Seismic amplitude inversion for the transversely isotropic media with vertical axis of symmetry     

Feng Zhang  Tuo Zhang  Xiang-Yang Li 《Geophysical Prospecting》2019,67(9):2368-2385

Transverse isotropy with a vertical axis of symmetry is a common form of anisotropy in sedimentary basins, and it has a significant influence on the seismic amplitude variation with offset. Although exact solutions and approximations of the PP-wave reflection coefficient for the transversely isotropic media with vertical axis of symmetry have been explicitly studied, it is difficult to apply these equations to amplitude inversion, because more than three parameters need to be estimated, and such an inverse problem is highly ill-posed. In this paper, we propose a seismic amplitude inversion method for the transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry based on a modified approximation of the reflection coefficient. This new approximation consists of only three model parameters: attribute A, the impedance (vertical phase velocity multiplied by bulk density); attribute B, shear modulus proportional to an anellipticity parameter (Thomsen's parameter ε−δ); and attribute C, the approximate horizontal P-wave phase velocity, which can be well estimated by using a Bayesian-framework-based inversion method. Using numerical tests we show that the derived approximation has similar accuracy to the existing linear approximation and much higher accuracy than isotropic approximations, especially at large angles of incidence and for strong anisotropy. The new inversion method is validated by using both synthetic data and field seismic data. We show that the inverted attributes are robust for shale-gas reservoir characterization: the shale formation can be discriminated from surrounding formations by using the crossplot of the attributes A and C, and then the gas-bearing shale can be identified through the combination of the attributes A and B. We then propose a rock-physics-based method and a stepwise-inversion-based method to estimate the P-wave anisotropy parameter (Thomsen's parameter ε). The latter is more suitable when subsurface media are strongly heterogeneous. The stepwise inversion produces a stable and accurate Thomsen's parameter ε, which is proved by using both synthetic and field data.  相似文献   

An efficient and robust approach to predict ship self-propulsion coefficients     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

Achieving a reliable and accurate numerical prediction of the self-propulsion performance of a ship is still an open problem that poses some relevant issues. Several CFD methods, ranging from boundary element methods (BEM) to higher-fidelity viscous Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) based solvers, can be used to accurately analyze the separate problems, i.e. the open water propeller and the hull calm water resistance. However, when the fully-coupled self-propulsion problem is considered, i.e. the hull advancing at uniform speed propelled by its own propulsion system, several complexities rise up. Typical flow simplifications adopted to speed-up the simulations of the single analysis (hull and propeller separately) lose their validity requiring a more complex solver to tackle the fully-coupled problem. The complexity rises up further when considering a maneuver condition. This aspect increases the computational burden and, consequently, the required time which becomes prohibitive in a preliminary ship design stage.The majority of the simplified methods proposed in literature to include propeller effects, without directly solve the propeller flow, in a high-fidelity viscous solver are not able to provide all the commonly required self-propulsion coefficients. In this work, a new method to enrich the results from a body force based approach is proposed and investigated, with the aim to reduce as much as possible the computational burden without losing any useful result. This procedure is tested for validation on the KCS hull form in self-propulsion and maneuver conditions.  相似文献   

Cotton canopy reflectance under variable solar zenith angles: Implications of use in evapotranspiration models     

Christopher M. U. Neale  Maria P. Gonzalez-Dugo  Angelica Serrano-Perez  Isidro Campos  Luciano Mateos 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14162

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important parameter in hydrologic processes and modelling. In agricultural watersheds with competing uses of fresh water including irrigated agriculture, estimating crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) accurately is critical for improving irrigation system and basin water management. The use of remote sensing-based basal crop coefficients is becoming a common method for estimating crop evapotranspiration for multiple crops over large areas. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), based on reflectance in the red and near-infrared bands, are commonly used for this purpose. In this paper, we examine the effects of row crop orientation and soil background darkening due to shading and soil surface wetness on these two vegetation indices through modelling, coupled with a field experiment where canopy reflectance of a cotton crop at different solar zenith angles, was measured with a portable radiometer. The results show that the NDVI is significantly more affected than the SAVI by background shading and soil surface wetness, especially in north–south oriented rows at higher latitudes and could lead to a potential overestimation of crop evapotranspiration and irrigation water demand if used for basal crop coefficient estimation. Relationships between the analysed vegetation indices and canopy biophysical parameters such as crop height, fraction of cover and leaf area index also were developed for both indices.  相似文献   

Recent increase of river–floodplain suspended sediment exchange in a reach of the lower Amazon River          下载免费PDF全文

Conrado M. Rudorff  Thomas Dunne  John M. Melack 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(1):322-332

We analyzed variation of channel–floodplain suspended sediment exchange along a 140 km reach of the lower Amazon River for two decades (1995–2014). Daily sediment fluxes were determined by combining measured and estimated surface sediment concentrations with river–floodplain water exchanges computed with a two‐dimensional hydraulic model. The average annual inflow to the floodplain was 4088 ± 2017 Gg yr^?1 and the outflow was 2251 ± 471 Gg yr^?1, respectively. Prediction of average sediment accretion rate was twice the estimate from a previous study of this same reach and more than an order of magnitude lower than an estimate from an earlier regional scale study. The amount of water routed through the floodplain, which is sensitive to levee topography and increases exponentially with river discharge, was the main factor controlling the variation in total annual sediment inflow. Besides floodplain routing, the total annual sediment export depended on the increase in sediment concentration in lakes during floodplain drainage. The recent increasing amplitude of the Amazon River annual flood over two decades has caused a substantial shift in water and sediment river–floodplain exchanges. In the second decade (2005–2014), as the frequency of extreme floods increased, annual sediment inflow increased by 81% and net storage increased by 317% in relation to the previous decade (1995–2004). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

一种优化的频率域三维声波有限差分模拟方法   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

范娜  成景旺  秦雷  赵连锋  谢小碧  姚振兴 《地球物理学报》2018,61(3):1095-1108

为提高频率域有限差分（FD，finite-difference）正演模拟技术的计算精度和效率，基于旋转坐标系统的优化差分格式被广泛应用，但是只应用于正方形网格的情况.基于平均导数法（ADM）的优化差分格式，应用于正方形和长方形网格模拟.这些频率域有限差分算子，各自具有不同的差分格式和对应的优化系数求解表达式.本文基于三维声波方程发展了一种新的优化方法，只要给定FD模板形式，可直接构造频散方程，求取FD模板上各节点的优化系数.此方法的优点在于频率域FD算子的优化系数对应各个节点，可扩展优化其他格式.运用此优化方法，计算得到了不同空间采样间距比情况下27点和7点格式的优化系数.数值实验表明，优化27点格式与ADM 27点格式具有相同的精度，优化7点格式比经典的7点格式具有更小的数值频散.  相似文献   

柴达木盆地盐湖区土壤黑碳分布及土气交换特性          下载免费PDF全文

武君  闵秀云  高春亮  李雷明 《盐湖研究》2020,28(1):1-10

深入探讨了柴达木盆地盐湖区土壤黑碳分布及土气交换特征。研究结果显示,研究区土壤总黑碳含量范围为0.50～6.79 g/kg,平均值达到1.64 g/kg;土壤烟炱组分黑碳含量范围为0.50～4.75 g/kg,平均值达到1.144 g/kg;气溶胶黑碳含量范围为0.34～4.92μg/m~3,平均值达到0.98μg/m~3。柴达木盆地盐湖区盐湖资源的大量开采和工业化生产等可能造成该地区黑碳大量排放。盐湖区土壤黑碳稳定碳同位素值(δ~(13)C_(BC))在-25.33‰～-23.46‰之间变化,平均值为-24.21‰,表明该地区土壤黑碳来源可能受C_3植物和化石燃料来源的共同影响。首次运用逃逸系数探讨了柴达木盆地盐湖区黑碳土气交换行为,结果表明研究区黑碳土气交换行为确实存在,但存在一定程度的模拟不确定性。  相似文献   

Copper Isotopic Analysis in Geological and Biological Reference Materials by MC‐ICP‐MS     

Kaj Sullivan  Daniel Layton‐Matthews  Matthew Leybourne  James Kidder  Zoltn Mester  Lu Yang 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(2):349-362

The characterisation of relative copper isotope amount ratios (δ⁶⁵Cu) helps constrain a variety of geochemical processes occurring in the geosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere. The accurate and precise determination of δ⁶⁵Cu in matrix reference materials is crucial in the effort to validate measurement methods. With the goal of expanding the number and variety of available geological and biological materials, we have characterised the δ⁶⁵Cu values of ten reference materials by MC‐ICP‐MS using C‐SSBIN model for mass bias correction. SGR‐1b (Green River shale), DOLT‐5 (dogfish liver), DORM‐4 (fish protein), TORT‐3 (lobster hepatopancreas), MESS‐4 (marine sediment) and PACS‐3 (marine sediment) have for the first time been characterised for δ⁶⁵Cu. Additionally, four reference materials (with published δ⁶⁵Cu values) have been characterised: BHVO‐1 (Hawaiian basalt), BIR‐1 (Icelandic basalt), W‐2a (diabase) and Seronorm? Trace Elements Serum L‐1 (human serum). The reference materials measured in this study possess complex and varied matrices with copper mass fractions ranging from 1.2 µg g^?1 to 497 µg g^?1 and δ⁶⁵Cu values ranging from ?0.20‰ to 0.52‰ with a mean expanded uncertainty of ± 0.07‰ (U, k = 2), covering much of the natural copper isotope variability observed in the environment.  相似文献   

青藏高原热融湖塘的水热过程及其对下伏多年冻土的热影响     

胡晓莹  盛煜  吴吉春  李静  曹伟 《湖泊科学》2018,30(3):825-835

以青藏高原查拉坪地区一处热融湖塘(40 m×50 m,最大深度为1 m)为研究对象,由实测数据对比分析了热融湖塘与天然地表相同深度的温度变化特征.结果表明:与天然地表相比,热融湖塘融化时间长,冻结时间短,且存在接近4℃的水温变化;受太阳辐射及热对流的影响,垂向水温梯度仅在水表从4℃降温及冻结阶段较大,其余时段接近0;湖底年均温度比相同深度的天然地表高约6.4℃,湖底下部存在约14 m深随时间发展的融区,土体吸热增大,放热减小;热融湖塘2.5~3.0 m土体的年内热交换为19592.0 k J/m2,约是天然地表的230倍,其中吸热量及放热量分别为后者的1.4倍及8.7%.湖塘下部的融化夹层是深层冻土的主要热源,湖塘对下部土体放热的抑制作用是湖塘对土体产生热影响的主要原因.  相似文献   

南海开放共享航次关键科学问题的思考——从多尺度海洋动力学角度出发     

杜岩  陈举  经志友  王祥鹏  陈更新  徐驰  储小青  陈植武  徐杰  施震  唐世林  何云开  梁韵  施平 《热带海洋学报》2020,39(6):1-17

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海, 通过一系列的海峡与西太平洋和印度洋相联通, 其不同时空尺度的海洋环流动力过程及其生态环境效应是南海区域海洋学研究的重要内容。自20世纪50年代末全国第一次海洋普查开始, 我国对海洋调查的支持力度不断加大, 以科学考察船为代表的海洋科学观测平台建设不断加强; 进入新千年以来, 国内海洋科考船依托的各主要研究所和院校本着开放的理念, 先后组织多单位联合进行海上观测。尤其是最近10年, 国家自然科学基金委员会支持实施了船时共享航次计划, 进一步促进了国内海洋界的交流和合作, 南海区域海洋学的相关研究取得了很多重要的成果。从多尺度环流动力学的角度出发, 本文简要回顾了南海海洋观测的发展历程, 并初步总结了近些年来南海关键科学问题的研究进展, 包括南海和西太平洋的水体交换过程、南海中小尺度过程、多尺度相互作用及其生态环境效应等; 并且在现有的研究基础上, 对未来南海的观测和科学问题提出若干思考与展望。  相似文献   

Kainsaz(CO3)陨石中两个富Al球粒的氧同位素组成特征与形成演化     

戴德求  包海梅  刘爽  尹锋 《岩石学报》2020,36(6):1850-1856

富Al球粒是原始球粒陨石中一种矿物岩石学特征介于富钙铝包体(CAIs)和镁铁质硅酸盐球粒之间的特殊集合体,所以常常认为富Al球粒在认识CAIs和镁铁质硅酸盐球粒形成演化过程中的相互联系具有特殊意义。然而,对富Al球粒的初始物质组成以及形成演化过程一直存在较多争议,而氧同位素组成研究能够对球粒演化和早期星云环境等提供重要的信息。在本文中我们报导了来自Kainsaz(1937年降落于俄罗斯,CO3型)碳质球粒陨石中的2个富Al球粒(编号K1-CH1和K2-CH2)的矿物岩石学和氧同位素组成特征。K1-CH1的矿物组成主要为橄榄石、低钙辉石和富钙长石,K2-CH2为橄榄石和富钙长石。2个球粒中的矿物均具有贫~(16)O同位素组成特征。K1-CH1中矿物的△~(17)O组成基本上位于2个区间:-11.1‰～-8.7‰和-3.9‰～0.4‰;而K2-CH2的△~(17)O介于-6.6‰～-0.6‰之间,且具有从中部至边部升高的趋势。矿物岩石学和氧同位素特征表明,这2个富Al球粒的初始物质组成为富CAIs和镁铁质硅酸盐。在球粒熔融结晶过程中,与贫~(16)O同位素组成(△~(17)O:-8.7‰～-7.8‰)的星云发生了氧同位素交换。球粒形成后,发生迁移进入陨石母体,在相对更贫~(16)O同位素组成(△~(17)O:-0.6‰～0.4‰)的母体中(流体参与)发生变质作用,并再次发生了氧同位素交换。  相似文献