天然裂缝影响下的花岗岩水力裂缝扩展数值模拟     

王璜  王贵玲  岳高凡  甘浩男 《地质学报》2020,94(7):2124-2130

水力压裂技术是成功实现干热岩资源开发利用的重要手段之一，数值模拟技术能够精准预测水力裂缝扩展。针对典型花岗岩，借助黏性单元法，分别模拟了致密花岗岩和天然裂缝存在情况下的水力裂缝扩展特征，得出以下结论：致密花岗岩的水力裂缝形态单一，天然裂缝的存在增加了压裂后裂缝的复杂性；致密花岗岩水力裂缝拓展主要分为憋压和拓展两个交替往复的阶段，当存在天然裂隙时，水力压裂过程会变得复杂；天然裂缝存在时，水力裂缝的缝长和缝宽分别为致密花岗岩的5. 7倍和1. 7倍；缝网的形成需要借助复杂的压裂工艺实现。研究结果可以为增强型地热系统(EGS)储层水力刺激工作提供理论支持。  相似文献   

Response to the paper by H. Zia,B. Lecampion “Explicit versus implicit front advancing schemes for the simulation of hydraulic fracture growth” (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 2019, 43 (6), 1300–1315)     

Aleksandr Linkov 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(16):2254-2259

The response presents three comments, which (i) explain theoretical background for the success of the explicit front advancing scheme by Zia and Lecampion (comment 1), (ii) suggest possible extensions (comment 2), and (iii) pay attention on expected limitations of the scheme to be checked by the authors in numerical experiments (comment 3). The response does not intend to present novel results: it is entirely based on known results published in the references cited.  相似文献   

Fully coupled hydraulic fracture simulation using the improved element partition method     

Shujun Peng  Zhennan Zhang  Jianye Mou  Bing Zhao  Zhiyuan Liu  Jiading Wang 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(1):441-460

The improved element partition method (IEPM) is a newly developed fracture simulation approach. IEPM allows a fracture to run across an element without introducing extra degrees of freedom. It can also simulate any number of fractures in a prescribed mesh without remeshing. In this study, the IEPM is extended to hydraulic fracture simulation. First, the seepage and volumetric storage matrix of a cracked element are derived using virtual nodes (the intersection points of a crack with element edges). Subsequently, the fully coupled hydromechanical equation is derived for this cracked element. To eliminate the extra degrees of freedom (virtual nodal quantities), the water pressure and displacement of the virtual nodes are associated with their adjacent nodes through least squares interpolation. Finally, the fully coupled equation in terms of nodal quantities is obtained. The verification cases validate the method. By using this method, the field-scale hydraulic fracturing process is well simulated. The proposed approach is simple and efficient for field-scale hydraulic fracture simulation.  相似文献   

Recent increase of river–floodplain suspended sediment exchange in a reach of the lower Amazon River          下载免费PDF全文

Conrado M. Rudorff  Thomas Dunne  John M. Melack 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(1):322-332

We analyzed variation of channel–floodplain suspended sediment exchange along a 140 km reach of the lower Amazon River for two decades (1995–2014). Daily sediment fluxes were determined by combining measured and estimated surface sediment concentrations with river–floodplain water exchanges computed with a two‐dimensional hydraulic model. The average annual inflow to the floodplain was 4088 ± 2017 Gg yr^?1 and the outflow was 2251 ± 471 Gg yr^?1, respectively. Prediction of average sediment accretion rate was twice the estimate from a previous study of this same reach and more than an order of magnitude lower than an estimate from an earlier regional scale study. The amount of water routed through the floodplain, which is sensitive to levee topography and increases exponentially with river discharge, was the main factor controlling the variation in total annual sediment inflow. Besides floodplain routing, the total annual sediment export depended on the increase in sediment concentration in lakes during floodplain drainage. The recent increasing amplitude of the Amazon River annual flood over two decades has caused a substantial shift in water and sediment river–floodplain exchanges. In the second decade (2005–2014), as the frequency of extreme floods increased, annual sediment inflow increased by 81% and net storage increased by 317% in relation to the previous decade (1995–2004). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

太平洋深海沉积物来源的菌株Tenacibaculum sp.HMG1对孔雀石绿降解特性的研究     

曲武  洪国粦  赵晶 《海洋学报(英文版)》2018,37(6):104-111

本文在太平洋深海沉积物中分离得到一株孔雀石绿降解菌株，鉴定命名为Tenacibaculum sp.HMG1。通过菌株生长实验和高效液相色谱的研究表明， HMG1菌株可以在20 mg/L的孔雀石绿中维持较快的生长速率，并且在12 h内可降解98.8%的孔雀石绿，这证明该菌株具有很高的孔雀石绿耐受能力和降解活性。通过基因组测序在HMG1菌株发现一条过氧化物酶基因可能参与了孔雀石绿的降解，随后利用原核表达获得了相应的重组蛋白。实验表明，该重组过氧化物酶具有极强的活性，可在1000 mg/L的孔雀石绿中发挥降解功能。本文利用液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS）技术对孔雀石绿的菌株降解产物和重组酶降解产物进行鉴定，并基于鉴定结果推测了两种降解途径。结果发现两种降解方式存在共同的降解途径。此外，孔雀石绿降解条件的实验结果证明重组过氧化物酶可以在低温（20℃）、复杂的pH值（6.0–9.0）、高盐度（100 mmol/L）、金属离子和EDTA等反应条件下依旧维持很高的孔雀石绿降解活性。以上实验结果表明，HMG1菌株和重组过氧化物酶均在孔雀石绿污染生物修复方面具有很大潜力。  相似文献   

面向ResearchGate的古气候文献数据采集系统的研制与应用测评     

张学珍  尹君  白孟鑫  李艳波  郑景云 《地理科学进展》2020,39(7):1140-1148

论文基于Linux平台,利用Python(V3.6)和MySQL(V5.7),开发了一套“面向ResearchGate的古气候文献数据采集系统”;并且通过人工判读从全球古气候资料共享网(https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov)数据库中遴选出1450篇古气候重建论文,对关键词进行了分类汇总,初步构建了用于古气候文献检索的关键词表。依据这一关键词表,利用古气候文献数据采集系统,从ResearchGate数据库中进行了文献检索。针对来自ResearchGate的32493篇文献和来自NCDC的1450篇文献,通过时间尺度、代用资料类型、气象要素、研究地区(国家)4个维度关键词词频的对比分析,发现2套文献数据关键词词频的相对差异基本一致。这表明依据初步构建的关键词表,自ResearchGate检索获取的古气候重建文献是有效的,能反映古气候重建研究现状。如此庞大数量的研究论文为下一步收集未被NCDC收录的古气候重建结果提供了丰富的数据源。“面向ResearchGate的古气候文献数据采集系统”达到了预期设计目标。  相似文献   

Geostatistical features of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivities in Frenchman Creek Watershed in Western Nebraska     

Olufemi P. Abimbola  Aaron R. Mittelstet  Troy E. Gilmore 《水文研究》2020,34(16):3481-3491

This study evaluated the spatial variability of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v) in different stream morphologies in the Frenchman Creek Watershed, Western Nebraska, using different variogram models. Streambed K_v values were determined in situ using permeameter tests at 10 sites in Frenchman, Stinking Water and Spring Creeks during the dry season at baseflow conditions. Measurements were taken both in straight and meandering stream channels during a 5 day period at similar flow conditions. Each test site comprised of at least three transects and each transect comprised of at least three K_v measurements. Linear, Gaussian, exponential and spherical variogram models were used with Kriging gridding method for the 10 sites. As a goodness-of-fit statistic for the variogram models, cross-validation results showed differences in the median absolute deviation and the standard deviation of the cross-validation residuals. Results show that using the geometric means of the 10 sites for gridding performs better than using either all the K_v values from the 93 permeameter tests or 10 K_v values from the middle transects and centre permeameters. Incorporating both the spatial variability and the uncertainty involved in the measurement at a reach segment can yield more accurate grid results that can be useful in calibrating K_v at watershed or sub-watershed scales in distributed hydrological models.  相似文献   

Solution for a plane strain rough‐walled hydraulic fracture driven by turbulent fluid through impermeable rock          下载免费PDF全文

N. Zolfaghari  E. Dontsov  A. P. Bunger 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2018,42(4):587-617

The impact of turbulent flow on plane strain fluid‐driven crack propagation is an important but still poorly understood consideration in hydraulic fracture modeling. The changes that hydraulic fracturing has experienced over the past decade, especially in the area of fracturing fluids, have played a major role in the transition of the typical fluid regime from laminar to turbulent flow. Motivated by the increasing preponderance of high‐rate, water‐driven hydraulic fractures with high Reynolds number, we present a semianalytical solution for the propagation of a plane strain hydraulic fracture driven by a turbulent fluid in an impermeable formation. The formulation uses a power law relationship between the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor and the scale of the fracture roughness, where one specific manifestation of this generalized friction factor is the classical Gauckler‐Manning‐Strickler approximation for turbulent flow in a rough‐walled channel. Conservation of mass, elasticity, and crack propagation are also solved simultaneously. We obtain a semianalytical solution using an orthogonal polynomial series. An approximate closed‐form solution is enabled by a choice of orthogonal polynomials embedding the near‐tip asymptotic behavior and thus giving very rapid convergence; a precise solution is obtained with 2 terms of the series. By comparison with numerical simulations, we show that the transition region between the laminar and turbulent regimes can be relatively small so that full solutions can often be well approximated by either a fully laminar or fully turbulent solution.  相似文献   

西北太平洋深海海山的一种蛇尾新记录     

张东声  鹿博  王春生  蒂莫西&#;奥哈拉 《海洋学报(英文版)》2018,37(10):180-184

Ophioleila elegans是一种非常少见的蛇尾。2014年大洋35航次中利用“蛟龙”号载人潜器在西北太平洋麦哲伦海山链的采薇平定海山水深1660m处采集到2株该种标本。该种首次发现于夏威夷海山相似的生境当中，本次采集到的样品是继首次发现之后的再次公开报道。本文中对该种的形态学特征，如腕部骨骼等，进行了更加详细的研究，同时基于COI序列进行系统发育分析。形态和系统发育分析的结果都表明，Ophioleila属与辐蛇尾科更加接近。  相似文献   

Near‐surface hydraulic conductivity of northern hemisphere glaciers          下载免费PDF全文

Ian T. Stevens  Tristram D.L. Irvine‐Fynn  Philip R. Porter  Joseph M. Cook  Arwyn Edwards  Martin Smart  Brian J. Moorman  Andy J. Hodson  Andrew C. Mitchell 《水文研究》2018,32(7):850-865

The hydrology of near‐surface glacier ice remains a neglected aspect of glacier hydrology despite its role in modulating meltwater delivery to downstream environments. To elucidate the hydrological characteristics of this near‐surface glacial weathering crust, we describe the design and operation of a capacitance‐based piezometer that enables rapid, economical deployment across multiple sites and provides an accurate, high‐resolution record of near‐surface water‐level fluctuations. Piezometers were employed at 10 northern hemisphere glaciers, and through the application of standard bail–recharge techniques, we derive hydraulic conductivity (K) values from 0.003 to 3.519 m day^?1, with a mean of 0.185 ± 0.019 m day^?1. These results are comparable to those obtained in other discrete studies of glacier near‐surface ice, and for firn, and indicate that the weathering crust represents a hydrologically inefficient aquifer. Hydraulic conductivity correlated positively with water table height but negatively with altitude and cumulative short‐wave radiation since the last synoptic period of either negative air temperatures or turbulent energy flux dominance. The large range of K observed suggests complex interactions between meteorological influences and differences arising from variability in ice structure and crystallography. Our data demonstrate a greater complexity of near‐surface ice hydrology than hitherto appreciated and support the notion that the weathering crust can regulate the supraglacial discharge response to melt production. The conductivities reported here, coupled with typical supraglacial channel spacing, suggest that meltwater can be retained within the weathering crust for at least several days. Not only does this have implications for the accuracy of predictive meltwater run‐off models, but we also argue for biogeochemical processes and transfers that are strongly conditioned by water residence time and the efficacy of the cascade of sediments, impurities, microbes, and nutrients to downstream ecosystems. Because continued atmospheric warming will incur rising snowline elevations and glacier thinning, the supraglacial hydrological system may assume greater importance in many mountainous regions, and consequently, detailing weathering crust hydraulics represents a research priority because the flow path it represents remains poorly constrained.  相似文献