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1.
Summary The precipitation distribution over Friuli-Venezia Giulia — the easternmost region of Northern Italy extending from the Adriatic Sea to the Alps — has been studied. Monthly rainfall data over the region and the bordering areas of Veneto and Slovenia during the period from 1951 to 1986 have been analyzed by standard statistical methods, including cluster analysis. The overall results emphasize a distribution with rainfall increasing from the sea to the prealpine areas. The highest precipitations were recorded over the Musi-Canin range, with average values exceeding 3 200 mm per year. Noteworthy is the unforeseen subdivision of the region by the clustering procedure by means of the Angot index.With 12 Figures 相似文献
2.
In a recent publication “Glory phenomenon informs of presence and phase state of liquid water in cold clouds” Nevzorov [Nevzorov, A., 2006. Glory phenomenon informs of presence and phase state of liquid water in cold clouds. Atmospheric Research 82, 367–378] claims that “the convincing evidence has been provided that this sort of glory forms as a first-order bow from spherical particles with a refractive index of 1.81–1.82 and diameter over 20 μm”. This is a highly unusual finding because the refractive index of liquid water and ice is between 1.30 and 1.35 in the visible spectral range. The author concludes that “once more corroboration is gained […] of droplets of liquid water in specific phase state referred to amorphous water, or A-water”. Here we show that the phenomena described by the author are easily explained assuming liquid water with a refractive index of 1.33 and a realistic droplet size distribution with an effective radius of around 10 μm. We conclude that this type of observations does not corroborate the existence of amorphous water in the atmosphere. In a recent publication we showed how to quantitatively derive cloud optical thickness, effective droplet radius, and even the width of the size distribution from observations of the glory [Mayer, B., Schröder, M., Preusker, R., Schüller, L., 2004. Remote sensing of water cloud droplet size distributions using the backscatter glory: a case study. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, 1255–1263]. 相似文献
3.
Renzo Bechini Dario Giaiotti Agostino Manzato Fulvio Stel Stefano Micheletti 《Atmospheric Research》2001,56(1-4)
On the morning of June 4th 1999, a severe weather event took place in San Quirino, a small village of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the northeast of Italy. This village is located near the piedmont of the Alps, 40 km west from Udine and 60 km north from Venice.Around 0900 UTC (1100 local time), a thunderstorm with an intense hail fall affected the area of San Quirino. A few minutes later (around 0920 UTC, source: a farmer), a funnel cloud from a cumulonimbus touched the ground, producing damages to houses, trees and sheds. The damaged area was quite narrow (about 300 m) and short (less than 10 km). No injuries to people were reported.In spite of the smallness of the area interested by the phenomenon, this storm is studied here starting from the synoptic scale, moving to the mesoscale and finishing with the storm scale, trying to underline its characteristics. These analyses, especially those coming from the Doppler radar images, bring us to the conclusion that the San Quirino episode was produced by a supercell storm. 相似文献
4.
The absorption, attenuation, and backscattering of hailstones with various structures are investigated by the model calculations of four kinds of spherical hailstones: pure ice spheres, liquid water-coated ice spheres, spongy ice-coated ice spheres, and all spongy ice spheres. All the results for the wavelength 5.56 cm, including the radar reflectivity factor, absorption factor, and attenuation factor of hailstones with different size distributions are given and discussed in this paper. The possible applications of these character-istics in radar monitoring of hailstones are also discussed. It is shown that in certain conditions, a micro-wave radiometer simultaneously operating with a radar will be helpful to the identification of the hail-bearing area. Finally, the possible influence of hailfall area on the accuracy of the measurements of the rainfall distribution by using a radar-radiometer is simply discussed. 相似文献
5.
Covadonga Palencia Claude Berthet Marta Massot Amaya Castro Jean Dessens Roberto Fraile 《Atmospheric Research》2007,83(2-4):493-504
This paper is a comparative study between the two most common hailpad calibration systems: one annual calibration of a whole consignment of material, and the individual calibration of each plate after a hailfall. Individual calibration attempts to minimize errors due to differences in sensitivity to the impact of hailstones between plates from the same consignment, or due to differences in the inking process before the actual measurement.The comparison was carried out using calibration data from the past few years in the hailpad network in south-western France, and data from an individual calibration process on material provided by the hailpad network in Lleida (Spain). The same type of material was used in the two cases.The results confirm that the error in measuring hailstone sizes is smaller in the case of an individual calibration of hailpads than when one single calibration process was carried out for a whole consignment. The former is approximately 80% of the latter. However, this error could have been higher if it had not been the same person carrying out the single calibration process and the measuring of the dents: it has been found that differences in the inking process may account for up to 20% of the error in the case of small hailstones. Calibration errors affecting other variables, e.g. energy or parameter λ of the exponential size distribution are generally higher (5% and 18%, respectively) than errors due to the spatial variability of the hailstones. However, the calibration method does not influence the maximum size, since the relative error attributed to the spatial variability is about 8 times the calibration error.In conclusion, if errors in determining energy or parameter λ are to be reduced to a minimum, it is highly advisable to be consistent in applying the measuring procedure (if possible with the same person carrying out the measurements all the time), and even to use individual calibration on each plate, always bearing in mind that technicians have to be trained appropriately in order to achieve the highest possible degree of uniformity. 相似文献
6.
Seasonal variation of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 in Guangzhou, China 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
Ji-Hua Tan Xin-Hui Bi Jing-Cun Duan Kenneth A. Rahn Guo-Ying Sheng Jia-Mo Fu 《Atmospheric Research》2006,80(4):250-262
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the urban atmosphere. An investigation on seasonal variation of PAHs in the urban atmosphere of Guangzhou, China was conducted in this study. 112 PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm) samples were collected at two sites between June 2002 and June 2003. PAHs were analyzed with GC–MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). The result showed that PAHs exhibit distinct seasonal variation. The seasonal concentration for the ∑PAHs ranged from 8.11 to 106.26 ng m− 3. The average ∑PAHs measured were highest in winter and lowest in summer. The PAHs distribution patterns were similar within each season at two sites. 5–6 ring PAHs were the abundant compounds, which accounted for 65–90% of ∑PAHs and benzo [b + k] fluoranthene dominated in four seasons. The PAHs concentration and distribution pattern fluctuated greatly in winter for the cold air current. Based on the different temperature in winter, the samples were split into two groups. PM10 and the abundance of the PAHs in winter-1 (temperature, 12–22 °C) were much greater than in winter-2 (temperature, 8–12 °C). In winter-1 benzo [b + k] fluoranthene and Indeno [1, 2, 3] pyrene dominated while chrysene and benzo [b + k] fluoranthene dominated in winter-2. Meteorological conditions such as wind speed and temperature had a strong influence on the seasonal variation. Potential sources of PAHs were identified using the molecular diagnostic ratios between PAHs. Results showed fossil fuel combustion may be the major source of PAHs at the two sites. 相似文献
7.
Friuli Venezia Giulia is a region located in the North-Eastern part of Italy. It has the Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste) on the South and the Julian and Carnic Alps surrounding it on the North. For these geographical properties thunderstorms and precipitations are common events in the plain of this region.The climatology of thunderstorms and rainfalls, considering 6 h interval periods, is studied in this work. It is shown how the thunderstorm frequency, based on the recording of at least three lightning strikes during the 6 h period, is 16%. The occurrence frequency of at least 1 mm of rain accumulated in 6 h is 24%, while that of at least 5 mm in 6 h is 14%.The daily and monthly distributions of these events are then stratified in three classes, based on their “intensity” (weak, medium and strong), and the different behaviors are analysed. Finally, an explanation for the main monthly rain frequency is sought by looking at only two sounding-derived indices and in particular at their annual cycles. The two indices (related to the potential instability and to the water vapour flux) attempt to summarize the “convective” and “flux” mechanisms for producing rain. It is found that in some particular periods of the year the rain-originating process seems well identifiable, while in many others the two processes seem to be concomitant. 相似文献
8.
Abstract Analytical solutions to the equations of growth and motion of hailstones in updrafts with cloud water contents that vary linearly with height are used to investigate hail growth in a model cloud. The model storm is steady and two‐dimensional and is constructed by compositing sections with linear variations of vertical air velocity and cloud water content so as to approximate the Fleming storm. Hail embryos are introduced at various positions in the updraft and their subsequent history calculated. A strong correlation is found between the embryo starting position and its trajectory and final size. Embryos starting in the central portions of the updraft are carried up rapidly and displaced far from the updraft. Embryos starting near the upshear edge of the updrafr have a simple arcing up and down trajectory and produce small hailstones that can be expected to melt before reaching the ground. Embryos starting near the downshear edge of the updraft give rise to the largest hailstones and have recirculating trajectories. Effects of changing some of the model parameters are investigated. 相似文献
9.
10.
雹块微物理和雹云单体关系的初步探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
雹块微结构中包含着有关雹块在云内生长情况和雹云本身的某些信息。它们之间的关系有些已被认识,更多的还没有被人们所认识。 为揭示雹块微物理和雹云单体的相互关系,1982年夏天我们在新疆昭苏地区开展了雹块微结构和雹云宏观特征的配合探测,取得了一定数量资料。本文根据同年7月4个降雹日(7日、13日、16日、19日)的雷达回波和500多个冰雹切片资料,着重分析了冰雹的胚胎类型,提出了比较细微的雹胚分类标准;并在这个基础上,研究了雹胚类型统计特征和雹云单体的关系,发现复合单体和弱单体的雹胚类型分布有着较明显的差别。 相似文献
11.
利用可模拟冰雹尺度的三维冰雹分档对流云模式,研究了2014年7月16日北京一次大冰雹的形成过程。此次冰雹天气过程的地面降雹最大尺度为7 cm,对流有效位能为1785.3 J·kg-1,具有上干下湿的大气层结条件。数值模拟的冰雹云顶高度达13 km,与雷达观测比较一致,模拟的最大上升气流达30 m·s-1。由于风切变较大,冰雹云出现明显倾斜垂直结构,使冰雹云持续时间较长。此次大冰雹形成的微物理过程具有明显特点,冰雹云中-35~-10℃层存在含量达12~16 g·kg-1的高过冷雨水累积区,冰雹胚胎主要通过受到冰晶接触扰动的过冷雨滴冻结产生,其产生率量级达10-2 g·kg-1·s-1,冰雹增长过程主要依靠雹胚撞冻过冷云水,其增长率的量级与冰雹胚胎产生率的量级一致。 相似文献
12.
以3D-Barnes方案插值的新一代天气雷达反射率因子等高平面资料,用垂直累积液态含水量(Vertically Integrated Liquid Water Content,简称:VIL)的理论模式计算单体的VIL,用VIL与单体顶高度之比计算单体的VIL密度(Vertically Integrated Liquid Water Content Density,简称:VILD),采用统计方法对青藏高原东北侧局地冰雹的日变化和大小分布特征以及地面最大冰雹直径(简称:Rmax)与单体在降雹过程中的最大VIL(简称:VILmax)和最大VILD(简称:VILDmax)之间的关系进行了统计。结果表明:(1)青藏高原东北侧局地降雹主要以中冰雹为主(直径在5~20 mm之间),其次是小冰雹(直径<5 mm,现称为霰),出现大冰雹(直径≥20 mm)的概率很小;(2)从冰雹的日变化特征看,青藏高原东北侧局地降雹主要出现在下午到傍晚,期间存在2个降雹高峰时段。第一个主要集中在13:00~18:00,其中以15:00~16:00出现的概率最高,另一个主要集中在20:00~21:00,日内其余时间降雹概率很小,此结论与陈乾[1]等研究区域性冰雹发现的午后傍晚双峰型特征基本吻合,但在出现时段上稍有偏早;(3)VILmax和VILDmax从总体趋势上看与Rmax之间均存在正相关关系,但VILD-max比VILmax与Rmax之间的相关性更好;相同大小的冰雹所对应的雹云单体的VILDmax虽然存在一定的差异,但差异不大,一般维持在0.1 g.m-3以内;(4)雷达观测静锥区和单体强回波区倾斜或悬垂回波等是影响VILmax和VILDmax与Rmax之间出现负相关的2个主要因素。 相似文献
13.
G. Pavese F. De Tomasi M. Calvello F. Esposito M.R. Perrone 《Atmospheric Research》2009,92(4):489-504
Measurements from July 4 to July 8, 2005 by a high resolution visible radiometer, a Raman lidar, a ground particulate matter sampler, and ground meteorological sensors have been combined in synergy to infer the intrusion over south-east Italy, of air masses from north-west Sahara, the Atlantic Ocean, and the continental Europe. It is shown that backscatter coefficient, depolarization-ratio, and lidar ratio vertical profiles represent the best tools to detect the intrusion of long range transported air masses and to monitor their effects on the vertical distribution of aerosol optical and microphysical properties. High resolution radiometers are instead important tools to monitor changes on columnar aerosol properties and size distributions.Backscatter coefficient, depolarization-ratio, and lidar ratio vertical profiles have revealed that aerosol optical and microphysical properties significantly changed with time and space during African dust outbreaks: the intrusion of dust particles that at first occurred above 2 km of altitude extending up to 6 km, affected the all aerosol load down to ground within few hours. Aerosol size distributions showed during dust events a clear bimodality with an accumulation mode maximum at 0.24 µm and a coarse mode maximum at 0.94 μm. Conversely, we have found that during the advection of air masses from the Atlantic and continental Europe, aerosol particles were mainly located below 2 km, their optical and microphysical properties were affected by smaller changes in time and space, and were characterized by depolarization ratios rather close to those due to a pure molecular atmosphere. In this case bimodal size distributions with an accumulation mode showing two sub-modes at 0.16 μm and 0.24 μm, respectively and a coarse mode centred at 0.94 μm have also been observed. 相似文献
14.
This work deals with the analysis of an isolated tornadic supercell thunderstorm that took place on the plain of Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) causing several damage. The analysis is performed using different kind of data, looking in the available information for possible signatures that could be helpful in the forecasting and nowcasting procedures. The analysis reveals that rather than a single cause for the tornadic storm development, there is an “interaction” of several effects. In particular, a favorable environment seems to be produced by the interplay between synoptic and mesoscale environments with a fundamental role played by orography. Radar data, in particular Doppler measurements, are fundamental to the recognition and interpretation of the events but in this particular case they could give little useful information for the forecasting and nowcasting procedures. The most robust signals of an environment prone to the onset of severe deep moist convection come from the thermal gradients at the ground and by the vertical profile analysis. The reason why the event took place in that specific place and not in others is still unknown. 相似文献
15.
16.
Correlation between black carbon aerosols, carbon monoxide and tropospheric ozone over a tropical urban site 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Black carbon aerosols plays an important role in the earth's radiative balance and little is known of their concentrations, distributions, source strength, and especially the aerosol chemistry of the developing world. The present study addresses the impact of back carbon aerosols on different atmospheric species like CO and tropospheric ozone over an urban environment, namely Hyderabad, India. Ozone concentration varies from 14 to 63 ppbv over the study area. Diurnal variations of ozone suggest that ozone concentration starts increasing gradually after sunrise, attaining a maximum value by evening time and decreasing gradually thereafter. Black carbon (BC) aerosol mass concentrations varies from 1471 to 11,175 ng m−3. The diurnal variations of BC suggest that the concentrations are increased by a factor of 2 during morning (06:00–09:00 h) and evening hours (18:00 to 22:00 h) compared to afternoon hours. Positive correlation has been observed between BC and CO (r2=0.74) with an average slope of 6.4×10−3 g BC/g CO. The slope between black carbon aerosol mass concentration and tropospheric ozone suggests that every 1 μg m−3 increase in black carbon aerosol mass concentration causes a 3.5 μg m−3 reduction in tropospheric ozone. The results have been discussed in detail in the paper. 相似文献
17.
Erik Swietlicki Jingchuan Zhou Olle H. Berg Bengt G. Martinsson Gran Frank Sven-Inge Cederfelt Ulrike Dusek Axel Berner Wolfram Birmili Alfred Wiedensohler Brett Yuskiewicz Keith N. Bower 《Atmospheric Research》1999,50(3-4)
The hygroscopic properties of sub-micrometer aerosol particles were studied in connection with a ground-based cloud experiment at Great Dun Fell, in northern England in 1995. Hygroscopic diameter growth factors were measured with a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (TDMA) for dry particle diameters between 35 and 265 nm at one of the sites upwind of the orographic cloud. An external mixture consisting of three groups of particles, each with different hygroscopic properties, was observed. These particle groups were denoted less-hygroscopic, more-hygroscopic and sea spray particles and had average diameter growth factors of 1.11–1.15, 1.38–1.69 and 2.08–2.21 respectively when taken from a dry state to a relative humidity of 90%. Average growth factors increased with dry particle size. A bimodal hygroscopic behaviour was observed for 74–87% of the cases depending on particle size. Parallel measurements of dry sub-micrometer particle number size distributions were performed with a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS). The inorganic ion aerosol composition was determined by means of ion chromatography analysis of samples collected with Berner-type low pressure cascade impactors at ambient conditions. The number of ions collected on each impactor stage was predicted from the size distribution and hygroscopic growth data by means of a model of hygroscopic behaviour assuming that only the inorganic substances interacted with the ambient water vapour. The predicted ion number concentration was compared with the actual number of all positive and negative ions collected on the various impactor stages. For the impactor stage which collected particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.17–0.53 μm at ambient relative humidity, and for which all pertinent data was available for the hygroscopic closure study, the predicted ion concentrations agreed with the measured values within the combined measurement and model uncertainties for all cases but one. For this impactor sampling occasion, the predicted ion concentration was significantly higher than the measured. The air mass in which this sample was taken had undergone extensive photochemical activity which had probably produced hygroscopically active material other than inorganic ions, such as organic oxygenated substances. 相似文献
18.
Sounding-derived indices for neural network based short-term thunderstorm and rainfall forecasts 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A neural network-based scheme to do a multivariate analysis for forecasting the occurrence and intensity of a meteo event is presented. Many sounding-derived indices are combined together to build a short-term forecast of thunderstorm and rainfall events, in the plain of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (hereafter FVG, NE Italy).For thunderstorm forecasting, sounding, lightning strikes and mesonet station data (rain and wind) from April to November of the years 1995–2002 have been used to train and validate the artificial neural network (hereafter ANN), while the 2003 and 2004 data have been used as an independent test sample. Two kind of ANNs have been developed: the first is a “classification model” ANN and is built for forecasting the thunderstorm occurrence. If this first ANN predicts convective activity, then a second ANN, built as a “regression model”, is used for forecasting the thunderstorm intensity, as defined in a previous article.The classification performances are evaluated with the ROC diagram and some indices derived from the Table of Contingency (like KSS, FAR, Odds Ratio). The regression performances are evaluated using the Mean Square Error and the linear cross correlation coefficient R.A similar approach is applied to the problem of 6 h rainfall forecast in the Friuli Venezia Giulia plain, but in this second case the data cover the period from 1992 to 2004. Also the forecasts of binary events (defined as the occurrence of 5, 20 or 40 mm of maximum rain), made by classification and regression ANN, were compared. Particular emphasis is given to the sounding-derived indices which are chosen in the first places by the predictor forward selection algorithm. 相似文献
19.
B. Cabañas P. Martín S. Salgado B. Ballesteros E. Martínez 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2001,40(1):23-39
The absolute rate constants for the gas-phasereactions of the NO3 radical with a series ofaldehydes such as acetaldehyde, propanal, butanal,pentanal, hexanal and, heptanal were measured overthe temperature range 298–433 K, using a dischargeflow system and monitoring the NO3 radical byLaser Induced Fluorescence (LIF).The measured rate constants at 298 K for thereaction of NO3, in units of 10–14 cm3molecule–1 s–1, were as follows:acetaldehyde 0.32 ± 0.04, propanal 0.60 ± 0.06, butanal 1.46± 0.16, pentanal 1.75 ±0.06, hexanal 1.83 ± 0.36, and heptanal 2.37 ±0.42. The proposed Arrhenius expressions arek1 = (6.2 ± 7.5) × 10–11 exp[–(2826 ± 866)/T] (cm3 molecule–1s–1),k2 = (1.7 ± 1.0) × 10–11 exp[–(2250 ± 192)/T] (cm3 molecule–1s1), k3 =(7.6 ± 9.8) × 1011 exp[–(2466 ± 505)/T] (cm3 molecule–1s–1),k4 = (2.8 ± 1.4) × 10–11 exp[–(2189 ± 156)/T] (cm3 molecule–1s–1), k5 = (7.0 ± 1.8) ×10–11 exp [–(2382 ± 998)/T](cm3 molecule–1 s–1), andk6 = (7.8 ± 1.0) × 10–11 exp[–(2406 ± 481)/T](cm3 molecule–1 s–1).Tropospheric lifetimes for these aldehydes werecalculated at night and during the day for typicalNO3 and OH average concentrations and showed thatboth radicals provide an effective tropospheric sinkfor these compounds and that the night-time reactionwith the NO3 radical can be an important, if notdominant, loss process for these emitted organics andfor NO3 radicals. 相似文献
20.
A two-dimensional mesoscale model has been developed to simulate the air flow over the Gulf Stream area where typically large gradients in surface temperature exist in the winter. Numerical simulations show that the magnitude and the maximum height of the mesoscale circulation that develops downwind of the Gulf Stream depends on both the initial geostrophic wind and the large-scale moisture. As expected, a highly convective Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) develops over this area and it was found that the Gulf Stream plays an important role in generating the strong upward heat fluxes causing a farther seaward penetration as cold air advection takes place. Numerical results agree well with the observed surface fluxes of momentum and heat and the mesoscale variation of vertical velocities obtained using Doppler Radars for a typical cold air outbreak. Precipitation pattern predicted by the numerical model is also in agreement with the observations during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE).List of Symbols
u
east-west velocity [m s–1]
-
v
north-south velocity [m s–1]
-
vertical velocity in coordinate [m s–1]
-
w
vertical velocity inz coordinate [m s–1]
- gq
potential temperature [K]
-
q
moisture [kg kg–1]
-
scaled pressure [J kg–1 K–1]
-
U
g
the east-south component of geostrophic wind [m s–1]
-
V
g
the north-south component of geostrophic wind [m s–1]
-
vertical coordinate following terrain
-
x
east-west spatial coordinate [m]
-
y
north-south spatial coordinate [m]
-
z
vertical spatial coordinate [m]
-
t
time coordinate [s]
-
g
gravity [m2 s–1]
-
E
terrain height [m]
-
H
total height considered in the model [m]
-
q
s
saturated moisture [kg kg–1]
-
p
pressure [mb]
-
p
00
reference pressure [mb]
-
P
precipitation [kg m–2]
-
vertical lapse rate for potential temperature [K km–1]
-
L
latent heat of condensation [J kg–1]
-
C
p
specific heat at constant pressure [J kg–1 K–1]
-
R
gas constant for dry air [J kg–1 K–1]
-
R
v
gas constant for water vapor [J kg–1 K–1]
-
f
Coriolis parameter (2 sin ) [s–1]
-
angular velocity of the earth [s–1]
-
latitude [o]
-
K
H
horizontal eddy exchange coefficient [m2 s–1]
- t
integration time interval [s]
- x
grid interval distance inx coordinate [m]
- y
grid interval distance iny coordinate [m]
-
adjustable coefficient inK
H
-
subgrid momentum flux [m2 s–2]
-
subgrid potential temperature flux [m K s–1]
-
subgrid moisture flux [m kg kg–1 s–1]
-
u
*
friction velocity [m s–1]
-
*
subgrid flux temperature [K]
-
q
*
subgrid flux moisture [kg kg–1]
-
w
*
subgrid convective velocity [m s–1]
-
z
0
surface roughness [m]
-
L
Monin stability length [m]
-
s
surface potential temperature [K]
-
k
von Karman's constant (0.4)
-
v
air kinematic viscosity coefficient [m2 s–1]
-
K
M
subgrid vertical eddy exchange coefficient for momentum [m2 s–1]
-
K
subgrid vertical eddy exchange coefficient for heat [m2 s–1]
-
K
q
subgrid vertical eddy exchange coefficient for moisture [m2 s–1]
-
z
i
the height of PBL [m]
-
h
s
the height of surface layer [m] 相似文献