2-4):286-294

A new sample treatment was developed for the determination of dissolved cadmium in Tagus estuarine waters, based on focused ultrasound in conjunction with small volumes in the extraction steps for Cd pre-concentration. Cadmium was first pre-concentrated using a classical approach (APDC as the complexing agent and MIBK as the organic phase) and then back-extracted into HNO₃ with the aid of focused ultrasound, which reduced the acid concentration by more than one order of magnitude (from 4 to 0.1 mol L^− 3). This sample treatment was accomplished in less than 5 min, using low sample volume (20 mL), and low-volume, low-concentration reagents. The pre-concentration factor used in this work was 25, but different sample/organic volume ratios may be used in order to increase that value. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification in Tagus water samples were 0.03 nmol L^− 1 and 0.1 nmol L^− 3, respectively. Recoveries from spiked Tagus water were higher than 90%. The procedure was validated using the reference estuarine water NRC-SLEW-3. In the solubilization of Cd particulate, bath ultrasonication was used in conjunction with HNO₃ + HCl, followed by H₂O₂, which took about 2 instead of the usual 12 h (cooling included) when high-pressure microwave digestion is used.  相似文献   

Effects of metals and sediment particle size on the species composition of the epifauna of Pinna bicolor near a lead smelter,Spencer Gulf,South Australia     

Trevor J. Ward  Peter C. Young 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1984,18(1):79-95

Pinna bicolor (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) were transplanted between four sites near a lead smelter. The species composition of their epifauna (sessile and mobile) was examined in relation to characteristics of both sediments and seston at the sites. Seventy-two taxa were distinguished in the epifaunal community. Substantial differences were found in the short-term sensitivity of some of the species to concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in sediments and to sediment particle size. The short-term sensitivity of many species to metals or sediment particle size explained their long-term distribution pattern. Twenty-three taxa were identified as significantly characterizing the faunal differences. Of these, eleven (four molluscs, four bryozoans, two barnacles and one ascidian) were affected by both sediment metal concentration and particle size, and eight (four molluscs, one bryozoan, one polychaete, one hydroid and one barnacle) were affected by metal contamination but not particle size. Of all fauna examined, the Bryozoa were the most metal-sensitive. Four species, Smittina raigii (Bryozoa), Galeolaria sp. 1 (Polychaeta), Epopella simplex (Cirripedia) and Monia ione (Pelecypoda) were identified by their short- and long-term sensitivity to metal contamination, and absence of sensitivity to sediment particle size, as suitable species for monitoring the effects of metal contamination on the epifauna. The implications of the results for toxicity-testing are discussed.  相似文献   

U.S. Mussel Watch: 1977–1978 results on trace metals and radionuclides     

Edward D. Goldberg  Minoru Koide  Vern Hodge  A.Russel Flegal  John Martin 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,16(1):69-93

The results of the U.S. Mussel Watch Monitoring Program for the period 1976–1978 for trace metals and artificial radionuclides in bivalves are presented. The substances analysed included Ag, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, ²³⁸Pu, ^239+240Pu and ²⁴¹Am. The analyses of organic substances will be presented elsewhere. The concentrations of these substances in the bivalves may reflect upwelling processes, anthropogenic inputs or natural levels. Off the California coast, mussels show markedly elevated Pu and Cd concentrations in coastal areas adjacent to the most intensive upwelling zones. Elevated levels of Pb, for example, are found in organisms living adjacent to highly urbanized places. The general patterns of distribution repeat themselves year after year at a given site. Thus, it is concluded that annual monitoring activities may not be necessary and that a frequency of sampling of several or so years may be more appropriate to identify pollution problems. Finally, national or regional baselines for metal concentrations in bivalves from unpolluted waters are proposed. National baselines for Pb in the west coast mussels of 1·0 parts 10^?6 and for Ag in east coast mussels of 0·05 parts 10^?6 are suggested.  相似文献   

A Common Reference Material for Cadmium Isotope Studies – NIST SRM 3108     

Wafa Abouchami  Stephen J. G. Galer  Tristan J. Horner  Mark Rehkämper  Frank Wombacher  Zichen Xue  Myriam Lambelet  Melanie Gault‐Ringold  Claudine H. Stirling  Maria Schönbächler  Alyssa E. Shiel  Dominique Weis  Philip F. Holdship 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2013,37(1):5-17

Research into natural mass‐dependent stable isotope fractionation of cadmium has rapidly expanded in the past few years. Methodologies are diverse with MC‐ICP‐MS favoured by all but one laboratory, which uses thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS). To quantify the isotope fractionation and correct for instrumental mass bias, double‐spike techniques, sample‐calibrator bracketing or element doping has been used. However, easy comparison between data sets has been hampered by the multitude of in‐house Cd solutions used as zero‐delta reference in different laboratories. The lack of a suitable isotopic reference material for Cd is detrimental for progress in the long term. We have conducted a comprehensive round‐robin assay of NIST SRM 3108 and the Cd isotope offsets to commonly used in‐house reference materials. Here, we advocate NIST SRM 3108 both as an isotope standard and the isotopic reference point for Cd and encourage its use as ‘zero‐delta’ in future studies. The purity of NIST SRM 3108 was evaluated regarding isobaric and polyatomic molecular interferences, and the levels of Zn, Pd and Sn found were not significant. The isotope ratio ¹¹⁴Cd/¹¹⁰Cd for NIST SRM 3108 lies within ～ 10 ppm Da^?1 of best estimates for the Bulk Silicate Earth and is validated for all measurement technologies currently in use.  相似文献   

沈阳细河地区土壤镉污染源地球化学研究     

李东风 《世界地质》2013,32(4):867-870

镉是一种毒性很大、在自然界中分布广泛的重金属元素。利用辽河流域生态地球化学调查中取得的土壤、大气干湿沉降、灌溉水及农药化肥等样品,对沈阳细河地区土壤中镉污染源进行了甄别及追踪。结果表明: 沈阳细河地区土壤中镉元素污染是由人为源引起,且镉元素污染源主要为污水灌溉、大气降尘及磷肥三种途径。  相似文献   

重金属元素Cd在水稻土剖面中的分配系数及其影响因素研究:以四川省成都平原区为例          下载免费PDF全文

杨晓燕  侯青叶  杨忠芳 《地学前缘》2013,20(2)

以四川省成都平原区农田生态系统水稻土剖面为例,探讨了Cd分配系数及其影响因素。结果表明:Cd分配系数(Kd)在污染土壤环境和本底土壤环境中是不同的,在剖面PM-3、PM-6和PM-8剖面中污染环境中分配系数(Kd)大于本底环境中的分配系数,而在剖面PM-7中,本底环境中的分配系数(Kd)大于污染环境中的值。在污染环境Cd分配系数受土壤pH值、交换性Mg和铁硅氧化物的影响比较大,而在非污染环境中分配系数受到土壤可溶性Al、Cd全量和铁锰铝氧化物的影响较大。这些土壤的物化性质对分配系数造成影响,使得土壤滤渣和土壤原土中Cd形态含量存在差异。  相似文献   

安徽水稻土中镉元素生态安全评价标准探讨     

贾十军 《安徽地质》2013,(2):132-136

土壤中镉元素稳定的残渣态所占比例在重金属中为最低,其赋存形态以离子态为主,易被植物吸收的活性态较高,生态危害较大。稻米镉元素与土壤镉元素具有显著的正相关性。根据区域土壤镉元素与稻米镉元素含量及稻米镉超标率关系,将水稻种植土壤分为生态安全土壤、具生态安全风险土壤及生态安全高风险土壤,提出了土壤镉元素生态安全定量分级标准。  相似文献