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采用X射线衍射、偏光显微镜和扫描电镜对赋存在临泽县北部杨台洼滩盆地中白杨河组地层上部凹凸棒石黏土的矿物成分、形貌和赋存状态进行了研究。结果表明,矿物成分除黏土矿物外,还含有石英、长石、方解石、白云石、石膏等其他矿物。黏土矿物以凹凸棒石和伊利石为主,还含有一定量的绿泥石、高岭石和伊蒙混层矿物。白杨河组地层沉积时期为干旱气候,盆地中的水体不断蒸发使得石膏沉积下来,致使水体中Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)的比率和水体的碱性增大。在富Mg~(2+)、碱性的介质条件中,二氧化硅胶体和Mg~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Fe~(3+)随着水体的蒸发结晶析出凹凸棒石。 相似文献
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凹凸棒石用于修复铜锌镉重金属污染土壤的研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
利用凹凸棒石黏土矿物优异的物化性能对采集的安徽铜陵地区重金属污染土壤进行盆栽修复试验,以降低种植蔬菜中重金属污染物的有效态含量。凹凸棒石与矿区土壤的质量配比设置5组(1∶10、1∶20、1∶40、1∶100以及原土),选择适宜在北京生长的四季小白菜和北京快菜进行种植,盆栽试验结果表明,使用凹凸棒石黏土矿物可以将土壤的pH值提高到5～8,改善了矿区的土壤环境条件,提高黏土矿物对重金属的吸附性能;通过适量添加凹凸棒石黏土矿物,对Cu元素的平均修复率达到31.50%,Zn元素的平均修复率达到26.15%,Cd元素的平均修复率达到34.92%,能够有效减少蔬菜对Cu、Zn、Cd三种重金属元素的吸收。凹凸棒石与土壤的质量比为1∶20时,对污染土壤的修复效果最佳。 相似文献
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水悬浮体系中凹凸棒石与Cu2+作用机理 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
研究矿物吸附重金属性能和机理,对正确认识矿物吸附性质、环境矿物材料应用研究以及重金属环境化学行为具有重要理论和实际意义。凹凸棒石是重要粘土矿物之一,也是重要的环境矿物材料,其吸附净化功能潜在应用受到广泛关注。在制备凹凸棒石纯样基础上,进行了凹凸棒石吸附Cu^2 单因素实验,吸附前后溶液pH值变化观测和吸附Cu^2 后凹凸棒石表面结构高分辨透射电镜调查。结果表明,从表面来看,凹凸棒石对Cu^2 的吸附性能主要受振荡速度、吸附时间、初始溶液pH值、吸附剂用量等因素影响,但实际上,凹凸棒石对Cu^2 的吸附作用主要是凹凸棒石诱导的Cu^2 水解沉淀作用以及凹凸棒石(带负电荷)与氢氧化铜(带正电荷)正负电荷胶体颗粒的互相作用,这有别于严格意义的矿物界面吸附作用。产生这种作用的机制在于凹凸棒石属于天然纳米矿物材料,具有较高的表面化学活性,凹凸棒石一水悬浮体系中凹凸棒石表面水解呈现出碱性,结果导致吸附平衡水溶液pH值较初始水溶液有较大程度的升高,达到Cu^2 水解基本完全的pH条件. 相似文献
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《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2016,(1)
由黄土-红黏土序列组成的风尘沉积是全球最完整、最连续的陆相古气候载体之一,蕴含了丰富的东亚古季风信息。解读黄土记录的信息以及透彻理解黄土替代指标与古气候的内在联系,都需要从纳米尺度揭示黄土成壤作用过程中碎屑矿物、成壤自生矿物形成与演化。本文利用高分辨透射电镜和场发射扫描电镜,研究了风尘沉积物中磁铁矿氧化的粒径制约、自生磁赤铁矿形成机制,建立了古土壤磁化率增强的成因矿物学理论,为磁化率与古气候的内在联系奠定了矿物基础;发现了第四纪黄土中广泛分布纳米棒状方解石及其含量和微结构显著的规律变化,从生物诱导矿化理论阐述了其形成机制;查明了凹凸棒石在黄土-红黏土序列中的分布规律,提出了古气候变化的黏土矿物响应机制。 相似文献
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针对凹凸棒石黏土脱色力测试过程中实验条件难统一、影响因素多而复杂、测试结果误差大、现有测试方法规定不明确等现状，结合甘肃省某地凹凸棒石黏土脱色力的测试，通过一些条件实验，提出了较为合理的测试方法。国家标准物质测试结果与标准值相符，方法精密度（RSD，n=6）小于2％。 相似文献
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《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2020,(2)
黏土矿物作为一类天然纳米结构硅酸盐非金属矿物材料,以其比表面积大、生物相容性好、价廉易得等优势而成为酶固定化、构建纳米结构酶复合体系的理想载体。本文综述了近年来以黏土矿物为载体构建的纳米结构酶复合体系及其应用进展,包括以黏土矿物为载体制成的纳米结构酶,以改性黏土材料为载体制成的纳米结构复合酶,以及以改性黏土矿物为囊壁材包封酶制成的黏土矿物基纳米复合酶仿生微囊。纳米结构酶复合体系的构建,不仅提高了酶的催化效率,还增强了酶在复杂环境中的耐用性和重复使用性,在降低酶工业化成本的同时,也为黏土矿物的高值化利用开拓了新方向。 相似文献
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凹凸棒石铁/铝氢氧化物纳米复合材料对磷的吸附动力学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用铁/铝盐水解法制备了凹凸棒石/铝氢氧化物(PNCMⅠ)、凹凸棒石/铁氢氧化物(PNCMⅡ)和凹凸棒石/铁铝氢氧化物(PNCMⅢ)3种凹凸棒石纳米复合材料。对比了这3种纳米复合材料对水中磷的吸附净化能力,并利用吸附动力学实验探讨了3种材料对磷的吸附机理。结果发现:负载了铝/铁氢氧化物后凹凸棒石的晶体结构没有改变;温度对于3种吸附剂吸附磷的动力学参数影响不显著;3种吸附剂对磷的实际吸附量、理论吸附量和初始吸附速率均随着磷的初始浓度增大而增大。PNCMⅠ对磷的理论吸附量为18.18 mg/g,较其他2种吸附剂大。当磷的初始浓度从5 mg/L增加到50 mg/L,PNCM I对磷的初始吸附速率从0.125 mg/(g·min)增加到1.425 mg/(g·min)。3种凹凸棒石黏土纳米复合材料对磷的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,表明其吸附均为化学吸附。 相似文献
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《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
目前黏土矿物的理论研究,主要还停留在研究矿物在环境变化影响下的结构变化。为了提高黏土矿物的产品附加值,人们开始关注黏土矿物的深加工改性与综合利用。关于黏土矿物表面和本征结构改性的计算模拟在国内外已经初步展开,但仍有待深入研究[1-2]。如何有效地结合理论和实验研究,阐明黏土矿物功能化后的结构与性能变化,是矿物材料的一个研究重点。课题组通过系统分析黏土矿物功能化过程中铝、硅骨架的改变程度,研究探讨铝硅酸盐及其衍生产物在表面改性和本征改性下的几何结构和电子、光学性能变化。以Sb2S3/二氧化硅纳米管表面结构的理论模型为例,通过DFT计算研究了功能纳米颗粒在有机功能化黏土矿物表面负载的界面机理[3],研究了功能化前后几何结构与电子结构的变化及纳米颗粒尺寸效应的影响、硅氧四面体外表面嫁接巯丙基在吸附纳米颗粒中起到的作用,发现当杂化纳米复合物各个组分的电子结构发生显著杂化,其主要光学性能由负载的纳米颗粒的电子结构决定,并证实了从功能颗粒到矿物基体的电荷转移,且DFT计算得到的电子结构信息将有利于未来对这类复合材料的原子尺度研究,可为以功能化黏土矿物表面结构为多功能基体合成功能特性可调的纳米复合材料提供理论借鉴。结合DFT计算,研究了由凹凸棒石为硅源制备的Au/Al-MCM-41的电子结构和光学性能,以及金和Al-MCM-41基体的相互作用,发现所制备材料相对于Au-MCM-4l材料的吸收边蓝移源于黏土矿物中的Al源的电荷补偿效应[4]。在研究埃洛石制备含铝介孔二氧化硅管的过程中铝脱除过程和硅缩聚过程的原子结构变化时,结合实验表征及DFT计算,发现NMR谱随硅氧结构变化的总体趋势与一般经验规律相似,即与Q3结构成键的Al越少则NMR化学位移数值越低[5]。课题组正在开展的研究工作主要集中在黏土矿物脱Al后氢键重构作用下Si原子附近局域产生的结构形变,分析负载埃洛石表面的局域结构和电子性能变化,以期深度解析埃洛石表面功能化后Al原子与负载原子的电荷转移,以及埃洛石基体和表面负载的纳米功能颗粒的电子转移规律,为矿物基复合功能材料的性能提升提供思路。 相似文献
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在查明凹凸棒石矿石矿物组成的基础上,系统采集明光市官山采矿场剖面样品,选择典型矿石样品,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、29Si魔角旋转核磁共振(29Si MAS NMR)对不同温度煅烧前后凹凸棒石结构研究,结合热重分析以及程序升温凹凸棒石脱水曲线,认识热处理凹凸棒石结构演化规律,为凹凸棒石黏土加工和应用提供理论依据。结果表明：在240 ℃左右脱除结构中一半的结晶水,晶体结构发生调整,晶体内部孔道出现折叠;在430 ℃左右脱除另外二分之一结晶水,同时脱出晶体内部结构水和外表面结构水,晶体结构周期性基本破坏;凹凸棒石在500~700 ℃温度区间热处理后处于非晶化状态,但是c轴方向的部分有序性仍然存在,硅氧四面链尚没有解体;凹凸棒石脱出结构中一半的结晶水后,经过水化后可以恢复到原来的结构状态,超过350 ℃热处理凹凸棒石脱出更多的结构水后不能通过水化作用恢复到原来的结构状态。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献
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Marta L. PATINO-DOUCE Alberto PATINO-DOUCE Mazhar QAYYUM Roger L. NIELSEN 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1994,18(2):195-198
We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses. 相似文献