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In recent years, high‐molecular‐weight anionic polyacrylamides (PAMs) have been tested on a variety of soils, primarily in temperate climates. However, little information is available regarding the effectiveness of PAM for preventing soil loss through runoff in tropical settings. Screening tests were performed using three negatively charged PAMs and one positively charged PAM on five Hawaii soils (two Oxisols, one Vertisol, and two Aridisols) to determine erosion loss, sediment settling, and aggregate stability. A laboratory‐scale rainfall simulator was used to apply erosive rainfall at intensities from 5 to 8·5 cm h?1 at various PAM doses applied in both dry and solution forms. Soil detachment due to splash and runoff, as well as the runoff and percolate water volumes, were measured for initial and successive storms. The impact of PAM on particle settling and aggregate stability was also evaluated for selected soil‐treatment combinations. Among the PAMs, Superfloc A‐836 was most effective, and significantly reduced runoff and splash sediment loss for the Wahiawa Oxisol and Pakini Andisol at rates varying between 10 and 50 kg ha?1. Reduced runoff and splash sediment loss were also noted for PAM Aerotil‐D when applied in solution form to the Wahiawa Oxisol. Significant reductions in soil loss were not noted for either the Lualualei Vertisol or the Holomua Oxisol. It is believed that the high montmorillonite content of the Lualualei Vertisol and the low cation‐exchange capacity of the Holomua Oxisol diminished the effectiveness of the various PAMs tested. The polymers were also found to enhance sediment settling of all soils and helped improve their aggregate stability. This screening study shows the potential use of PAM for tropical soils for applications such as infiltration enhancement, runoff reduction, and enhanced sedimentation of detention ponds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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日本沼虾黑鳃病几种同工酶的变化与病理分析 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
酯酶(EST),过氧化物酶(POD),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶在日本沼虾中存在着组织和器官的特异性,患黑鳃病后酶带发生显著变化。在肌肉、肝脏、心脏和鳃中病虾较健康虾的LDH酶谱分别缺失了2、6、2和1条酶带,同时肝脏中新增了1条酶带;POD酶谱分别缺失了0、7、4和2酶带,肌肉中新增了2条酶带;EST酶谱分别缺失了0、2、3和1条酶带,肌肉、心脏和鳃中分别新增了1、2和2条酶带;MDH酶谱分别缺失了0、2、1和1条酶带,肌肉和脏脏中各新增了1条酶带。 相似文献
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该文建立高效凝胶渗透色谱法 (HPGPC) ,明胶比浊法 ,氧瓶燃烧法三种分析方法考察海洋硫酸多糖药物几丁糖酯的稳定性 ,采用这三种方法分别考察几丁糖酯原料药在高温、高湿、强光照射及加速条件下分子量及分布宽度、样品中硫酸根含量及样品含量的变化情况。结果表明 :三种方法均适用于几丁糖酯的稳定性考察 ,几丁糖酯在上述影响因素条件下稳定性良好 相似文献
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随着DNA序列测定技术的飞速发展,人们可以在很短的时间内获得某种生物基因组的全序列。生物体的生命活动主要依赖于基因组的产物——蛋白质组,但是蛋白质组的研究相对于基因组来说却要复杂得多。蛋白质组技术是在细胞内整体蛋白质水平上进行研究,从蛋白质整体活动的角度来研究生命活动的规律。综述了蛋白质组和蛋白质组学出现的背景、起源、概念、研究技术、研究内容、面对的挑战、开展该项研究的意义、陆生动植物和微生物蛋白质组学的研究进展及海洋生物蛋白质组学的研究概况。目前,普通生物方面的蛋白质组工作开展得较多,海洋生物方面却相对滞后。种种迹象表明,开展海洋生物蛋白质组学研究,对揭示生命的奥秘、促进海洋资源的开发都有重大的推动作用。 相似文献
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Margaret C. Graham John G. Farmer Ian W. Oliver Angus B. MacKenzie Robert M. Ellam 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):112-112
Natural uranium has three isotopes, ^238U, ^235U and ^234U, with natural abundances of 99.27 atom %, 0.72% and 0.0055%, respectively. Only ^235U is fissile and the production of nuclear fuel and nuclear weapons involves enrichment of uranium in ^235U. This process also results in separation of ^234U from ^238U, leaving depleted uranium (DU), with typical ^234U/^238U and ^235U/^238U activity ratios of about 0.19 and 0.013, respectively, as a waste product. The high density, high melting and boiling points and chemical stability of uranium and the availability of DU in relatively pure form mean that DU has many uses, including armour-piercing munitions. Such munitions have been developed in the UK since the 1960s and testing has been carried out by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) at firing ranges such as Dundrennan, SW Scotland and Eskmeals, NW England. The firing of DU munitions can result in the dispersion of DU and its combustion products (oxides) as aerosols or as larger fragments, with the potential for human exposure either directly at the site of detonation or via post-depositional migration in the environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential environmental mobility of DU by characterizing the associations of U in soil porewaters with increasing distance from a firing site. To this end, several soil cores located down-wind of the firing site at Dundrennan, near Kirkcudbright, SW Scotland, were collected in May 2006. These were sectioned on-site into 1- or 2-cm depth intervals and porewaters were isolated by centfifugation (10 minutes; 8873 g) on return to the laboratory. Following filtration through 0.2-micron cellulose nitrate filters, the porewaters were analyzed by ICP-QMS (U concentration) and ICP-OES (Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Mn concentrations). Sub-samples were also subjected to centrifugal ultrafiltration (100, 30, and 3 kD) and to gel electrophoretic fractionation (agarose; 0.045 M Tris-borate; 20 mA, 30 minutes). Results showed that U was present at up to 4 μg/L in the soil porewater and that the associations of U varied with sample location and soil depth. 相似文献