三峡库区不同厚度紫色土坡耕地产流机制分析   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

付智勇  李朝霞  蔡崇法  郭忠录 《水科学进展》2011,22(5):680-688

土层厚度是影响坡面水文过程的决定性因素之一.通过野外模拟降雨试验(设计雨强60 mm/h),在小区尺度上研究了一个完整坡面上典型土层厚度紫色土坡耕地坡面产流机制.结果表明:对于地表径流,土层厚度为23 cm小区表现为饱和产流,而土层厚度为45 em和76 cm小区均表现为超渗产流;对于壤中流,土层厚度为76 em小区以...  相似文献   

江南运河水文情势变化分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

吴娟  林荷娟  武剑  季同德 《水文》2018,38(4):78-82

随着太湖流域城镇化进程的加快,江南运河水文情势发生了明显变化。基于运河代表站水位资料、水利分区降雨资料、沿长江(江苏段)主要口门引排水量、出入太湖水量资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验与突变检验法,对代表站水位进行了研究,并初步提出运河水文情势变化的可能原因。结果表明:(1)常州年最高水位及汛期5月、9月平均水位上升可能与湖西区四闸净引水量上升有关;而洛社与无锡(大)汛期5月、9月平均水位上升与武澄锡虞区沿长江(江苏段)口门净引水量显著上升有关,6月、7月、8月平均水位上升可能与地区涝水出路受阻导致原先入太湖的水量改为入运河有关;受张家港、十一圩闸、望虞闸引水及运河上游来水的共同影响,苏州(枫桥)亦出现水位同步上升的趋势。(2)运河代表站水位变异点主要发生在90年代中后期到21世纪初期,与太湖流域各省市陆续进入城镇化快速发展阶段的时间基本一致;同样的降雨,城镇化快速发展后的水位涨幅均明显高于城镇化快速发展前,以无锡(大)最明显。  相似文献   

Exploring the causes of an extreme flood event in Central New York,USA     

Peng Gao  Justin J. Hartnett 《自然地理学》2016,37(1):38-55

This study examined the causes of an extreme flood event on 28 June 2013 in Central New York, USA by comparing its hydrological, hydrometeorological, and rainfall-runoff transformation characteristics with those of a typical flood event. Flood frequency analyses showed that the maximum rainfall intensity and the peak discharge of the extreme event had recurrence intervals (RIs) of 8 and 86 years, respectively, while RIs for the typical event were 42 and 11 years, respectively. Their severity diagrams and quantification of their rainfall spatial variations illustrated that the extreme event was spatially localized with high intensities, whereas the typical event was spatially uniform and prolonged. Watershed modeling indicated that the rainfall-runoff transformation was dominated by the infiltration excess process for the extreme flood, while controlled by both infiltration and saturation excess processes for the typical event. These analyses revealed that the upgrade-magnitude conversion pattern of the extreme flood event was induced by the spatial pattern of the rainfall and the “lubricant” effect of the watershed, and emphasized the need for better understanding of such type of extreme events.  相似文献   

无机水化学离子在实验流域降雨径流过程中的响应及其示踪意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

顾慰祖  陆家驹  赵霞  Norman E Peters 《水科学进展》2007,18(1):1-7

为研究无机水化学离子在降雨径流示踪中的可能性,在实验流域实测降雨、地面径流、壤中流、地下水径流过程和流域内17个测孔的地下水过程中,施测了Na+,K+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Cl-,SO₄2-,HCO₃-+CO₃2-,NO₃-,F-,NH₄-,PO₄2-,SiO₂和pH,EC,18O的同步过程,还施测了少数土壤水水样。结果是:①在Ca2+与Cl-/SO₄2-和EC与Na+/(Na++Ca2+)的关系中以及除NO₃-,NH₄-,PO₄2-外的所有离子,都可识别出上述各种径流组分;②径流离子过程均与降雨离子过程相仿,随径流组分从地面到地下而渐趋坦化;③除个例外,离子浓度过程均以降雨为最小并从地面径流到地下水径流渐次增大;④降雨和地下水离子过程表现为径流离子过程的两端元;⑤在降雨和各径流组分中,18O过程与大部分离子过程有一定的同步性。从以上结果认为,降雨并不是流域径流离子输出的主要来源,然而却是形成它的主要控制因素。此外,有关试验结果还对应用Cl-进行地下水补给的估算方法提出了问题。  相似文献   

Assessment of flood forecasting lead time based on generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation approach   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

A. Heidari  B. Saghafian  R. Maknoon 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2006,20(5):363-380

Real time updating of rainfall-runoff (RR) models is traditionally performed by state-space formulation in the context of flood forecasting systems. In this paper, however, we examine applicability of generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) approach in real time modification of forecasts. Real time updating and parameter uncertainty analysis was conducted for Abmark catchment, a part of the great Karkheh basin in south west of Iran. A conceptual-distributed RR model, namely ModClark, was used for basin simulation, such that the basin’s hydrograph was determined by the superposition of runoff generated by individual cells in a raster-based discretization. In real time updating of RR model by GLUE method, prior and posterior likelihoods were computed using forecast errors that were obtained from the results of behavioral models and real time recorded discharges. Then, prior and posterior likelihoods were applied to modify forecast confidence limits in each time step. Calibration of parameters was performed using historical data while distribution of parameters was modified in real time based on new data records. Two scenarios of rainfall forecast including prefect-rainfall-forecast and no-rainfall-forecast were assumed in absence of a robust rainfall forecast model in the study catchment. The results demonstrated that GLUE application could offer an acceptable lead time for peak discharge forecast at the expense of high computational demand.  相似文献   

论流量过程线划分的环境同位素方法   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文

顾慰祖 《水科学进展》1996,7(2):105-111

自1987年起,在实验流域和代表流域对现行流量过程线划分两种径流成分的环境同位素法的基本假定进行了实验检验.结果表明,由于沉域水文系统同位素条件的复杂性,8项基本假定大多是不正确观念,应用该模型所得结果误差较大.研究认为对天然流域流量过程线使用环境同位素方法划分两种或两种以上径流组分时,必须具有4项必要条件,才能取得合理结果.  相似文献   

集水区降雨径流晌应的环境同位素实验研究   总被引：15，自引：6，他引：15       下载免费PDF全文

顾慰祖 《水科学进展》1992,3(4):246-254

利用环境同位素氚和氧-18对实验集水区进行降雨和径流响应的研究表明:(1)地面径流必源于本次降雨的概念不确,其中往往有非本次降雨的水量.经对1986年～1989年各次降雨估算表明,非本次降雨贡献最高可达50.5%.(2)非饱和带壤中流和饱和带地下水径流中必有非本次降雨的水量,并与地面径流一样,在次降雨径流过程中有时程变化.(3)对不同径流组成的流量过程,非本次降雨所占的比重不同.通过分析,可知降雨径流相关关系中的一一对应假定不确切,认为:传统的降雨径流经验关系和单位线概念需重新考虑;传统的过程线经验划分方法和现行同位素划分方法的有关基本假定不完全符合实际.  相似文献   

Near-surface water fluxes and their controls in a sloping heterogeneously layered volcanic soil beneath a supra-wet tropical montane cloud forest (NW Costa Rica)     

Conrado Tobón  L. Adrian Bruijnzeel 《水文研究》2021,35(11):e14426

Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) receive additional (‘occult’) inputs of water from fog and wind-driven rain. Together with the concomitant reduction in evaporative losses, this typically leads to high soil moisture levels (often approaching saturation) that are likely to promote rapid subsurface flow via macropores. Although TMCF make up an estimated 6.6% of all remaining montane tropical forest and occur mostly in steep headwater areas that are protected in the expectation of reduced downstream flooding, TMCF hillslope hydrological functioning has rarely been studied. To better understand the hydrological response of a supra-wet TMCF (net precipitation up to 6535 mm y⁻¹) on heterogeneously layered volcanic ash soils (Andosols), we examined temporal and spatial soil moisture dynamics and their contribution to shallow subsurface runoff and stormflow for a year (1 July 2003–30 June 2004) in a small headwater catchment on the Atlantic (windward) slope near Monteverde, NW Costa Rica. Particular attention was paid to the partitioning of water fluxes into lateral subsurface flow and vertical percolation. The presence of a gravelly layer (C-horizon) at ~25 cm depth of very high hydraulic conductivity (geometric mean: 502 mm h⁻¹) intercalated between two layers of much lower conductivity (7.5 and 15.7 mm h⁻¹ above and below, respectively), controlled both surface infiltration and delayed vertical water movement deeper into the soil profile. Soil water fluxes during rainfall were dominated by rapid lateral flow in the gravelly layer, particularly at high soil moisture levels. In turn, this lateral subsurface flow controlled the magnitude and timing of stormflow from the catchment. Stormflow amount increased rapidly once topsoil moisture content exceeded a threshold value of ~0.58 cm³ cm⁻³. Responses were not affected appreciably by rainfall intensity because soil hydraulic conductivities across the profile largely exceeded prevailing rainfall intensities.  相似文献   

The effect of hedgerow wild-margins on topsoil hydraulic properties,and overland-flow incidence,magnitude and water-quality     

Ethan E. Wallace  Gareth McShane  Wlodek Tych  Ann Kretzschmar  Thomas McCann  Nick A. Chappell 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14098

Overland and shallow-subsurface flows from agricultural catchments are believed to contribute towards flood-risk and water-quality degradation across the globe. Hedgerows are commonplace agricultural features that may disrupt these rapid hydrological pathways. Research into the hydrological functioning of hedgerows is very limited however, with no field-based quantitative comparison of overland-flows within hedgerows versus other land-uses. This research is the first globally to observe changes in overland-flow incidence, volume and water-quality, alongside topsoil hydraulic and physico-chemical properties, induced by a hedgerow and adjoining wild-margin within a grassland landscape. Observations were conducted within two replicated paired-plots between a hedgerow wild-margin and a bordering pasture, within Cumbria, UK. Compared to adjacent pasture, hedge-margins significantly reduced topsoil dry bulk-density and increased porosity, and significantly increased the topsoil median permeability by a factor of 22–27. Overland-flow models, based on direct observations, highlight that hedge-margins are slower to produce overland-flows than pastures, requiring an equal or greater amount of saturation before the onset of overland-flow generation. Hedge-margins resultantly produced less overland-flow volume, likely due to increased infiltration, percolation and/or evapotranspiration. Soil saturation models, also based on direct observations, confirm pastures saturate faster than hedge-margins, with hedge-margins having extremely variable dynamics in relation to precipitation, whereas pastures have more moderate and consistent dynamics. Overland-flow water-quality from ‘wash-off’ experiments highlight that hedge-margins may store substantially more nitrate (70–260%), nitrate-nitrite (640–650%), and loose sediment (540–3970%) on the ground surface compared to pastures; although further experimentation is needed to determine contaminant mobilization potential.  相似文献   

Detecting and attributing drought-induced changes in catchment hydrological behaviours in a southeastern Australia catchment using a data assimilation method     

Yanghe Liu  Pan Liu  Lu Zhang  Xiaojing Zhang  Yunfan Zhang  Lei Cheng 《水文研究》2021,35(7):e14289

It is widely recognized that multi-year drought can induce changes in catchment hydrological behaviours. However, at present, our understanding about multi-year drought-induced changes in catchment hydrological behaviours and its driving factors at the process level is still very limited. This study proposed a new approach using a data assimilation technique with a process-based hydrological model to detect multi-year drought-induced changes in catchment hydrological behaviours and to identify driving factors for the changes in an unimpaired Australian catchment (Wee Jasper) which experienced prolonged drought from 1997 to 2009. Modelling experiments demonstrated that the multi-year drought caused a significant change in the catchment rainfall-runoff relationship, indicated by significant step changes in the estimated time-variant hydrological parameters SC (indicating catchment active water storage capacity) and C (reflecting catchment evapotranspiration dynamics), whose average values increased 23.4% and 10.2%, respectively, due to drought. The change in the rainfall-runoff relationship identified by the data assimilation method is consistent with that arrived at by a statistical examination. The proposed method provides insights about the drivers of the changes in the rainfall-runoff relationship at the processes level. Increasing catchment water storage capacity and decreasing ratio of rainfall to soil moisture for supplying actual evapotranspiration during drought are the main driving factors for the catchment behaviours change in the Wee Jasper catchment in terms of model structure. And they are related to decrease in catchment groundwater level and deep soil moisture. The proposed new method can be used as an effective technique for detecting both the change of hydrological behaviours induced by prolonged drought and its driving factors at the process level.  相似文献