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充分利用长江三峡工程文物抢救性发掘的宝贵机会,通过对重庆市忠县中坝遗址、丰都县玉溪遗址等典型遗址和神农架大九湖泥炭地层环境考古研究,摸索出了一套利用年代学、沉积学、重矿物组分鉴定、锆石形态统计、地球化学和环境磁学方法辨别考古遗址地层中古洪水沉积的方法;建立了该区地表孢粉-气候的转换函数,并将其用于对神农架大九湖泥炭地层的研究,弄清了该区全新世以来环境演变的背景,并将自然沉积地层环境演变记录与典型考古遗址地层古洪水事件作了对比分析。遗址时空分布研究表明:长江三峡库区旧石器时代至宋代677处遗址时空分布总趋势是从西往东、从高往低逐渐增加的,遗址多沿江河分布,且在河流交汇处呈聚集状态,这与人类多选择河流1～2级阶地为生、河流交汇处鱼类资源丰富有关。研究表明:中坝遗址能延续5000a的原因一方面与其盐业遗址的属性有关,另一方面与其长期具有良好生态环境有关。从该遗址T0202探方出土近20万件动物骨骼的分类统计证明了这一点。7.6kaBP以来,水位在吴淞高程147.024m以上的古洪水至少在玉溪遗址T0403探方中留下了16次沉积记录。神农架大九湖297cm厚的泥炭及其148个孢粉样品和10个AMS14C测年数据表明,该泥炭地层为本项目提供了理想的全新世自然环境演变背景,尤其8.2kaBP前后的降温事件很明显,6.7～4.2kaBP为中全新世最适宜期,4.2kaBP前后由暖湿转为凉干,3.5～0.9kaBP季风降水整体较弱,0.9kaBP前后转为较凉湿。根据对中坝和玉溪两处遗址地层的研究,在8.2～6.7kaBP期间出现有10个古洪水层;在6.7～4.2kaBP全新世最适宜期遗址地层中出现有8个古洪水层;在3.5～0.9kaBP降水减少的时期,中坝遗址中仅出现2个洪水层(即西周时期的37-1和战国早期的第21层);在0.9kaBP以来降水较多的时期,中坝遗址中存在3个洪水层(即宋代中期的11C-1层、清代的5-1层和1981年的2B-2层)。这表明,8.2～6.7kaBP的洪水在三峡地区次数是最多的,6.7～4.2kaBP的洪水数量次之。长江三峡库区的这一古洪水发生规律或许可以解释长江中游的江汉平原在7.8～5.1kaBP期间遗址数量偏少的原因。 相似文献
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Zhang Jianlei Cheng Qiangong Li Yan Qiu Yuheng Wang Yufeng Wu Jiujiang 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2021,20(4):905-923
The performance of rectangular closed diaphragm walls(RCDW) subjected to earthquake ground motions is extremely complicated in gently sloping liquefiable deposits and requires further investigation. A nonlinear finite element(FE) model was developed to investigate the seismic performance of an RCDW in the OpenSees platform. Initially, the feasibility of the FE model to simulate the seismic behavior of the RCDW was validated by comparing the numerical results with the experimental data. The numerical results agree well with the centrifuge test data. Then, the calibrated model was used to study the seismic performance of the RCDW subjected to different ground motions in gently sloping liquefiable deposits.The numerical results indicate that the soil-RCDW system under near-fault ground motions is more likely to be damaged than that under far-fault ground motions. The difference between the maximum and minimum(D_(max-min)) the RCDW displacement and the maximum excess pore pressure in the soil core increased as the Arias intensity increased. The seismic response of the soil-RCDW system was strongly affected by the frequency content, durations, energy distribution and initial directions of the ground motions. Moreover, the modified specific energy density(MSED) has a good linear relationship with the D_(max-min) of the RCDW displacement. 相似文献
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Xuexu WU Minghuai WANG Delong ZHAO Daniel ROSENFELD Yannian ZHU Yuanmou DU Wei ZHOU Ping TIAN Jiujiang SHENG Fei WANG Deping DING 《大气科学进展》2022,39(12):2056-2070
The microphysical characteristics of wintertime cold clouds in North China were investigated from 22 aircraft observation flights from 2014 to 2017, 2020, and 2021. The clouds were generated by mesoscale weather systems with little orographic component. Over the mixed-phase temperature range (–40°C to 0°C), the average fraction of liquid, mixed-phase, and ice cloud was 4.9%, 23.3%, and 71.8%, respectively, and the probability distribution of ice mass fraction was a half-U-shape, suggesting that ice cloud was the primary cloud type. The wintertime mixed-phase clouds in North China were characterized by large cloud droplet number concentration, small liquid water content (LWC), and small effective diameter of cloud droplets. The main reason for larger cloud droplet number concentration and smaller effective diameter of cloud droplets was the heavy pollution in winter in North China, while for smaller LWC was the lower temperature during flights and the difference in air mass type. With the temperature increasing, cloud droplet number concentration, LWC, and the size of ice particles increased, but ice number concentration and effective diameter of cloud droplets decreased, similar to other mid-latitude regions, indicating the similarity in the temperature dependence of cloud properties of mixed-phase clouds. The variation of the cloud properties and ice habit at different temperatures indicated the operation of the aggregation and riming processes, which were commonly present in the wintertime mixed-phase clouds. This study fills a gap in the aircraft observation of wintertime cold clouds in North China. 相似文献
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激光雷达反演边界层高度方法评估及在北京的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
边界层高度是影响大气边界层发展和空气污染程度的重要因子,是环境和气候研究的重要参数。本文利用激光雷达对北京地区2011年5月至2012年4月的边界层高度进行探测分析,采用小波协方差方法反演边界层高度,评估了该方法的适用性。得到基于小波协方差方法自动判断边界层高度的最优参数组合,激光雷达与飞机探测结果对比一致性较好;与探空结果相关系数0.88,激光雷达反演的边界层高度略偏高。当激光雷达的垂直分辨率为30 m时,更加适合北京地区的步长和阈值分别为210 m和0.05;当激光雷达的垂直分辨率为15 m时,步长和阈值分别为135 m和0.05。分析期间,不同季节边界层高度日变化有明显的不同,夏季14:00（北京时）左右达到最高,较高的边界层高度可维持3~4 h,平均可达1.30 km;冬季较高边界层高度只能维持2 h左右,平均为1.08 km。有云与无云天气边界层日变化特征以及边界层高度存在显著的差异,云的存在减少了到达地面的直接辐射,抑制了湍流的发展,进一步抑制了边界层的发展;本文也将激光雷达反演边界层高度结果应用于观测时期边界层高度与地面污染的关系研究中,统计得到边界层高度与PM2.5浓度的相关系数为－0.340。 相似文献
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雷达比是激光雷达反演气溶胶光学特性的重要参数和影响因素。利用北京地区2016年一次清洁过程（12月10日）和两次污染过程（11月15～18日和12月16～19日）的微脉冲激光雷达、机载浊度计和黑碳仪以及多种地基观测设备,综合研究基于飞机观测订正雷达比的方法及其分布特征。清洁过程地面PM2.5浓度低于40 μg m?3;污染严重时期的PM2.5均高于150 μg m?3且能见度低于5 km,污染过程1存在高空传输的特征。研究结果表明相较于采用单一的柱平均雷达比,利用本文方法获得的雷达比垂直廓线反演得到的气溶胶消光系数和光学厚度更接近原位跟踪观测,精度均有提升。基于此方法获得的雷达比在污染发展不同时期垂直分布差异较大,主要分布在19～76 sr之间,清洁时期雷达比较小且垂直分布差异不大。污染过程1雷达比随高度波动增加至边界层顶（19～45 sr）;污染过程2严重期边界层内雷达比随高度由70 sr降低到20 sr;边界层以上均呈现小幅波动变化。边界层内雷达比垂直分布与气溶胶来源特别是高空气溶胶传输有密切联系,混有沙尘的区域传输显著提升了所在高度的雷达比值。边界层以上雷达比受少量大粒子或者强吸收性的气溶胶粒子的影响波动变化。边界层内消光系数增大时雷达比呈增加趋势;当相对湿度高于40%,边界层内雷达比随相对湿度增加而增大。 相似文献
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The necessity and the preliminary tentative plan for the construction of the undersea tunnel across Taiwan Strait are expounded in this atricle. The strait undersea tunnels, which have been built and investigated in the world, and their engineering characteristics and construction methods have been introduced herein briefly. Taiwan has been a part of China since ancient times and the people between the mainland and Taiwan are kindred compatriots in the extended family of the Chinese multinational country. For a long time, the people between southeast of China and Taiwan have had frequent communication in economy and culture. With the progress of times and the need of development, it has been put forward to build a safe and reliable undersea tunnel that is not affected by the environment across Taiwan Strait, and one which is also a magnificent project for the China in the long-term. Whether by using a bridge or an undersea tunnel or both across the strait is a problem worthy of further research. According to such conditions as the weather of Taiwan Strait, depth of water, undersea terrain, possibility of engineering and hydrological geology under the sea, as well as the possibility of Taiwan Strait as a main shipping passage from south to north of China and the experience of existing passage across strait in the world, the primary analysis shows that the scheme of an undersea tunnel should be considered. Therefore the concept of the undersea tunnel engineering across Taiwan Strait is introduced in detail here. 相似文献
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持久性有机污染物气——土界面交换研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
气-土界面交换对于持久性有机污染物(POPs)在区域和全球尺度上的传输迁移、重新分布和归趋具有重要意义。气-土界面交换所涉及的过程主要包括:干沉降、湿沉降和从土壤向大气的挥发。其中, 气态化合物的扩散交换是决定“源和汇”的关键过程。气态化合物在气-土界面的交换过程由大气和土壤之间的浓度梯度驱动, 土-气分配主要受化合物理化性质、温度和土壤有机质的影响。随着全球POPs禁用进程的加快, 中纬度污染地区的土壤逐渐成为低分子量化合物向大气排放的二次源;而对于高分子量的化合物来说, 土壤仍然是污染物的汇, 可以存储更多的污染物。气-土交换方向还受到温度的影响, 呈现出土壤夏季为源、冬季为汇的季节性变化特点。逸度模型是估算POPs 气-土交换通量的有力工具, 由通量大小可以定量判断源和汇的强度。此外, 还讨论了目前POPs气-土界面交换研究中存在着的一些不足, 并提出该领域未来可能的发展趋势。 相似文献
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历史文献中关于长江洪水的记录比较粗略,对于了解长江水体的历史变化带来很多不确定性.长江两岸考古遗址地层中的事件地层为研究长江水体的历史变化提供了新的视野.汉东城遗址位于重庆市永川区朱沱镇汉东村,地处长江上游西岸一级阶地上,是川南黔北渝西水上交通要道.本文对遗址地层样品进行了粒度、地球化学元素、酸碱度等的测试与分析.结果显示,T0104剖面土壤以粉砂质壤土为主,但是与同剖面其他层位的样品相比,第7层样品粉砂含量明显偏高;地层中样品的地球化学元素含量,以SiO2、Al2 O3、Fe2 O3为主;与UCC相比,本地区土壤SiO2、Al2O3、K2O等元素含量相对稳定,但是Na2O明显偏低,P2O5明显偏高.地层中的CIA值,在汉代及以前,在65~75之间,Rb/Sr值在65~80之间,处于中等化学风化作用阶段,气候相对温湿;在汉宋之间,CIA值和Rb/Sr值均有一个明显降低及逐渐回升的过程,之后CIA值和Rb/Sr值一直在60左右徘徊,说明气候在降温之后虽有所回升,但整体比前期冷干.地层中铷锶含量及其比值的变化显示,在汉宋之间的某个时段内,该区域发生强降水的可能性非常大.在遗址发掘出土遗存和测年的基础上,对遗址土壤粒度、地球化学元素等分析,结合气候变化背景资料综合分析认为:1)汉东城遗址所在区域在唐中后期确实发生过一次大规模的洪水事件;2)本次洪水事件可能与强降水有关;3)通过与现代洪水记录的对比分析认为,遗址地层中记录的洪水事件可能比1998年和2018年洪水规模还要大. 相似文献