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1.
In this paper we review levels of net loss, what happens to the gear once it has been lost, and the resulting levels of ‘ghost catches’ made in passive net fisheries in the EU. We also consider ghost catches resulting from lost gear in other types of fisheries, and the extent to which the value of ghost catches has been quantified. We consider why fishing gear is lost, and profile common management responses. We present a cost benefit model to assess the relative cost effectiveness of different management measures, and suggest that gear retrieval programmes may provide less value for money than other management responses. 相似文献
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3.
Indicators of abundance for American lobster (Homarus americanus) based on 8 years of trap catch rates (catch‐per‐unit‐effort, CPUE) were evaluated. Volunteer harvesters recorded count, sex and size of lobsters captured in standard traps on a daily basis during the fishing season in coastal Nova Scotia, Canada. We examined the extent to which standardised CPUEs of prerecruits predict the future catches of legal sizes and explored spatial patterns in the abundance of lobsters of different size and reproductive status. The standardised CPUE of prerecruits was correlated with legal size catches in only one of five areas examined. This area had a strong signal of incoming recruitment. Improving the capacity of prerecruit CPUE for predicting legal size catches several years later most likely lies with model incorporation of variables associated with catchability. The spatial distribution of catch rates showed that the area with the highest historical landings per unit area also had the highest relative abundance of prerecruits. The spatial distribution data point to further areas of research related to recruitment processes in lobster in coastal Nova Scotia. 相似文献
4.
《Marine Policy》2016
A Dutch pilot study of fully documented fisheries provided the opportunity to observe actual changes in fishing behaviour under catch quota management (CQM). Interviews with fishers in the pilot study aided in interpreting the results and giving insight in the decision making process and reasoning of fishers. The CQM pilot study entailed a fleet of small and large demersal vessels. For these vessels, all cod catches were counted against quota, including catches of individuals below minimum landings size. To obtain reliable catch data all vessels were equipped with electronic monitoring (EM) systems. These systems recorded videos of all fishing and processing activities on board. In return, fishers received a 30% quota bonus for cod and were compensated with more flexibility on effort regulations. It was hypothesized that vessels in the CQM will (i) increase their landings by 30% according to their quota bonus, (ii) increase the use of gear with large mesh size, and (iii) change effort towards fishing locations with high catch rates of large cod and avoid areas with high catch rates of undersized cod. The results showed that CQM had no effect on fishing behaviour of the small vessels. In contrast, large vessels significantly increased their cod landings (216%) and avoided undersized cod. This difference in response of different fleets suggested that implementation of CQM, for instance in the context of the European Common Fisheries Policy, should consider fleet characteristics. It seemed that larger vessels in this study more easily adapted their behaviour to new management regimes and that the quota bonus opened up new fishing strategies, that were not envisaged during the implementation. 相似文献
5.
Asgeir Danielsson 《Ocean & Coastal Management》1997,35(2-3)
This paper describes the main elements of fisheries management in Iceland and its development in recent years. The system of fishery management has failed to prevent serious depletion of the cod stock. The comprehensive ITQ system in Iceland seems to be functioning well and has led to increased economic efficiency. The authorities have taken the crisis in the cod-fishery seriously and reduced the catches substantially. They have introduced a TAC rule that will lead to a recovery of the cod stock and to an optimal exploitation, providing that the authorities are prepared to persevere with the system. 相似文献
6.
Assessment of IUU fishing for Southern Bluefin Tuna 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is recognized as one of the largest threats to the sustainability of the world's fisheries. This paper focuses on IUU fishing in the context of unreported catches by members or co-operating non-members of regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) and their implications for scientific assessments of stock status and management advice. A review of Japanese market statistics was undertaken in 2006 by an independent panel in relation to catches of southern bluefin tuna (SBT). Based on this review, the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT) concluded that very substantial and continuous unreported catches of SBT had been taken by longline vessels since at least the early 1990s. While uncertainty exists about the fleets contributing to these IUU catches, the assumption used within the CCSBT Scientific Committee is that a significant proportion of these were taken by Japanese longliners. Implications of these unreported catches for the stock assessments by RFMOs are discussed in light of the central role that Japanese vessel reported data have in the assessment of the world's tuna and billfish stocks. Results indicate that it is plausible that the unreported catches of SBT stem from the misreporting of catches as other tuna species and/or the location of fishing effort. The magnitude and extended period of the unreported SBT catches highlight the wide-spread risks of relying on fishery dependent logbook data in the absence of verification. An urgent need exists for minimum standards of verification of catch, effort and landing statistics for use in scientific assessments. The fisheries science community needs to be more pro-active in the development of such standards and the implementation of independent monitoring and verification. In addition, there is a need to reform the operation of the scientific bodies of RFMOs in terms of transparency, the treatment of uncertainty and the burden of proof if they are to be effective in providing objective scientific advice consistent with the intent of international agreements. 相似文献
7.
加拿大海洋开发利用历史悠久,海洋管理体制成熟,海洋环境也一直受到高度关注与有效保护。文章在梳理加拿大海洋管理部门、海洋环境监测机构与主要工作的基础上,总结了加拿大海洋环境监测状况,从监测主体、监测工作、监测内容、监测成果等方面对加拿大和我国的海洋环境监测情况进行了对比分析,并针对我国海洋环境监测工作的实际情况,提出了加强海洋环境监测队伍能力建设、优化海洋环境监测内容、丰富监测产品类型等可行性建议,为进一步提升我国海洋环境监测成效、推进海洋生态文明建设提供重要参考。 相似文献
8.
Catch-quota balancing in multispecies individual fishing quotas 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Individual fishery quotas (IFQs) are an increasingly prevalent form of fishery management around the world, with more than 170 species currently managed with IFQs. Yet, because of the difficulties in matching quota holdings with catches, many argue that IFQs are not appropriate for multispecies fisheries. Using on-the-ground-experience with multispecies IFQ fisheries in Iceland, New Zealand, Australia, and Canada, we assess the design and use of catch-quota balancing mechanisms. Our methodology includes a mix of interviews with fishery managers, industry representatives, and brokers, literature review, and data analysis. We find that a combination of incentives and limits on use rates for the mechanisms provide sufficient flexibility to the quota owner without the fishery manager incurring excessive levels of overexploitation risk. Contrary to some opinions, these programs are evidence that it is possible to implement IFQ programs for multispecies fisheries and that they can be profitable and sustainable. 相似文献
9.
David Symes 《Ocean & Coastal Management》1992,18(2-4)
Exclusive Economic Zones and the formulation of a Common Fisheries Policy have profoundly reshaped the political geography of the NE Atlantic fisheries. Outlining the characteristics of the new management framework, the paper draws attention to the use of Total Allowable Catches (TACs) as a mechanism for attempting to reconcile the need for stock conservation with demands for equitable allocation of catches between member states and the creation of an orderly market. Member states are free to manage their fisheries within the parameters set by TACs. For Britain, two systems have evolved: a centralised system for Area VII and a devolved system of ‘sectoral quota management’ for Areas IV and VI in which Producer Organisations can assume the role of quota managers on behalf of their members. The paper examines the latter system in detail and points to the inevitable conflicts between equity and efficiency. 相似文献
10.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):735-757
The Benguela, California, Humboldt and Canary currents and the coastal waters of Japan support large stocks of sardine or pilchard Sardinops spp. and Sardina sp., anchovy Engraulis spp., horse mackerel Trachurus spp. and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus, with hake Merluccius spp. also abundant in each of the systems except off Japan. In these systems many of the more numerous fish, birds and mammals are opportunistic feeders having catholic diets. As a result species often have overlapping diets, and when a particular food item is plentiful it may be consumed by a wide variety of organisms at higher trophic levels. Frequently the performances of predator populations have been related to the availability of forage species, but predators have not always been influenced similarly by gross changes in the systems. Predators with the most generalized feeding strategies appear best buffered against collapses of particular prey resources. Although seabirds are generally opportunistic feeders, limitations in their foraging range may make them more susceptible than most other predators to system perturbations. Opportunistic feeding by species at lower trophic levels suggests that they could be advantaged by an increased food supply, and it may not be unreasonable to interpret species replacements in catches as reflecting shifts in the dominance of species. Overall catches from the systems have usually been more stable than the catches of individual species, which have shown wide fluctuations. Shifts in the dominance of species in the catches have often been sustained over a number of years. Generalized feeding creates the possibility that more than one species may benefit from energy made available by the collapse of an abundant resource, and there is evidence that species more abundant in former years have in some instances been partially replaced by a number of organisms. The likelihood of a particular organism becoming the main replacing species will probably be influenced by the degree to which it is utilized during and after the collapse of the originally dominant resource. 相似文献
11.
《Marine Policy》2014
Canada has had experience with a number of different rights-based management programs for fish harvesting for more than thirty years. These programs have spanned both coasts, as well as been applied to fisheries in the central region. This paper sets the institutional context within which these programs operate, reviews selected programs for instances of successes and/or failures, and presents some lessons learned. 相似文献
12.
The major fisheries on the Pacific coast of Canada can be grouped into 12 species that have consistently represented about 80–90% of the total catch from the past to the present. A review of population dynamics of these species indicates that climate and the ocean environment have a major impact on their productivity. We review the history of Canada's Pacific coast fishery to show that trends in catch were similar to trends in the climate and ocean environment. Decadal scale patterns in climate and the ocean are termed regimes and we show that it is the regime scale of climate variability that most influences the long-term trends in the catches in these major fisheries. Ignoring the impacts of regime shifts on the abundance trends in the future could result in collapses of major fisheries. The difficulty of knowing when a regime shift will occur may be overcome as we discover more about the mechanisms that affect the decadal-scale trends in the rotational velocity of the solid earth which is measured as the length of day (LOD). 相似文献
13.
东海区海洋捕捞渔获物的营养级变化研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
根据东海区主要海洋渔业公司1950～1995年分品种渔获物产量的统计数据，分析了东海区渔获物营养级的变化过程，用平均营养级指数来评估东海区海洋渔业资源的开发利用状况。结果表明，经过几十年的捕捞开发，东海区渔获物的平均营养级已从1965年的3．5下降到1990年的2．8，自1974年后海区的产量主要依靠捕捞低营养级品种如马面鲍等而获得。东海区海洋捕捞渔获物营养级结构已经发生了变化，1974年后捕捞主要在低营养级品种内进行。另外还描述了东海区带鱼等品种的种群内部结构小型化、低龄化现象。 相似文献
14.
印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼渔场分布与海面高度的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据2004年9月至2005年1月我国鱿钓船在印度洋西北海域进行鸢乌贼（Symlectoteuthis oualaniensis）调查的数据，并结合海面高度，利用Marineexplorer4．0软件对渔获量分布及其与海面高度图进行了叠加分析。结果表明，高渔获量的中心渔场大多分布在海面高度Hss≤0的附近海域，在Hss≥0的附近海域有一定的渔获量。研究认为，中心渔场分布在冷暖涡的交汇处，但是渔场的中心偏向于Hss≤0的冷水涡一侧。 相似文献
15.
鱼类种群行为及其与环境变化的关系 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
任何渔业的重要生物特征是鱼类种群的变动.经典的鱼类种群动态模型是以稳定的种群行为为基础的.作者阐述了鱼类种群的行为,并划分为三种类型: (1)稳定型:种群在较稳定产量上维持较长时间(反应系数0.02).(2) 周期型:种群表现出周期性的高产量和低产量(反应系数0.22).(3) 不稳定型:种群产生高产量后无可挽回地崩溃了(反应系数0.3).在环境变化较大时,白色噪音水平(变动系数)增加至35%,稳定型种群变为不稳定型.在白色噪音水平(变动系数)增加至20%时,周期型种群变为不稳定型. 相似文献
16.
The article addresses incidental catch as a two-level management problem for systems that regulate fish catches. The first level is legal and concerns the problem of establishing clear and legitimate criteria for criminal liability. The second level is environmental and concerns the efficacy of chosen liability criteria in resource conservation. The article compares and explains the solutions chosen by Norway, the Faeroe Islands, and the EU. Each solution constitutes a distinct form of fisheries management. It is argued that national choices are determined by administrative capacity for implementation and political autonomy in the distribution of fishing rights. 相似文献
17.
The focus of the study is to explore the recent trend of the world tuna fishery with special reference to the Indian Ocean tuna fisheries and its conservation and sustainable management. In the Indian Ocean, tuna catches have increased rapidly from about 179959 t in 1980 to about 832246 t in 1995. They have continued to increase up to 2005; the catch that year was 1201465 t, forming about 26% of the world catch. Since 2006 onwards there has been a decline in the volume of catches and in 2008 the catch was only 913625 t. The Principal species caught in the Indian Ocean are skipjack and yellowfin. Western Indian Ocean contributed 78.2% and eastern Indian Ocean 21.8% of the total tuna production from the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean stock is currently overfished and IOTC has made some recommendations for management regulations aimed at sustaining the tuna stock. Fishing operations can cause ecological impacts of different types: by catches, damage of the habitat, mortalities caused by lost or discarded gear, pollution, generation of marine debris, etc. Periodic reassessment of the tuna potential is also required with adequate inputs from exploratory surveys as well as commercial landings and this may prevent any unsustainable trends in the development of the tuna fishing industry in the Indian Ocean. 相似文献
18.
China(herein referred as China’s mainland,and excluding Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan)ranks as the world’s leading fishing nation,with approximately 11.1 million tons of domestic marine catch acquired in 2017.Marine fisheries resources in China are mainly exploited by its 11 coastal provinces and municipalities,and the development of fishing industry varies among them.However,few studies have examined the exploitation history of the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities.In this paper,we systematically quantified the exploitation history of marine fishery resources in China and then measured the vulnerability of the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities of China to a reduction in marine catches.Our analysis suggested that Chinese marine fisheries experienced rapid growth from the mid-1980 s to the end of the 20 th century,and this rapid increase in marine catches were mainly promoted by increased fishing effort.The total primary production required level amounted to approximately 80%of the average primary productivity in 2017,and Zhejiang,Fujian,Shandong,Hainan and Guangdong provinces were the main fishing provinces in China.By assessing three dimensions of vulnerability(exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity)to the impacts of a reduction in marine catches in the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities,we found that Hainan,Guangxi,Zhejiang and Fujian provinces had high or very high vulnerability,while the municipalities of Shanghai and Tianjin had low vulnerability.Identifying suitable adaptation policies and management plans based on the differences in vulnerability among coastal provinces is important in sustainable fisheries management. 相似文献
19.
Unsuitability of TAC management within an ecosystem approach to fisheries: An ecological perspective
Henning Reiss Simon P.R. Greenstreet Leonie Robinson Siegfried Ehrich Lis L. Jørgensen Gerjan J. Piet Wim J. Wolff 《Journal of Sea Research》2010,63(2):85-92
Fisheries management in European waters is gradually moving from a single-species perspective towards a more holistic ecosystem approach to management (EAM), acknowledging the need to take all ecosystem components into account. Prerequisite within an EAM is the need for management processes that directly influence the ecological effects of fishing, such as the mortality of target and non-target species. Up until recently, placing limits on the quantities of fish that can be landed, through the imposition of annual total allowable catches (TACs) for the target species, has been the principal management mechanism employed. However, pressure on non-target components of marine ecosystems is more closely linked to prevailing levels of fishing activity, so only if TACs are closely related to subsequent fishing effort will TAC management serve to control the broader ecosystem impacts of fishing. We show that in the mixed fisheries that characterise the North Sea, the linkage between variation in TAC and the resulting fishing effort is in fact generally weak. Reliance solely on TACs to regulate fishing activity is therefore unlikely to mitigate the impacts of fishing on non-target species. Consequently, we conclude that the relationship between TACs and effort is insufficient for TACs to be used as the principal management tool within an EAM. The implications, and some alternatives, for fisheries management are discussed. 相似文献
20.
《Marine Policy》2002,26(4):283-294
Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) is a depleted stock with a rebuilding target and timeframe defined by the responsible management body (CCSBT). All recent stock assessments have found that the stock is depleted but large differences exist in estimates of recovery probabilities under current catches. In 1996, CCSBT adopted a set of principles and a process for considering experimental fishing, which are fundamentally consistent with an actively adaptive management policy. Substantial efforts to develop a program in line with these principles did not succeed, partially due to the lack of a decision-making framework. In 1998 and 1999, Japan conducted unilateral experimental fishing arguing that the additional substantial catches could reduce uncertainty in stock assessments and thus were justified. This led to international legal proceedings under UNCLOS, in which preliminary measures were issued preventing further unilateral experimental fishing (these were later rescinded when an UNCLOS arbitral tribunal found that it lacked jurisdiction in the dispute). This decision has been cited as a possible manifestation of industry's “worst fear with the implementation of the precautionary approach”. This paper examines the SBT dispute in relationship to adaptive management and the precautionary approach, Results of recent stock assessments indicate that the Japanese experimental fishing, even if successful, was unlikely to resolve the disparity in estimates of the recovery probabilities or provide an improved basis for management decision making. In this context, it is the absence of a management framework, rather than a fundamental problem with adaptive management, that challenges the compatibility of these experimental fishing catches and the precautionary approach. The real issue in the SBT situation is the standards and burden of proof required if experimental fishing is to be considered. 相似文献