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1.
利用河北省1984～2014年142个国家气象站的降水资料和历史灾情,以房屋为承灾体,基于优势分析法确定致灾因子的影响权重,构建暴雨综合致灾指数模型。以影响环境脆弱性的要素为指标,运用K-mean聚类分析法将河北省分成5个区域,采用指数函数拟合房屋损失与综合致灾指数的关系,反推出各个类型区不同灾情等级对应的综合致灾指数阈值,并通过2015～2019年的124个灾情案例进行验证。结果表明:河北省暴雨造成的房屋灾情事件发生次数总体呈现出北多南少的特征,北部山区普遍在10次以上。致灾因子中过程总雨量的影响权重最大,为68%,最大日降水量、持续日数、过程最大小时雨强所占权重分别为22%、6%和4%。模拟灾情的最佳等级分割点为损坏房屋1180、335、235间,此时模拟灾情等级与实际灾情等级一致的比例最高（67.4%）。阈值检验中,2015～2019年灾情案例的准确率为69.8%,轻度灾情等级的准确率最高。 相似文献
2.
河北省主要气象灾害时空变化的统计分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
根据1984~2011年河北省气象灾害统计数据和河北省气候影响评价资料,分析了河北省气象灾害灾次和灾情的时空分布特征。研究表明:河北省主要的气象灾害有暴雨洪涝、旱灾、雹灾、风灾和雷灾等5类,5类气象灾害存在明显的时空分布特征。河北省暴雨洪涝主要集中在河北省西北部,灾次比最大值0.038;冰雹灾情主要集中在张家口、承德以及位于太行山东麓的保定西部地区,灾次比最大值为0.027;干旱灾情主要集中在邯郸以及沧州南部,灾次比最大值为0.036;大风灾情主要集中在河北中部,高值中心在唐山北部,灾次比最大值为0.030;雷电灾情主要集中在秦皇岛、张家口以及石家庄,灾次比最大值为0.034。河北省暴雨日数分布与暴雨洪涝灾情分布的不一致表明气象灾害灾情除与致灾因子有关外,还与承灾体脆弱性密切相关。 相似文献
3.
利用1971—2012年42a榆林市12县区气象台站逐日(20—20时,下同)降水资料,对致灾暴雨的时空分布特征进行统计,分析发现:榆林平均每年出现致灾暴雨3.5次,在地域上呈南部多于北部、东部多于西部分布;致灾暴雨多出现在7—8月,占致灾暴雨总次数的73%;致灾暴雨强度最大的时段出现在7月下旬至8月上旬;西太平洋副高偏北偏强、东亚大槽偏东偏弱、东亚季风偏强,亚洲区极涡偏弱时,有利于榆林产生暴雨;榆林东部的黄河沿岸暴雨多,与偏南气流和偏东气流受地形阻挡作用强迫抬升,并在榆林东部形成辐合有关。 相似文献
4.
【目的】研究大方县暴雨及其灾害特征,提高当地暴雨预报服务能力,为地方政府防洪部署及地质灾害防治提供参考。【方法】利用大方县国家气象观测站和乡镇自动气象站2013—2022年逐日降水资料、灾情资料,结合大方县地形、河流分布特点,统计分析近10 a大方县暴雨时空分布特征及各乡镇暴雨、大暴雨的致灾特点。【结果】大方县年均暴雨日、大暴雨日分别为14.8 d、3 d,且有增加趋势,暴雨、大暴雨主要出现在5—9月,均呈单峰型分布,暴雨的峰值出现在6月,大暴雨的峰值出现在7月,最早暴雨初日为4月18日,最晚暴雨终日为10月5日。【结论】大方县暴雨及大暴雨主要出现在南部、西部及北部乡镇,中部出现暴雨的次数较少,其分布特征与地形和水域有着较好的对应关系,位于迎风坡或水域附近的乡镇出现暴雨的频次高于其他乡镇。从暴雨灾情分布来看,致灾性暴雨出现在6、7月居多,与暴雨日、大暴雨日的月分布趋势相同,乡镇暴雨致灾频率大多在10%~30%之间,分布特征不明显;大暴雨致灾频率较高,在南部、北部海拔落差大或位于河谷地带的乡镇致灾性在50%以上。 相似文献
5.
本文使用玉屏县国家站及乡镇考核站点2014-2020年暴雨天气过程日降水量、逐小时降水量及灾情数据,统计分析玉屏县暴雨天气及致灾暴雨天气过程降水特点,对本地“三个叫应”阈值进行检验,并提炼乡镇“三个叫应”阈值。结果表明：（1）新店镇暴雨频次逐年变化幅度不大,而田坪镇变化幅度最大,朱家场镇次之。（2）全县在5-7月份出现暴雨的频次较高,6月份达到峰值,而朱家场镇暴雨频次的峰值出现在7月。（3）在所有暴雨天气过程中,短时强降水多出现在夜间,致灾分为持续性降水或平缓降水致灾、暴雨叠加致灾、短时强降水致灾。当玉屏县境内出现连续4天以上降水且累计雨量达到100mm左右,或10mm/h左右降水持续5小时～9小时,将可能出现灾情。暴雨叠加分为空间叠加及时间叠加,玉屏县辖区两次暴雨时间间隔小于1天,将极易引发相关灾害。空间叠加为玉屏县中南部3小时出现50mm降水叠加岑巩上游暴雨,玉屏县中南部将可能出现灾情。（4）对“三个叫应”阈值进行检验,结果表明各乡镇的致灾雨强并不统一,因此制定分乡镇的“三个叫应”阈值,3h阈值为40mm～60mm。 相似文献
6.
利用1971-2012年42a榆林市12县区气象台站逐日（20一20时,下同）降水资料,对致灾暴雨的时空分布特征进行统计,分析发现：榆林平均每年出现致灾暴雨3．5次,在地域上呈南部多于北部、东部多于西部分布;致灾暴雨多出现在7—8月,占致灾暴雨总次数的73％;致灾暴雨强度最大的时段出现在7月下旬至8月上旬;西太平洋副高偏北偏强、东亚大槽偏东偏弱、东亚季风偏强,亚洲区极涡偏弱时,有利于榆林产生暴雨;榆林东部的黄河沿岸暴雨多,与偏南气流和偏东气流受地形阻挡作用强迫抬升,并在榆林东部形成辐合有关。 相似文献
7.
本文对2016年“7·19”华北特大暴雨进行观测分析和数值模拟,并设置了改变地形高度的敏感性试验,以探究该过程降水系统的发生发展机制以及太行山地形的作用。结果表明:(1)本次强降水过程发生在“东高西低”的有利环流形势下,受太行山地形和平原环流系统影响,低层东风急流造成强的对流性降水和低涡作用的叠置造成“7·19”华北地区持续性暴雨的维持和加强;(2)第一阶段为对流性降水,太行山东麓大气对流不稳定能量释放,大气逐渐转为稳定层结;第二阶段为低涡降水,涡度收支分析表明水平散度项和扭转项对低涡维持和发展起到了主要的正贡献,同时伴随有较强的上升运动和垂直风切变,垂直风切变的增强促使水平涡度向垂直涡度转变;(3)太行山地形在持续性暴雨中对两阶段降水、低涡和水汽的作用存在差异。地形高度敏感性试验中,地形高度增高对低层气流的阻挡和强迫抬升作用增强,使得地形降水增强,低涡路径东移,且强度增大。水平散度项使得对流层低层辐合上升运动增强,造成涡度的垂直输送,这是低涡发展和维持的重要原因之一。太行山地形阻挡截留东部平原水汽,且水汽回流加强,有利于太行山东麓水汽的输送与辐合。 相似文献
8.
广东暴雨强度大、范围广、季节长,造成的灾害重、影响大。为合理、定量地评估广东暴雨洪涝过程强度及其损失,基于1994—2018年广东致灾暴雨过程和相应灾情资料,构建了广东暴雨过程综合强度评估模型和灾情指数模型,并采用百分位数法进行暴雨强度和灾情等级划分,以第60、第80、第90和第95百分位数为临界阈值,分别将致灾暴雨过程强度和灾情划分为弱(1级)、较弱(2级)、中等(3级)、较强(4级)、强(5级)和微灾、小灾、中灾、大灾、巨灾5个等级,进而分析了不同强度等级暴雨过程可能造成的人口、农作物、房屋和经济等承灾体损失。结果表明:(1)1994—2018年间,广东各等级致灾暴雨过程主要出现在4—9月的汛期,5—7月尤其多,要特别注意防御;(2)致灾暴雨过程强度等级与各类承灾体灾情指数存在显著正相关关系:随暴雨强度的增强,倒塌房屋数呈指数增长,受灾人口、死亡人数、农作物受灾面积和直接经济损失呈线性增长;(3)平均而言,当暴雨强度达到强(5级)等级时,受灾人口、死亡人数、农作物受灾面积、倒塌房屋数和直接经济损失标准分别约为187.19万人、22人、10.52×10^4 hm^2、1.12万间和13.07亿元。 相似文献
9.
运用2011年12月至2015年11月河北省11条高速公路沿线156套交通气象监测站资料、142个国家气象站雾灾资料、因雾造成的交通事故和封闭管制资料、高速公路日均车流量、路网密度等资料,基于致灾因子危险性、承灾体空间脆弱性以及承灾体易损性3个方面建立了高速公路雾灾风险区划模型,并绘制河北省高速公路雾灾风险区划图。结果发现:(1)河北北部地区、西部山区、沧州沿海地区的高速公路雾灾风险等级较低,而东部和南部平原地区的高速公路雾灾风险等级较高,可为交通安全管理部门提供一定的参考依据;(2)在相同区域内,局地浓雾多发、交通事故多发、大范围雾日多都可造成高速公路雾灾风险等级升高。 相似文献
10.
利用2010—2020年南疆气象观测逐小时降水及各县暴雨洪涝灾情数据，将灾损指标按百分位法划分为4个等级。基于GIS技术的自然断点法，从暴雨事件和孕灾环境方面，将暴雨洪涝灾害危险性等级划分为低、中低、中高、高4级。结果表明：受灾人口特重区域在和田地区洛浦县、墨玉县和于田县；直接经济损失特重在和静县、沙雅县、乌什县；农作物受灾特重在阿克苏地区沙雅县、喀什地区英吉沙县和岳普湖县。6 h、12 h、24 h最大降水量可作为南疆暴雨洪涝灾害的气象致灾因子，北部高于南部，西部高于东部，山区高于平原；暴雨洪涝灾害风险高区主要集中在和田地区于田县南部山区、阿克苏地区西部北部山区、喀什地区泽普县、巴州北部轮台县山区。 相似文献
11.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
12.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
13.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration. 相似文献
14.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o. 相似文献
15.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
16.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
17.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
18.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
19.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献