初冬季节青藏高原清水河地区甲烷排放率变化(英)     

JIN Hui-Jun  CHENG Guo-Dong 《冰川冻土》1998,(4)

As the globally largest area covered by high altitudinal permafrost, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau may contribute substantially to atmospheric CH4 budget when global warming. Preliminary observations on CH4 emission at Qingshuihe from November 5 to 14, 1995 show that alpine grassland may be a small source for atmospheric CH4 during early winter. The emission rates of CH4 from moist grassland surface varied from-16. 1 to 23. 9 μg. m-2h-1, with an average of 1. 82 μg. m-2h-1. Emission rates of CH4 from water surface of Qingshuihe River were from -21. 0 to 37. 1 μg. m-2h-1, with an average of 1. 56 μg. m-2h-1. The emission rates of CH at 30 to 200 cm in depth ranged from-69. 0 to 36. 0 μg. m-2h-1, with the average rate at these depths varying from -2. 15 to 2. 04 μg' m-2h-1. The mean emission rates of CH4 in the active layer and permafrost indicate the lower part of active layer tends to release CH4, CH4 is absorbed at low rates in the middle section and in the vicinity of permafrost table, and net fluxes of CH4 is emitted from the soils in the upper part. During the observation periods, the methane concentrations in static chambers and emission rates of grassland and water surface displayed noticeable diurnal variations. The water/ice content may play important role in the spatial variations of methane emission rates. The emission rates of methane is weakly correlated with the ground temperatures at sampling depths and air temperatures. The observed emission rates of methane from the comparatively dry and sandy grassland soils are quite low compared with that observed in the permafrost regions in the high latitudes.  相似文献   

天山北坡天然草场牧草干旱指标研究     

梁云  孙长东 《干旱区地理》1998,21(4):68-73

通过降水,土壤水分,天然草场产草量之间建立的统计关系,来说明水分供应是影响牧草产量的重要因素,并依据降水和土壤水分与牧草产草量的关系划分出牧草生长中水分供给的正常,干旱等指标。  相似文献   

The conservation patterns of grassland ecosystem in response to the forage-livestock balance in North China     

HUANG Lin  NING Jia  ZHU Ping  ZHENG Yuhan  ZHAI Jun 《地理学报(英文版)》2021,31(4):518-534

Being a key ecological security barrier and production base for grassland animal husbandry in China,the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in North China directly affects grassland degradation and restoration,thereby impacting grassland ecosystem services.This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage,forage supply,and the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure from 2000 to 2015 in North China.We then discuss the spatial pattern of grassland ecological conservation under the impacts of grassland degradation and restoration,and livestock-carrying pressure.Over the last 16 years,the total grassland area in North China decreased by about 16,000 km2,with vegetation coverage degraded by 6.7％ of the grasslands but significantly restored by another 5.4％ of grasslands.The provisioning of forage by natural grassland mainly increased over time,with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.3 kg/ha,but livestock-carrying pressure also increased continuously.The livestock-carrying pressure index without any supplementary feeding reached as high as 3.8.Apart from the potential livestock-carrying capacity in northeastern Inner Mongolia and the central Tibetan Plateau,most regions in North China are currently overloaded.Considering the actual supplementary feeding during the cold season,the livestock-carrying pressure index is about 3.1,with the livestock-carrying pressure mitigated in central and eastern Inner Mongolia.Assuming full supplementary feeding in the cold season,livestock-carrying pressure index will fall to 1.9,with the livestock-carrying pressure alleviated significantly in Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau.Finally,we propose different conservation and development strategies to balance grassland ecological conservation and animal husbandry production in different regions of protected areas,pastoral areas,farming-pastoral ecotone,and farming areas,according to the grassland ecological protection patterns.  相似文献   

不同草地类型净初级生产力(NPP)模拟及其敏感性分析     

张美玲  陈全功  蒋文兰 《干旱区地理》2021,44(2):369-378

气候变化问题作为人类社会可持续发展面临的重大挑战,受到国际社会越来越强烈的关注。全球气候变化深刻影响着草地生态系统,定量评估区域和不同类型草地生态系统的生产力,研究其对气候变化的敏感性可以为草地生态系统适应未来气候变化提供基础数据和理论依据。草原综合顺序分类系统(CSCS)将天然草原分为42类(其中中国包含41类),并将其聚合为10个类组。研究利用改进Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA)模型模拟分析中国天然草地2004—2008年的净初级生产力(NPP)并进行系统聚类,分析了草地NPP与影响因子的相关性和敏感程度。结果表明:2004—2008年中国10个草地类组年均NPP均呈现增长趋势,其中亚热带森林草地增长最快,增长率达38.2%。温带湿润草地增长最慢,增长率为14.3%。通过聚类分析将中国41类草原的年均NPP分为3类:第1类NPP值较小,其湿润度级较低,而热量级较高;第2类NPP值较大,其热量级和湿润度级均较高,水热比适宜植被的生长;其余为第3类,其NPP值介于上述两者之间。可见,不同草地类型NPP分布规律与CSCS划分草地类型的湿润度级和热量级密切相关。草地年均NPP与>0℃年积温(Σθ)、降水量、湿润度(K)和NDVI的相关性强,与太阳辐射的相关性弱。草地类组NPP平均值对NDVI最敏感,其次为Σθ、K和降水量,敏感性最弱的为太阳辐射。草地NPP对CSCS量化分类的标准Σθ和K较为敏感,改进CASA模型在一定程度上实现了CSCS与草地生产力的耦合。  相似文献   

含沙量对草地坡面径流泥沙沉积和水力特性的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

潘成忠  马岚  上官周平 《水科学进展》2008,19(6):857-862

通过室内模拟试验,在坡度为3°和9°、流量为20和60L/min条件下研究了不同浓度(0～350kg/m3)含沙水流流经草地的泥沙沉积过程及其水力学特性。结果表明,坡面泥沙沉积量随含沙量的增加而增大,3°时泥沙沉积率与含沙量呈正相关,而9°时沉积率与含沙量呈反势。坡度对泥沙沉积影响显著,而在相同坡度条件下,两种流量试验的泥沙沉积量无明显差异。相同坡面坡上部位流速小于坡下部位,且含沙量对坡面流速影响较小。在相同坡度和流量条件下,水流雷诺数随含沙量的增大而减小。3°时水流阻力系数和曼宁糙率均随含沙量的增加而增大,而9°时含沙量对阻力影响不明显,因此在土壤侵蚀较严重地区进行坡面水文过程演算时需考虑含沙量对缓坡糙率的影响。  相似文献   

世界各国草地资源管理体制及其对我国的启示   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

唐海萍  陈姣  房飞 《国土资源情报》2014,(10):9-17

草地在世界各大洲均有分布,世界各国对草地资源的管理有着不同的体制与策略.本文梳理了各大洲主要国家的草地资源管理体制,分析了草地资源管理历史进程与趋势,总结了各国草地资源管理的优势和可资借鉴之处.结合我国草地资源管理中存在的问题,建议我国要在国家层面重视草地资源的管理,建立专门行政部门管理全国60忆亩草地,建立健全现有的草地资源管理体制,同时建立草原质量的监测数据网络,并加强对草地利用的监管力度.  相似文献   

若尔盖45年来的气候变化特征及其对当地生态环境的影响   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12  

王燕  赵志中  乔彦松  李朝柱 《地质力学学报》2005,11(4):328-332,340

草地退化、土地沙化等问题已成为若尔盖地区突出的环境问题之一。本文分析了若尔盖地区1957年以来的气候变化特征以及对当地生态环境的影响。结果表明,若尔盖地区多年平均气温呈明显升高的变化趋势,以每10年约0．23℃的倾向率增高,各季节气温也呈上升趋势,其中秋季（9～11月）和冬季（12～莅年2月）气温上升更加明显;多年平均降水量呈略有减少之势,降水倾向率为每10年减少1．75mm。其中,春季（3～5月）和秋季降水量呈现出逐年下降的趋势,秋季降水减少的趋势更明显一些,而夏季（6～8月）和冬季降水量却表现出逐年增多的趋势。受气候变暖趋干的影响,该区冻土环境和植被发生变化,土地沙化、草地严重退化等生态环境问题对当地的社会经济与环境发展产生了重要影响。  相似文献   

青藏高原草地地上生物量和理论载畜量     

张宪洲  李猛  武建双  何永涛  牛犇 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2022,13(1):129-141

准确模拟和预测草地地上生物量(Aboveground biomass,AGB)和理论载畜量对于维持草地生态系统平衡、优化放牧管理至关重要。当前很多研究以围栏外草地AGB为基础,估算了青藏高原草地AGB的现存量。但是,牛羊啃食后的草地AGB现存量无法准确评估草地理论载畜量。围栏内草地不受家畜采食影响,其年际变率由环境因子驱动,可视为草地潜在AGB (potential AGB,AGB_p),更适用于草地理论载畜量的评估。本研究以青藏高原345个围栏内AGB观测数据为基础,结合气候、土壤和地形数据,利用随机森林算法构建草地潜在地上生物量估算模型,并对当前气候条件(2000-2018年)和未来20年(2021-2040年)4种气候变化情景(SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5)下的草地AGB_p和高寒草地理论载畜量进行模拟与预测。结果表明:(1)随机森林算法可准确模拟当前气候条件下的青藏高寒草地AGB_p(R²=0.76,P<0.001);2000-2018年青藏高寒草地AGB_p平均值为102.4 g m^-2,时间上增加趋势不明显(P>0.05);AGB_p年际波动和生长季降水显著正相关(R²=0.57,P<0.001),和生长季温度日较差显著负相关(R²=0.51,P<0.001)。(2)当前气候条件下,青藏高寒草地平均理论载畜量为0.94 SSU ha^-1(standardized sheep unit ha^-1);在过去20年约有54.1%草地理论载畜量呈提升状态。(3)和当前相比,未来20年青藏高原中部和北部草地AGB_p和理论载畜量呈下降态势。因此,建议未来在厘清气候变化影响下草畜关系的基础上进行有针对性的草牧业规划和管理,以缓解区域气候变化引起的草畜矛盾。  相似文献   

1980s-2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量及其变化(英文)     

戴尔阜  翟瑞雪  葛全胜  吴秀芹 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,(6)

Soil carbon sequestration and potential has been a focal issue in global carbon research. Under the background of global change, the estimation of the size as well as its change of soil organic carbon(SOC) storage is of great importance. Based on soil data from the second national soil survey and field survey during 2011–2012, by using the regression method between sampling soil data and remote sensing data, this paper aimed to investigate spatial distribution and changes of topsoil(0–20 cm) organic carbon storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia between the 1980 s and 2010 s. The results showed that:(1) the SOC storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia between the 1980 s and 2010 s was estimated to be 2.05 and 2.17 Pg C, with an average density of 3.48 and 3.69 kg C·m–2, respectively. The SOC storage was mainly distributed in the typical steppe and meadow steppe, which accounted for over 98% of the total SOC storage. The spatial distribution showed a decreased trend from the meadow steppe, typical steppe to the desert steppe, corresponding to the temperature and precipitation gradient.(2) SOC changes during 1982–2012 were estimated to be 0.12 Pg C, at 7.00 g C·m–2·yr–1, which didn't show a significant change, indicating that SOC storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia remained relatively stable over this period. However, topsoil organic carbon showed different trends of carbon source/sink during the past three decades. Meadow steppe and typical steppe had sequestered 0.15 and 0.03 Pg C, respectively, served as a carbon sink; while desert steppe lost 0.06 Pg C, served as a carbon source. It appears that SOC storage in grassland ecosystem may respond differently to climate change, related to vegetation type, regional climate type and grazing intensity. These results might give advice to decision makers on adopting suitable countermeasures for sustainable grassland utilization and protection.  相似文献   

干旱半干旱地区草原灌丛荒漠化及其 生物地球化学循环     

金钊  齐玉春  董云社 《地理科学进展》2007,26(4):23-32

干旱和半干旱地区草地生态系统木本植物入侵及其导致的草原灌丛化已经成为全球范 围普遍发生的现象， 是草地沙化和荒漠化的一个重要标志。干旱生态系统中， 此种类型的植被变 化将对区域和全球生物地球化学循环产生显著影响。过度放牧、区域气候干旱化和自然火过程是 导致灌丛入侵和发展的主要控制因子。草原灌丛化过程中， 草地生态系统分布较为均匀的土壤养 分及相关元素在水平和垂直方向发生分异， 关键生命元素C、N、P 、S 生物地球化学循环的变化 将对全球气候变化产生显著作用。全球气候变化与草原灌丛荒漠化之间存在潜在的反馈机制， 人 类扰动的影响将使这种反馈作用变得更加迅速和灵敏。  相似文献