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1.
2015年8月3日山东西北部出现一次对流性暴雨过程,中尺度特征明显。利用常规和非常规观测资料对该过程的中尺度环境场、对流系统的触发演变及大暴雨的落区进行分析。结果表明：这是一次典型的低槽冷锋暴雨过程。在高层辐散、中层北涡南槽、低层切变线和低空急流的天气背景下,较大的大气可降水量、大的低层比湿、中低层深厚的湿层和暖云层及大的对流有效位能为暴雨的发生提供了有利的环境条件。暴雨由暖区对流和冷锋对流共同造成,暖区对流在地面露点温度大值区内和低层湿舌的南边缘由地面辐合线触发生成,其在聊城形成列车效应,产生大暴雨。地面冷锋侵入低压后暖区对流带与冷锋对流带合并为一条强对流带,且逐渐转向偏东方向移动,列车效应减弱。强对流带后部形成弓形回波,产生地面大风。本次强降水符合热带强降水型特点。强对流带在卫星云图上表现为一个扁平状的中尺度对流系统,小时雨强50 mm以上的区域对应卫星云图上TBB小于-70 ℃的区域。 相似文献
2.
河北盛夏2次大暴雨过程对比分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用常规天气资料、NCEP再分析资料、地面区域站和多普勒天气雷达资料对比分析了2012年7月21~22日罕见特大暴雨和2011年7月24日大暴雨的天气形势、水汽条件、动力条件以及中尺度影响系统。分析发现:这2次暴雨过程都是低槽冷锋类暴雨过程,中尺度影响系统也基本相同,降水效率相当,但降水极值和暴雨范围相差很大;充足的水汽输送、强的动力条件和高降水效率是2012年7月21~22日极端降水的原因之一,河北中部长达6 h列车效应是这次极端降水的关键原因;低层θse锋区和切变线南侧急流的有利配置是造成河北中部列车效应的关键原因,是低槽冷锋类暴雨强降水持续时间和能否出现极端降水的预报着眼点之一;锋面前侧的地面中尺度辐合线是主要中尺度影响系统,强降水落区沿地面中尺度辐合线分布,根据地面中尺度辐合线的演变预报暴雨的落区比依据低层低涡东南象限预报暴雨落区更精确。 相似文献
3.
利用多普勒雷达、气象卫星、自动气象站等监测数据以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对安徽省一次远距离台风暴雨中尺度对流系统的环流背景、内部结构及其演变进行了系统分析。结果表明:1)低层台风外围偏东气流的输送使得暴雨区增温增湿,进而增强中纬度大气的不稳定度;西风槽前的上升运动有利于暴雨区低层辐合的加强和垂直运动的发展维持。2)强降水过程主要由两个β中尺度对流系统造成,在暴雨区上空β中尺度对流系统的新生维持是强降水维持较长时间的重要原因。3)雷达回波和地面要素场上,强降水表现为两个β中尺度的对流系统的生成发展,中尺度对流系统锋生的原因虽各有不同,但对流的发展与地面中尺度辐合线和加强的中尺度低压有关。γ中尺度的强对流单体是造成局地降水峰值的直接原因。4)两段强降水的出现都表现出中纬度系统和台风外围气流的相互作用,低层冷空气的触发以及西风槽前暖湿气流的加强都会使降水有明显的增幅。5)雷达速度场上,β中尺度对流系统的加强和低层暖湿气流的加强紧密相关。γ中尺度对流系统的生成则是由速度场上小尺度的风速辐合造成。 相似文献
4.
江西一次暴雨过程的诊断分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、地面与探空资料、卫星资料等,对2012年5月12日发生在江西省中部的一次暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：本次暴雨过程发生在冷锋南侧地面倒槽区,由高层西风槽、低层低空急流及切变线、低涡共同影响所致。中低层西南气流的加强,一方面使暴雨区有充足的水汽输送,同时也使该区对流不稳定度加大,加强了暴雨区上空的对流上升运动。中尺度辐合线是强对流暴雨的触发机制,而冷锋影响使地面东风气流加强,冷空气入侵致中尺度辐合线演变为中尺度低压,中尺度低压是江西短时强降水长时间持续的机制;500hPa高空槽东移,槽前正涡度平流向江西上空输送,利于低层低涡生成和维持、上升运动加强,从而导致降水增强。冷空气影响初始阶段,〉10mm·h-1 的中尺度雨团产生在中尺度辐合线及其所演变成低压的1、2象限即中尺度辐合线或中尺度低压偏北一侧,随着冷空气的进一步入侵,中尺度雨团产生于中尺度低压的偏南一侧。 相似文献
5.
《气象与环境学报》2017,(2)
对2014年8月24日和9月1日上海地区两次强对流灾害天气过程的环流背景、动力条件及水汽条件、不稳定层结、多普勒雷达观测等方面进行了对比分析,研究两次强对流过程的成因,并对强对流天气进行了预报预警。结果表明:上海地区8·24过程和9·01过程均发生在副热带高压边缘,均有明显的低空急流输送,两次强对流过程预报的开始时间均较实况偏早。8·24过程为槽前型强对流过程,冷锋前飑线和中尺度阵风锋造成强雷电天气。9·01过程为低涡东移型强对流过程,造成了暴雨天气。槽前型强对流过程高层为强辐散,低层为强辐合,有利于强雷暴的产生;低涡东移型强对流过程湿层深厚,降水时间长有利于产生暴雨。垂直风切变趋势预报对雷暴维持和加强具有较好的指示作用。槽前型强对流过程伴随强垂直切变配合,产生区域性强雷暴;低涡东移型强对流过程垂直切变较弱,产生区域性对流暴雨。槽前型对流系统影响时间短,需重点分析地面中小尺度低压辐合区的发展,低涡东移型强对流过程的降水起始时间与暖区对流性降水有关。 相似文献
6.
一次滇中暴雨中尺度对流系统特征分析 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：8
应用MICAPS常规资料、FY-2卫星观测资料及昆明CINRAD-CC雷达回波资料,将诊断分析与探测资料相结合综合分析了2003年7月21日滇中暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统特征,指出：500、700hPa高低层冷暖平流的配置、500hPa低槽、700hPa切变线及地面冷锋是此次暴雨过程的大尺度环境背景;高能高湿的不稳定能量、低层辐合、强的垂直风切疫的存在,利于强对流形成并诱发中尺度对流系统MCS;多普勒雷达上强风暴的发展,与暴雨区范围及强弱对应;多普勒速度图显示,中尺度涡旋、中尺度辐合线、逆风区等多个中尺度系统,是此次滇中强对流暴雨产生的直接影响系统。 相似文献
7.
黔西南一次中尺度暴雨的数值模拟诊断研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
使用WRF模式 (Weather Research and Forecasting model) 模拟了2006年6月12日贵州省西南部一次典型的突发性强对流暴雨过程, 模式较真实地模拟了这次局地发展的中尺度暴雨天气过程。对流层低层的中尺度辐合线造成了初始的上升运动, β中尺度对流系统首先在地面锋线前不稳定的暖区中生长, 辐合线南侧的偏南气流对水汽和热量的输送是对流能够持续生长的最重要因素。通过非地转ω方程的诊断证明, 在降水开始后, 凝结加热的释放对β中尺度对流系统的发展最为重要, 它强迫产生的上升运动分量超过了低层暖平流强迫造成的上升运动分量。在相应的热力、 动力结构的调整作用下, 对流层低层出现中尺度低空急流、 中尺度涡旋等动力结构。到降水过程后期, 由于偏北气流的侵入, 降水区上空对流层低层转为对流稳定的层结, β中尺度对流系统无法获得不稳定能量以维持其发展, 降水也逐渐减弱直至终止。 相似文献
8.
北京地区一次引发强降水的中尺度对流系统的组织发展特征及成因探讨 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
2008年8月10日白天到夜间,北京地区发生了全市性强降水,其中10日下午15:00-18:00经过城区的三个β中尺度对流单体不但产生强的降水(局地达到45 mm/h和12 mm/5 min的雨强),还出现了明显的组织化发展的迹象。利用北京地区多种高时空观测数据(包括地面自动站、多普勒雷达、风廓线、微波辐射计等)和雷达变分同化分析系统(VDRAS)的高分辨率分析场资料,重点分析研究了这三个对流单体组织发展的特征和成因。结果显示:(1)10日下午城区的短时暴雨与大范围降水云系前部(北京城区南部到房山东部)近地面层β中尺度切变线的产生直接相关,该切变线触发了对流,使对流单体组织化发展成为准南北向排列的β中尺度线状对流系统影响了城区;(2)降水发生前2小时左右,北京本站边界层环境风风向由西南向偏东的转变以及城区局地对流有效位能的短时快速积累,是城区对流得以发展的关键局地环境因素;(3)10日下午北京西北部山区的层状降水系统的低层(500 m以下)形成的西北冷性水平出流与北京东南部低层东南暖平流在城南一带汇合形成的风切变是导致对流单体移进北京后组织化和进一步发展的直接原因。因此,在有利的大尺度环流背景下,对于北京大范围降水而言,预报中需特别注意降水云系移动的近前方、边界层环境风风向的变化(即偏东风的出现),因为大范围降水发生后近地面层所形成的水平出流,可能与其前部偏东环境风构成明显风切变而激发对流的产生和组织化。 相似文献
9.
2012年7月21日北京地区特大暴雨中尺度对流条件和特征初步分析 总被引：21，自引：4，他引：17
本文利用常规、自动气象站观测资料,卫星、雷达、风廓线探测资料和NCEP再分析资料（1°×1°,逐6小时）,对2012年7月21日北京地区特大暴雨的中尺度对流条件和对流系统特征进行了初步探讨,结果表明：本次极端强降雨成因主要包括非常充沛的水汽,一定的对流不稳定性,对流系统持续的“列车效应”,以及低质心高效率的降雨对流系统。低层的切变线和地面辐合线相交的地区,是对流单体初生和强烈发展的区域;根据中层风的风向风速及地面辐合线的位置和走向,可以大致判断对流单体的移动方向及是否存在列车效应。基于静止卫星红外云图和雷达反射率因子资料的中尺度对流系统分析表明该次降水过程存在三个阶段：第一阶段为对流系统强烈发展的前期阶段;第二阶段对流系统发展最为强烈,北京大部分地区出现极端强降雨;第三阶段为北京地区对流和降雨显著减弱阶段。 相似文献
10.
为了研究甘肃东南部相同气候背景条件下极端暴雨天气的成因,提高极端暴雨强度和落区预报的准确率,利用NCEP再分析、自动气象站降水、常规观测资料及卫星云图资料,对2013年8月7日和2017年8月7日发生在甘肃东南部两次极端暴雨进行对比分析。结果表明:两次极端暴雨天气过程都伴随着短时强降水等强对流性天气,具有降水量大、雨强强、灾害重的特点,其中冷空气的强度对暴雨落区、空间分布以及影响系统移动以及对流强度产生重要影响。在强冷空气和高空低槽、低层切变线影响下,暴雨区偏南,强降水区域小,持续时间短,不稳定条件更好,对流强度更强;在弱冷空气和高原槽、低层低涡、低空急流作用下,暴雨区偏北,强降水范围大,持续时间长,大气湿层厚度大,低层水汽辐合强度、涡度以及垂直速度更强,降水效率更高,但对流强度相对较弱。卫星云图上,在强冷空气的影响下对流发展旺盛,形成强中尺度对流云团,对流云团呈带状;在弱冷空气作用下对流云团尺度小,发展范围小,有暖云降水特征,降水效率高。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
13.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
14.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
15.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
16.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
17.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
18.
基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
19.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
20.
Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed. 相似文献