Chemical Procedures for Rhenium Extraction from Geological Samples: Optimising the Anion Resin Bead Clean‐up Step     

Gang Yang  Aaron Zimmerman  Nicole C. Hurtig  Svetoslav V. Georgiev  Vineet Goswami  Judith L. Hannah  Holly J. Stein 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(2):231-242

Rhenium–osmium geochronometry for samples with low Re and complex matrices requires improved Re extraction methods. Here, we investigate plausible controls on efficiency and efficacy of Re extraction during our anion resin bead purification. Four different protocols are compared, each isolating a single variable to test. Rhenium concentrations for solutions at each step of each protocol document differences in chemical recovery/yield. The negative‐thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (N‐TIMS) signal intensity serves as a proxy for Re yield and purity. These data document correlations between the N‐TIMS signal intensity and (a) the duration of anion resin bead conditioning prior to loading with Re‐bearing solution, and (b) both duration and strength of nitric acid used during rinsing of the Re‐loaded anion resin bead. The optimal protocol improved Re signal intensity around fourteen times compared with our current Re extraction protocol, an aggregate of 2.4 times improvement in chemical recovery (yield) and 5.8 times improvement in emission efficiency (purity). Repeated N‐TIMS isotopic measurements on our in‐house Re standard solution (1407) verify that our optimal protocol‐3 does not fractionate Re isotopes. The improved anion resin bead method considerably lowers the Re detection limit and allows Re‐Os isotopic analysis of picogram‐level Re hosted in geological samples with complex matrices.  相似文献   

Use of Sonication for Enhanced Sampling of Attached Microbes from Groundwater Systems     

Murray Close  Phil Abraham  Judith Webber  Eliza Cowey  Bronwyn Humphries  Graham Fenwick  Simon Howard  Kimberly Huynh  Travis Grace  Pierre-Yves Dupont  Louise Weaver 《Ground water》2020,58(6):901-912

The vast majority of microorganisms in aquifers live as biofilms on sediment surfaces, which presents significant challenges for sampling as only the suspended microbes will be sampled through normal pumping. The use of a down-well low frequency sonicator has been suggested as a method of detaching microbes from the biofilm and allowing rapid sampling of this community. We developed a portable, easy to use, low-frequency electric sonicator and evaluated its performance for a range of well depths (tested up to 42 m below ground level) and casing types. Three sonicators were characterized in laboratory experiments using a 1 m long tank filled with pea gravel. These included a commercially available pneumatic sonicator, a rotating flexible shaft sonicator, and the prototype electric sonicator. The electric sonicator detached between 56 and 74% of microbes grown on gravel-containing biobags at distances ranging between 2 and 50 cm from the sonicator. The field testing comprises of a total of 55 sampling events from 48 wells located in 4 regions throughout New Zealand. Pre- and post-sonication samples showed an average 33 times increase in bacterial counts. Microbial sequence data showed that the same classes are present in pre- and post-sonicated samples and only slight differences were seen in the proportions present. The sampling process was rapid and the significant increases in bacterial counts mean that microbial samples can be quickly obtained from wells, which permits more detailed analysis than previously possible.  相似文献   

Fabric evolution and crack propagation in salt during consolidation and cyclic compression tests     

Shen  Xianda  Ding  Jihui  Lordkipanidze  Ilia  Arson  Chloé  Chester  Judith S.  Chester  Frederick M. 《Acta Geotechnica》2021,16(6):1679-1697

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Preserving coastal natural character: Court interpretations of a long‐standing New Zealand policy goal          下载免费PDF全文

Victoria Ann Froude 《New Zealand geographer》2015,71(1):45-55

New Zealand's policy goal to preserve coastal natural character was first incorporated into planning legislation in 1973 and protected area legislation in 1977. An evaluation of 100 relevant Resource Management Act Court decisions determined the Courts' interpretations of this policy goal. The Courts have repeatedly found that natural character is of nature (not culture), including natural elements, patterns, and processes. There is a continuum of naturalness from pristine indigenous ecosystems to the urban environment. A 2014 Supreme Court decision has upheld the use of environmental bottom lines for natural character and the importance of protection as part of sustainable management.  相似文献   

The history of subaquatic volcanism recorded in the sediments of Lake Kivu; East Africa     

Kelly Ann Ross  Martin Schmid  Sandra Ogorka  Fabrice A. Muvundja  Flavio S. Anselmetti 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2015,54(1):137-152

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The effect of the dominant polychaete Scolelepis squamata on nematode colonisation in sandy beach sediments: An experimental approach     

Tatiana F. Maria  André M. EstevesJan Vanaverbeke  Ann Vanreusel 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011,94(3):272-280

The effect of an abundant sandy beach polychaete, Scolelepis squamata, on the colonisation of defaunated sediments by marine nematodes indicates that sandy beach fauna can be partially controlled by biological interactions within and across size groups. Experimental cores, equipped with windows allowing infaunal colonisation, were filled with defaunated sandy beach sediment containing two different treatments with and without S. squamata. These cores were inserted into microcosms filled with sediment with indigenous meiofauna collected from the field. The treatments were incubated in the laboratory at ambient temperature and salinity for 2, 7, 14 and 21 days, in order to follow the colonisation process of the defaunated sediments by the indigenous nematode fauna over time. Nematodes initially colonised both treatments, with abundances of up to 10% of the densities in the control; after 2 weeks, nematode densities in the cores without S. squamata surpassed the control densities. Nematode assemblages in both treatments were not species rich, and also differed in composition from the natural assemblages. The most successful colonising species, Enoplolaimus litoralis, was rare in the surrounding sediment, suggesting that colonisation was determined by species-specific characteristics such as body size, motility and feeding strategy. Initially the presence of macrofauna did not affect the nematode community composition, but after 2 weeks of the experiment, the presence of the polychaete seemed to facilitate the earlier establishment of non-opportunistic species.  相似文献   

Initial seismic observations from a deep borehole drilled into the Canadian Shield in northeast Alberta     

Judith Chan  Douglas R. Schmitt 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2015,104(6):1549-1562

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Reasoning about climate uncertainty     

Judith Curry 《Climatic change》2011,108(4):723-732

This paper argues that the IPCC has oversimplified the issue of uncertainty in its Assessment Reports, which can lead to misleading overconfidence. A concerted effort by the IPCC is needed to identify better ways of framing the climate change problem, explore and characterize uncertainty, reason about uncertainty in the context of evidence-based logical hierarchies, and eliminate bias from the consensus building process itself.  相似文献   

Macrofauna along the Sudanese Red Sea coast: potential effect of mangrove clearance on community and trophic structure          下载免费PDF全文

Rasha A. O. Sabeel  Jeroen Ingels  Ellen Pape  Ann Vanreusel 《Marine Ecology》2015,36(3):794-809

Mangroves along the Sudanese Red Sea coast are under constant anthropogenic pressure. To better understand the influence of mangrove clearance on the intertidal benthic community, we investigated the composition, biodiversity and standing stock of the macrofauna communities at high‐, mid‐ and low‐water levels in three contrasting habitats: a bare sand flat, a cleared mangrove and an intact mangrove. In addition, a community‐wide metric approach based on taxon‐specific carbon and nitrogen isotope values was used to compare the trophic structure between the three habitats. The habitats differed significantly in terms of macrofaunal standing stock, community composition and trophic structure. The high‐ and mid‐water levels of the intact mangroves showed a distinct macrofaunal community characterized by elevated densities and biomass, largely governed by higher decapod and gastropod abundances. Diversity was similar for cleared and intact mangroves, but much lower for the bare sand flat. Community‐wide metrics indicated highest trophic diversity and community niche breadth in the intact mangroves. Differences between the cleared and intact mangroves can be partly attributed to differences in sediment characteristics resulting from mangrove clearance. These results suggest a significant impact of mangrove clearance on the macrofaunal community and trophic structure. This study calls for further investigations and management actions to protect and restore these habitats, and ensure the survival of this ecologically valuable coastal ecosystem.  相似文献   

Microbially influenced formation of Mg‐calcite and Ca‐dolomite in the presence of exopolymeric substances produced by sulphate‐reducing bacteria     

Tomaso R. R. Bontognali  Judith A. McKenzie  Rolf J. Warthmann  Crisogono Vasconcelos 《地学学报》2014,26(1):72-77

Some species of sulphate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) are known to mediate the formation of dolomite and Mg‐calcite. However, their exact role in the mineralization process remains elusive. Here, we present the result of a laboratory experiment that was designed to test whether formation of carbonate minerals by SRB can occur in the absence of living cells, through passive mineralization of their exopolymeric substances (EPS). SRB capable of mediating dolomite were cultivated in the laboratory, allowing them to secrete EPS. Microbial activity within the cultures was subsequently inhibited with antibiotics. Only after this step, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were added to the solution and carbonate minerals could form. Mg‐calcite and disordered Ca‐dolomite precipitated in association with EPS. The mol.% of Mg²⁺ in the crystals increased with longer incubation times. This result demonstrates that organic compounds produced by SRB can mediate the formation of Ca‐Mg carbonates in the absence of an active metabolism.  相似文献