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渔业产量和资源生物量数值模型及相关因子的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对于渔业的中长期预报计算,是渔业种群补充的关键问题。本文在单位补充量产量和单位补充量生物量模型中加入了亲体一补充模型即密度相关过程,并引入了白色噪音以模拟环境变化。结果表明：本研究(1)可以明确地给出渔业种群崩溃的可能性,估计出达到崩溃时的捕捞死亡率;(2)可以估计最大持续产量的绝对值;(3)引入的白色噪音可以模拟环境变化对产量与捕捞死亡率和产量与亲体生物量关系曲线的影响。虽然亲体补充关系仍多是个假设,补充与亲体之间存在的补偿机制需要进一步的研究。 相似文献
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2011 年夏季胶州湾三种大型水母的种群动态研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
2011年8月1日-9月30日,对胶州湾三种大型水母沙海蛰(Nemopilema nomurai)、白色霞水母(Cyanea nozakii)、海月水母(Aurelia aurita)的种群数量变动及空间分布情况开展了目测调查,同步获得了气象、水温、盐度、叶绿素a、浮游动物丰度、种类组成等数据,调查频率为每周2次。调查期间,海月水母表现出逐渐降低的趋势,沙海蛰与白色霞水母种群均于8月11日达到数量高峰,8月底及9月中旬之后依次衰落,至9月底,三种水母基本消失。三种水母的种群平均丰度变化范围分别为:沙海蛰0-230.8ind/km2;霞水母0-150.2ind/km2;海月水母0-123.4ind/km2。从分布区域来看,海月水母主要位于近岸区,沙海蜇主要分布于湾口和中部深水区,而白色霞水母则在高峰期和次高峰期分别集中于深水区和近岸区。结合往年资料,作者认为,海月水母种群能够在胶州湾内进行自我补充并完成其生活史,而胶州湾沙海蛰与霞水母的种群补充则可能主要依赖于湾外种群。另外,目测方法的准确性可能受到气象条件的影响。 相似文献
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鱼类自然死亡率的估算及其影响因子的探讨 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
为探讨鱼类自然死亡率参数,文中讨论了1种通过资源量和渔获量数据估算鱼类自然死亡率(M)的方法。蒙特卡罗模拟分析显示当资源量的白色噪音,即变异系数(CV)水平小于大约10％时自然死亡率的估计值基本上是准确的;捕捞死亡率的变化对自然死亡率估计的影响不大。文中构造了长寿命自然死亡率小和短寿命自然死亡率大的2个鱼类种群,模拟结果表明这种方法更适用于寿命短而自然死亡率大的种群。另外该方法在黄海鲲鱼(Engraulis japonicus)渔业数据上的应用同样得到了良好的结果。 相似文献
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拖网选择性引起的鱼类表型性状选择差的初步研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文应用数值模拟的方法,研究了拖网选择性引起的鱼类表型性状(生长速率K、极限体长L∞、初次性成熟年龄Am)的选择差,通过假设不同的白噪音CV、自然死亡系数M、极限体长L∞、种群的样本大小Ss及网目尺寸Ms来估算鱼类表型性状的选择差在最大捕捞死亡系数逐渐加强时的变化情况。模拟结果表明捕捞死亡系数越大,造成的K、L∞、Am选择差也越大,并且Am的选择差增大的速率比K、L∞的小。白噪音越大,自然死亡系数越大,种群受捕捞影响产生的K、L∞、Am的选择差越大;极限体长的大小和种群的样本大小对K、L∞、Am的选择差的影响不大;网目尺寸越大,K、L∞、Am的选择差越小。随着最大捕捞死亡系数的增大,种群的生长速率变大,极限体长变小,初次性成熟年龄提前。表明了捕捞压力造成鱼类生存环境的变化,鱼类种群发生自适应进化响应,表现在表型性状的变化,且捕捞强度越大,环境差异越大,导致的表型性状选择差越大。 相似文献
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小黄鱼是我国近海四种最重要的经济鱼类之一,在过去的几十年中小黄鱼种群及其两个地理亚种群经历了巨大的变化。小黄鱼的种群动力学研究,对于维持这一重要渔业的可持续管理是至关重要的。目前仅有的两个小黄鱼种群动力学模型只涵盖了较短的时间,且没有关注其空间差异。本文研究了1968年至2015年间黄渤海和东海小黄鱼的种群动力学模型,包含和不包含空间分层结构的两种贝叶斯模型被用于分析其种群动力学的大尺度空间异质性。本文分析了不同的假设,来研究小黄鱼种群动力学潜在的变化趋势。研究结果表明小黄鱼种群动力学特征具有明显的时间和空间变化。种群的增长速度从20世纪八十年代开始增加,而可捕系数从1981年到2015年增加了两倍多。与黄渤海亚种群相比,东海的小黄鱼亚种群生长速度更快,遭受的捕捞压力也更大。基于最大可持续产量MSY的参考点表明,无论是整个小黄鱼种群还是两个亚种群,近年来都有非常高的过度捕捞风险。因此我国小黄鱼的渔业管理急需更加保守的管理策略,同时考虑其地域差异。本文所用的方法可以应用于其他种类的资源评估和渔业管理,尤其是具有空间异质性和数据有限的种类。 相似文献
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长江口鱼类食物网与营养结构的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
鱼类食物网是海洋生态系统中物质循环与能量流动的重要途径,营养结构则是表明能量流动过程中不同消费者的营养水平以及消费者之间的营养关系,二者对研究海洋生态系统中鱼类捕食与被捕食、种间竞争、种群调节以及数量变动等都具有重要意义。但国内、外关于长江口鱼类食物网及营养结构的研究尚未见详细报道。
为探讨三峡工程对河口生态系统的影响,中国科学院海洋研究所于1985年9月至1986年8月对长江口及邻近海域进行了周年综合性本底调查,并对长江口鱼类食物类型作了简单的描述(刘瑞玉、罗秉征等,1987),本文根据以上资料对长江口60种主要鱼类的食物组成、摄食生态类型、食物网与营养结构进行了分析,以期为研究长江口生态系统的功能、生物生产过程以及合理开发利用长江口渔业资源提供科学依据。 相似文献
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黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)是全球经济和生态价值最重要的鱼类之一,其资源养护和管理受到各方的高度关注。本文依据年龄结构产量模型研究了印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼的资源状态,着重探讨了其生活史特征的不确定性对资源评估结果的影响。研究结果显示,1960-1985年间印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼资源量保持相对稳定,之后开始逐渐下降,相应的捕捞死亡系数也在2010年之后迅速增加,目前其种群可能存在过度捕捞(F2020/FMSY>1,SSB2020/SSBMSY<1)。印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼的资源评估结果对自然死亡系数(M)和亲体-补充量关系陡度参数(h)的改变较为敏感。当h增大时,SSBMSY和初始SSB(即SSB0)的变化较大,分别减少了约25.53万t和34.04万t;F2020/FMSY减小了1.15。当M增大时,F2020/FMSY、SSBMSY... 相似文献
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鱼类生殖力的研究，由于计数卵量方法上有了很大的改进，因而已逐渐成为鱼类生态和渔业资源研究上的一个常规观测项目。
生殖力的变动，经常被用来作为判断补充与资源状况的指标之一。我国从50年代初就开展了这方面的研究。例如，在我国烟台外海鲐鱼资源的研究中曾指出，1954-1957年间，随着鲐鱼资源的逐年下降，生殖力不仅表现出明显的提高现象，而且与鲐鱼的生长有关。
本文是从所积累的大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson)生殖力研究资料中，选择1959年5-6月间，同期分别在两个不同产卵场上所收集的资料，对其个体生殖力和种群生殖力的差值进行比较分析的结果。说明生活于不同水域中的种内不同种群，其生殖力调节方式也是不同的。这两个种群分属于两个地理种群，浙江近海岱衢洋春季生殖种群属于大黄鱼分布区北部的岱衢族；福建近海官井洋春季生殖种群属于大黄鱼分布区中部的闽-粤东族。此外，文中还以这两个种群为例，对表示种群生殖力的某几个方法作了比较分析。 相似文献
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长江口春季鱼类浮游生物群落结构与环境因子的关系 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
随着源源不断的淡水径流入海与营养物质的输入，使长江口及其邻近海域成为生产力最高的水域，也孕育了我国近海重要的舟山渔场、吕泗渔场和长江口渔场。成淡水的交汇形成了长江口水域复杂的水文物理条件，使之成为众多鱼类的产卵场和育幼场(赵保仁等，1992；罗秉征等，1994)。河口鱼类浮游生物群落结构及其季节变化格局，既受制于其生殖种群的资源量，也与水域环境稳定性密切相关(Blaber et al.，1997；Joyeux，1998；Whitfield，1999)，因而受到国内外的广泛关注。有关以成体为基础的河口鱼类群落生态学已有较多的调查研究(杨伟祥等，1992；朱鑫华等，1994a，b)；而鱼类补充群体的研究，亦多集中于鱼卵和仔稚鱼的种类组成和分布等(杨东菜等，1990；沙学绅，1962)。本文利用1999年5月长江口生态环境与资源综合调査资料，主要研究鱼类浮游生物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系，以期深入探讨河口区鱼类补充过程与近海资源数量变动的关系，为动态监测三峡工程对河口生态环境影响提供科学依据。 相似文献
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The spring-spawning Baltic Sea herring spawn in coastal areas that also serve as nursery areas for the young fish during their first summer. In a bay known as a herring spawning and nursery area, the pelagic fish abundance was quantified using hydroacoustics every second week from late spring to autumn in 2000 and 2001. A dense system of survey transects allowed determination of the acoustic index (the nautical area scattering coefficient) for fish abundance with high precision. The variation, expressed as the geostatistical coefficient of variation, was on average 5% both years and ranged from 3–11% (2000) and 3–8% (2001). Through the hydroacoustic data intra-annual dynamics in acoustic fish abundance, densities and size composition could be followed, which showed similar trends in both years. In spring and early summer acoustic fish densities were low, followed by a drastic, 20-fold increase in late summer. Hydroacoustic data and biological samples suggest that the increase was caused mainly by the recruitment of young-of-the-year herring to the acoustically assessable pelagic fish community. This age class is commonly not well represented in catches when using traditional sampling gears such as gill nets and trawls, and hydroacoustics may help to improve quantitative estimates of small juvenile fish in order to increase the understanding of biological processes in coastal nursery areas. 相似文献
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Fish populations in estuaries are often monitored with traditional sampling gears such as trawls. Trawling is relatively expensive and may be hindered by environmental conditions such as tides and substrates. Power station cooling-water intake screens have been effectively used as estuarine fish sampling devices for many years, but very few quantitative comparisons of intake fish-catch characteristics with samples from other collection methods have been made. Fish collected at the cooling-water intake of a large power station in the lower Forth estuary, UK, were more similar in assemblage composition to fish caught by nearby pelagic trawling than to fish caught by Agassiz (demersal) trawling, mostly because the intake and pelagic-trawl catches were largely composed of clupeids (Sprattus sprattus and Clupea harengus). The intake catch was typified by pelagic, demersal, and benthic species, however, and was less variable than the catches made by the two trawls. Monthly trends in relative abundance correlated reasonably well between the intake and trawl samples. Fish collected at the intake tended to be significantly smaller than those collected by trawling, which was probably attributable to the intake's smaller mesh size. The study highlighted the utility of a cooling-water intake as an efficient, low-cost fish sampling device, which should be considered as an alternative to trawling as the cost of the latter increases into the future. 相似文献
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A roving creel survey of the recreational shore fishery along the 16.4-km coastline in the Goukamma Marine Protected Area on the south coast of South Africa was conducted from 2009 to 2011. Some 838 patrols were stratified equally among months, areas and years, but intentionally biased towards weekends. Angler densities at Buffalo Bay and Groenvlei were 0.59 and 0.28 anglers km?1, respectively. Weekend densities were double to quadruple weekday densities and fishing during winter was more popular than during summer. Area, habitat and distance to access points explained variation in angler densities. Shannon–Wiener diversity in catches declined from 2.18 in an earlier (1993–2002) survey to 1.79. Although the order of species abundance in the catches remained largely unchanged, blacktail Diplodus capensis dominance increased to 57.3% by number, at the expense of galjoen Dichistius capensis. Habitat explained 27% of the variance in catch composition. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) for the top nine species ranged from 0.19 to 6.35 fish 100-h?1. The CPUE of all species, except spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii, declined. Blacktail and galjoen CPUE declined by 17% and 77%, respectively. The total catch estimate was 2 986 fish y?1. Transgressions of size limits were common. The results suggest that the fishery is overexploited and that catch rates are declining. 相似文献
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To understand the confounding fishing effect and physical influence on fish production, catch time series in the East China Seas were analyzed. Principal component analysis partitioned 18 catch time series into interannual trends and variations. While the trends were attributed to growth in fishing effort, variations in catches were related to precipitation and monsoon wind speed. Correlations of catch variations with the physical variables suggest that land-based runoff and monsoon circulation of the diluted coastal water masses are the physical forces dominating catch variability and the influences are largely through the associated nutrient supply on primary production. Runoff inputs nutrients to the coastal ecosystem, while monsoons drive their distribution. Offshore diffusion of the coastal water masses by the summer monsoon increases distribution and efficiency of nutrients and has a positive effect on fish production. Southerly transport of coastal currents alongshore by the winter monsoon confines nutrient distribution and induces nutrient loss from the northern waters. This process reduces overall and northern production, but increases production to the south. A long-term variation in catches was identified, which corresponds to a trend in the local winter monsoon as well as large-scale atmospheric changes. Prediction of the catch variation by the local wind speed suggests that large-scale atmospheric circulation determines the trend in the local winter monsoon, and the local winter monsoon that drives nutrient distribution should be directly responsible for the long-term variation of fish production in the East China Seas. 相似文献
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Many studies have revealed that anchovy has exhibited large variability in population size on decadal tim-escales. However, such works concerning anchovy population are mainly based on short historical catch records. In order to understand the causes of variability in fish stocks （natural and/or anthropogenic） and calibrate the error between catches and standing stocks, it is essential to develop long-term time series of fish stocks from the time when human impacts are minimal or negligible. Well preserved fish scales from sediment record are regarded as useful indicators revealing the history of fish population dynamics over the last centuries. Anchovy scales was first analyzed over the Yellow Sea and East China Sea and the largest abundance was found in the central South Yellow Sea where is regarded as the largest overwintering ground for Japanese anchovy （Engraulis japonicas）. Thus in the central South Yellow Sea, two cores covering the last 150 years were collected for estimating fish scale flux. The scale deposition rate （SDR） records show that the decadal scale SDRs were obviously coherent between cores with independent chronologies. Thecalibration of downcore SDRs to the standing stocks of anchovy further validated that SDR is a reliable proxy to recon-struct the long-term anchovy population dynamic in the central South Yellow Sea where anoxic conditions prevail in the sediment. When assembled with other productivity proxies, it would be expected that SDR could be associated with changes in oceanic productivity and may make a contribution to determine the forcing factors and elucidate the mechanism of the process in future. 相似文献
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Habitat utilization by fishes in a shallow, semi-enclosed estuarine bay in southern Gulf of Thailand
Sukree Hajisamae Pun Yeesin Saweit Chaimongkol 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2006,68(3-4):647
One hundred and eight fish species were collected between March 2003 and February 2004 from 11 study sites in Pattani Bay, southern Gulf of Thailand. The catches consisted primarily of juveniles or adults of small-sized fishes, indicating that the bay was important as nursery ground for fishes. Of the 43 families, Leiognathidae (43.3% contribution), Centropomidae (15.2%), Siganidae (13.8%), Engraulidae (10.3%), Atheriniidae (6.9%), Clupeidae (4.8%) and Ariidae (3.1%) were dominant in the catch. Significant differences were found in relative abundance and species richness between both sampling sites and months. The sampling sites were clearly defined by fish community into four different habitats that were directly related with the bottom structure of each site. The 30 most dominant fish species were categorized according to habitat preference into five different groups. Some species exhibited preference for specific habitats, whereas others were distributed throughout the bay. Seasonally, fish community structure revealed four different recruitment and occurrence periods, which were February to April, May to September, October and November to January, which was partially related to local monsoonal seasons. Analysis of the 30 most dominant fish species demonstrated that they were clustered into six different seasonal groups, with some showing a clear preference for specific months, although many recruited and occurred throughout the year. Results of this study help to clarify the ranges of habitats, months and seasons used by a number of fish species found in tropical coastal habitat. 相似文献
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The fish communities of mangrove and cleared sites were investigated in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Five forested sites were compared with paired sites that had been cleared of mangroves by human activity. Forested sites included plantations and natural stands of Sonneratia alba and natural Rhizophora mucronata stands. Two methods of stake netting were used to take quantitative samples; method one used a single 100-m-long, 18-mm mesh net, method two used paired 24-m-long, 1-mm mesh nets—samples were taken during seven different months in 2002. Mean abundances of fish found in mangrove and cleared sites, respectively, were 0.004 m−2 and 0.014 m−2 (method 1) and 0.21 m−2 and 0.25 m−2 (method 2). Thirty species were sampled, 12 of which were found exclusively in mangrove habitats and 10 of which were limited to cleared sites. The most abundant species in mangrove plots was Atherina afra (although it was only found in two, large catches); the most abundant in cleared plots was Gerres oyena (found frequently). Mean abundance (using data pooled for all sites) was significantly higher in cleared, compared with forested, sites, and multivariate analysis showed significantly different community structures in the two habitat types. There was large variation in catch rates between dates and sites, with one forested site recording no catches at all. These results do not support the predator refuge hypothesis (which predicts higher abundance of juvenile fish inside mangroves). The low abundance of fish recorded in the mangrove sites may have been due to site-specific factors determining fish abundance within mangrove forests, to the sampling techniques used or to relatively high turbidities at these sites. 相似文献
18.
The occurrence of fish larvae and the effect of diel and tidal variation on catches was studied at about biweekly intervals for a year in Whangateau Harbour, a small well mixed northern New Zealand estuary. Larvae from 31 taxa were identified. The annual pattern of larval occurrence was typical for fish in temperate waters, with a major peak of abundance in early summer. For six taxa, larval densities were significantly greater in night-time than in daytime catches, and analysis of length-frequency distributions suggested that for two species this was due to daytime net avoidance.No significant differences were found between the densities of larvae caught on flood and ebb tides, but changes in length-frequency distributions were significant for two species. Recently hatched larvae of an unidentified goby were found leaving the harbour, where they were probably spawned, while older larvae of this species appeared to be recruiting back in. Larvae of the flounder Rhobosolea plebeia were also apparently recruiting into the harbour. In the absence of a two-layered circulation pattern larvae relied upon tidal transport for recruitment, and probaby ensured their retention by rapidly settling to the bottom. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2017
A feasibility study was conducted on the impacts of the new Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) rules requiring catches in regulated fisheries to be landed and counted against quotas of each Member State - the landing obligation (LO), and that catch of species subject to the LO below a minimum conservation reference size (MCRS) be restricted to purposes other than direct human consumption. The aim was to estimate the level of discarded fish likely to be covered by the new rules, the impact of the rules on EU fisheries and the regulatory challenges and responses to them. Data from EU's Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee on Fisheries (STECF) database were analysed to estimate the volume of unwanted catches produced by EU fisheries. Views were sought from policy officials and fisheries scientists through a questionnaire on the implications of the LO and the control of fisheries across Member States, and the potential adjustments that might be needed. Findings show that 11% (44,000 t) of the total catches of EU countries from which data were available are of fish under MCRS. The species with the highest volume of undersized discards associated with the lowest quota, which would potentially restrict the fishing opportunities for other quota species (i.e. choke species), are plaice and haddock with 18,000 and 14,000 t of undersized fish respectively, followed by whiting and cod with 5000 and 6000 t of undersized fish respectively. Discards data shows that the Netherlands, United Kingdom, France and Belgium will be most affected by landings for non-human markets. Findings also show that existing infrastructure at landing ports in all Member States is limited because there are currently limited facilities in place to handle animal by-products produced by the catching sector. Policy officials maintained that while they could support the fishing industry through funding programmes, it is the responsibility of fishers to ensure they have the right infrastructure to handle unwanted catches. The expectation is that the LO combined with the restriction to non-human consumption purposes will encourage fishers to internalise the costs of catching unwanted fish and motivate them to avoid unwanted catch. This will be realised if sufficient flexibility is given to fishers to find their own solutions to reducing unwanted catches. It is concluded that gear technology measures exist to enable the regulated fisheries to increase gear selectivity. 相似文献