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1.
冰晶产生的非催化触发机制研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
本文研究了用压缩空气爆破(薄膜爆破,激波管等)和火药爆炸非催化方法触发冰晶产生的作用机制。我们通过大量实验认为超声波和冲击波的作用不一定能够触发过冷水滴冻结,而超声速气流的绝热膨胀冷却作用则是触发冰晶产生的确切机制。然后设计了超声速气流发生装置并在过冷雾中进行触发冰晶产生的实验。结果表明,超声速气流(M=1.1)触发冰晶产生非常有效。阈温为-2℃。冰晶产生的临界压强为2.1atm,阈压随实验温度升高而增加,当总压超过阈压0.2—0.3atm时,冰晶大量产生。这些结果与超声速绝热膨胀理论相一致。 相似文献
2.
本着重研究了在过冷云风洞中，温度为－４—１６℃，含水量为１．４ｇｍ＾－３，爆泡后增长４５ｓ的初始冰晶的一些特性。结果表明：（１）初始冰晶质量在－４—１３℃有两个峰值，它们是－５．７℃时的１．８×１０＾－８与－１１．４℃时的６．３×１０＾－８ｇ，而在－８．４℃和－１３℃时出现的极小值分别为２×１０－９ｇ和５×１０＾－９ｇ。（２）初始冰晶的浓度值随着温度的降低出现三个递减的峰值，它们分别是－４．２℃ 相似文献
3.
为研究雪增长过程,建造了一个产生过冷云的垂直风洞。风洞高18米,工作温度可低到-25℃。由超声喷雾器提供过冷小滴,用压缩空气的自动绝热膨胀来产生冰晶。对系统的运行可事先编好程序。注入下种冰晶后,降雪可持续约20分钟。在风洞中成功地生长出各种形状和大小的雪晶,包括直径2毫米的枝状雪晶和直径大于4毫米的雪花。 相似文献
4.
大气中经常存在着由过冷水滴组成的云,这种过冷却的水云中没有冰晶时,它是相当稳定的。伯吉隆(Bergeron)和芬德生(Findeisen)提出的冰晶效应学说(一旦出现冰晶与过冷水滴共存时,水滴蒸发而冰晶增长,水分从水滴转移到冰晶上),成为近代人工播撒冷云降水的理论基础。与向过冷云中引入冷云成核剂(即人工冰核)制造适量冰晶时,便产生冰晶效应,于是水滴蒸发而冰晶增长,达到一定大小后开始下 相似文献
5.
过冷雨水低含量条件下冰雹形成和增长机制及其催化效果的数值模拟 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：11
利用中国科学院大气物理研究所开发的三维全弹性冰雹云模式，对美国对流降水协作试验（CCOPE）期间观测的1981年8月1日雹云进行模拟，讨论在过冷雨水低含量条件下冰雹形成和增长机制及其碘化银催化效果。结果表明:(1) 自然云的模拟与观测事实一致，如最大上升气流速度、云顶高度、流场结构以及雹胚组成等。(2) 雹胚以霰为主，霰主要来自冰雪晶与过冷小水滴的碰冻，其次来自雪的积聚转化；霰、冻滴和冰雹在形成后主要靠碰并过冷云水增长。(3)人工催化试验表明，碘化银主要以凝华核（包括凝结－冻结）的作用产生大量的人工冰晶，加速了过冷水向冰晶的转化，过冷云水因而大量减少；催化后霰和冻滴的数浓度增大，对过冷云水的竞争增强，其平均尺度减小导致转化成雹的数量减少；冰雹碰冻过冷云水的增长在催化后也被削弱，导致冰雹总质量进一步减少。此外，催化后降雨量也显著减少。 相似文献
6.
东北冷涡中尺度云系降水机制研究 II: 数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在利用卫星、雷达和机载PMS(粒子测量系统)等观测资料对2003年7月8日东北冷涡积层混合云系的降水形成机制分析的基础上,将观测分析与数值模拟研究相结合,用中尺度数值模式对积层混合云系做数值模拟,并结合观测资料进一步分析了积层混合云系的微物理结构、粒子形成过程和降水形成机制,获得如下结果:(1)混合云中对流云具有分层的微物理结构.冰晶含水量最大值出现的高度最高,其次由高到低的排序是雪、云水、霰和雨;雨水主要出现在云的暖区;各种粒子中以雨水含水量最高,其次是霰.对流云体生命期较长,微物理结构基本稳定.(2)粒子形成增长过程有差异.冰晶通过凝华过程增长.雪主要来源于冰晶,产生后主要通过撞冻、收集冰晶和凝华过程增长,其中撞冻过冷云水增长对雪质量贡献最大,其产生率极大值高度与过冷云水相当.丰富的过冷云水,给雪的撞冻增长提供了有利条件.在高、中和低层雪的形成有着不同的机制,高层雪收集冰晶长大后,下落到低层又以雪撞冻过冷云水的结淞增长为主要过程.霰主要由雨滴冻结和雪的转化产生,过冷雨滴与冰晶接触冻结成霰;过冷雨滴收集雪,雪随着雨滴的冻结而转化成霰.因此霰的产生与过冷雨滴关系极大.霰主要撞冻云水、收集雪和冰晶增长,其中撞冻是霰的重要增长过程.雨水主要由霰的融化形成,降水主要是由冷云过程产生的.在过冷层,霰撞冻增长占优势.云上部的冰晶和雪对云的中部具有播撒作用,过冷层中存在丰富的过冷水,对冰相粒子的撞冻增长有利.对云水消耗的分析表明,雨滴对云滴的收集、霰和雪对云水的撞冻增长是消耗云水的主要过程.(3)从各种粒子的形成和增长过程可以看出,大部分雨水由霰融化形成,暖云过程贡献要小得多.可见,降水主要是由冷云过程产生的,这与观测分析的结果一致. 相似文献
7.
8.
冷云中冰晶浓度的分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文分析了世界气象组织于1981年在西班牙进行的增雨计划试验中法国飞机取得的云微物理资料。结果表明:(1)积云、层积云、雨层云中冰晶浓度值均可达10~2—10~3/升量级,其数值大小与云型无关,与云有无降水产生无关。(2)无论降水云或非降水云中在-3—-7℃范围内均出现高浓度冰晶,而在降水云中另外还存在二个冰晶高浓度区,处于-9—-12℃及-17—-19℃范围内。(3)发现在-3—-7℃温度范围内同时有大的软雹及大量的小冰针,並有相当数量d≤15μm和d≥24μm的过冷水滴存在,由此可认为-3—-7℃范围内出现高浓度冰晶可能是由于碎裂次生机制作用的结果。(4)产生降水的云,其云底温度与云顶温度之差值都达到或大于15℃ 相似文献
9.
含水量对冰晶增长影响的风洞实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用小型垂直过冷云风洞及其测试系统,使冰晶在自由悬浮的情况下生长。在实验温度为-5℃—15℃、含水量为0.5—2.0g/m~3的范围内,结果表明:在水面饱和条件下,冰晶的形状决定于所处的环境温度,含水量的大小对冰晶的基本形状没有影响,只是当含水量加大时,冰晶上会出现更加明显的碰冻增长的痕迹;冰晶的质量和速度增长的峰值和谷值温度分布与含水量的大小无关;随着含水量的增加,冰晶的质量和下落速度的增长会加快,但没有发现含水量的增加有加快冰晶2a轴增长的明显效果。 相似文献
10.
本文对超声速气流触发过冷水雾核化的机制进行了实验研究，对影响冰晶产生的各种气流参数进行了细致测量。实验结果表明超声速气流的快速绝热膨胀的冷却作用是促使大量冰晶产生的确切机制、高速运动气体与环境静止空气的剪切混合作用以及边界层的涡旋冷却作用对冰晶产生亦起着不可轻视的作用。实验测得单位质量空气的成冰率为1011～1012个／克。用高纯度氮气代替空气得到类似结果。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
13.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
14.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
16.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
17.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
18.
基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
19.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
20.
Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed. 相似文献