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1.
A fluorescence-based chemistry has been developed for the detection of nitrite and nitrate (as excess nitrite following reduction of nitrate to nitrite). Detection limits are 4.6 and 6.9 nM, respectively. The technique capitalizes on the triple bond between the two nitrogen atoms within the diazonium ion formed via the well-known reaction between an acidified nitrite sample and an aromatic primary amine. Fluorescence of π-electrons within this bond allows this reaction to be probed with standard fluorescence spectroscopy. Reverse Flow Injection Analysis (rFIA) is used to correct for background fluorescence from leachates and naturally occurring dissolved organic matter (DOM). Comparisons of samples analyzed for nitrite with this technique and with a highly-sensitive chemiluminescent method [Braman, R.S., Hendrix, S.A., 1989. Nanogram nitrite and nitrate determination in environmental and biological materials by vanadium (III) reduction with chemiluminescence detection. Analytical Chemistry, 61 (24) 2716–2718] showed excellent agreement between the two methods (slope=0.9996 and r2=0.9956). These fluorescent nitrite and nitrate + nitrite chemistries were coupled in a sensor package with a modified version of a fluorescent ammonia chemistry [Jones, R.D., 1991. An improved fluorescence method for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of ammonia in natural waters, Limnology and Oceanography. 36(4) 814–819], which also has a nanomolar detection limit. The throughput rate of the fully automated three-channel instrumentation is 18 samples per hour. A field experiment demonstrated the capability of the nutrient sensor package to determine horizontal gradients in nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia in oligotrophic surface waters. 相似文献
2.
During 1985～1987,the concentration of nitrate nitrogen was higher in the Laizhou Bay and the Bohai Bay while that of nitrite nitrogen was higher in the Liaodong Bay and the Bohai Bay,The concentration of nitrate nitrogen was highest in winter and lowest in summer while that of nitrite nitrogen was highest in autumn and lowest in spring .the seasonal variation of the concentration of nitrate nitrogen was maximum in the Laizhou Bay and the Bohai Bay while that of the concentration of nitrite nitrogen was maximum in the Liaodong Bay.There was a great difference in the concentration of nitrate nitrogen between the surface and the bottom in autumn and in the concentration of nitrite nitrogen between the surface and the bottom in summer.The main reason for the seasonal variations of the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen was the marine biochemical process.The nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the Bohai Sea basically maintained a quasi-equilibrium state seasonal cycle,The quesi-equilibrium state seasonal cycle of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen at the bottom was stable while that at the surface was liable to variations caused by other factors. 相似文献
3.
Coastal areas are prone to varying degrees of anthropogenic chemical contamination. In many coastal environments experiencing reducing conditions in the water column, nitrite is produced as a result of denitrification. With a view to determining the effect of a natural stress such as the presence of nitrite in water on the xenobiotic metabolism in fish, the euryhaline cichlid Oreochromis mossambicus was exposed for up to 9 days to environmentally relevant concentrations of water-borne nitrite and phenanthrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.Analyses of different biomarkers in the treated fish indicated significant increase in the metabolism of phenanthrene as a result of exposure to nitrite. For example, the activity of the biotransformation enzyme measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was, in the presence of 1 μM nitrite, nearly twice that produced by phenanthrene alone. Similarly, biliary fixed fluorescence values reflecting phenanthrene and its metabolites were rendered 1.7 times higher when exposed simultaneously to nitrite. Contact with nitrite and phenanthrene together also led to severe hepatic damage with possible cell death as inferred from the large enhancement in sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in the serum and reduced liver somatic index. 相似文献
4.
A high sensitivity manifold for the determination of trace quantities (nanomolar concentrations) of nitrate+nitrite and nitrite alone is described. The method uses a classical Technicon AutoAnalyzer II usually employed for shipboard analysis. A reproducibility of ± 1 nmol dm−3 for nitrate plus nitrite and nitrite alone was obtained, with an analytical rate of 40 samples h−1. 相似文献
5.
Isotopic analyses of nitrate by the denitrifier method, and indeed by many other analytical methods, do not discriminate between nitrate and nitrite. For samples containing both chemical species, accurate isotopic analysis of nitrate requires either removal of nitrite or independent isotopic analysis of nitrite and subtraction of its contribution to the mixed isotopic signal. This study evaluates the application of a variety of available analytical approaches to the isotopic analysis of mixed nitrate and nitrite solutions, with the goal of producing accurate coupled isotopic analyses of both nitrate and nitrite. These methods are tested on mixtures of standard solutions of nitrate and nitrite, and then applied to the coupled δ15N and δ18O analyses of nitrate and nitrite in waters of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP). Results from standard mixtures show that even for extreme values of nitrate and nitrite δ15N and δ18O, both nitrite removal by ascorbate and nitrite isotopic analysis and subtraction from the mixed isotopic signal yield nitrate δ15N and δ18O values that are close to the expected values. Application of these analyses to samples from the ETNP yielded δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 values as high as 21‰ vs. AIR and 19‰ vs. VSMOW, respectively. Conversely, very low δ15N values were observed in nitrite, with values ranging from − 7.2 to − 18.5‰ vs. AIR. Removal of nitrite from ETNP samples thus revealed differences of up to 5‰ between NO3- and NO2- + NO3- for both δ15N and δ18O. Moreover, the δ15N offset between co-occurring nitrate and nitrite is greater than expected from the action of denitrification alone and may provide a unique constraint on the processes involved in the cycling of nitrite in and around oxygen deficient zones. Finally, subtraction of the nitrite δ15N and δ18O from ETNP samples allows the extension of the Δ(15,18) tracer into suboxic regions containing nitrite. The magnitude and distribution of Δ(15,18) in these samples suggests an important role for nitrite reoxidation in nitrate isotope variations. 相似文献
6.
Mark A. Pospesel Ute Hentschel Horst Felbeck 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》1998,45(12):2189-2200
The vestimentiferan tubeworm Riftia pachyptila derives most or all of its nutrition from intracellular chemosynthetic bacterial symbionts. Because purified preparations of symbionts respire nitrate, possibly nitrite, and oxygen, host transport of nitrate is a topic of interest. In the present study, we have developed a nitrate detection assay that utilizes a nitrite reductase-deficient Escherichia coli strain for the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, which is then determined spectrophotometrically. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations were measured in the blood and coelomic fluids of R. pachyptila collected from hydrothermal vent sites at 9°N and 13°N. The blood was shown to have nitrate concentrations up to one hundred times that of ambient sea water (40 μM). Blood nitrate levels reached concentrations of>1 mM, while nitrite was measured in the range of 400-700 μM. The concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in the coelomic fluids were 150-240 μM and <20 μM, respectively. The nitrate determination technique we present here is simple, applicable for laboratory and shipboard use on sea water or biological fluids, and works reliably within the 0.5 to 2000 μM range. 相似文献
7.
氨及亚硝酸盐对真鲷仔鱼的急性毒性研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
氨是水产动物蛋白质代谢的最终产物,亚硝酸盐是氨硝化作用的中间产物。在养殖系统中氨及亚硝酸盐都有可能积累到使鱼放毒的程度。因而了解养殖对象对氨及亚硝酸盐的忍耐程度是必需的。 相似文献
8.
采用中心复合实验设计(CCD)和响应曲面方法(RSM),在实验室条件下探讨了亚硝酸盐(0.02—2.8mg/L)和养殖密度(1—5尾/10L)对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏抗氧化指标(MDA含量,SOD与CAT活力)的联合影响。整个实验周期持续35d。结果显示,本实验条件下,亚硝酸盐和密度的一次效应和密度的二次效应对特定生长率有极显著影响(P0.01),特定生长率随着亚硝酸盐或密度的上升呈先上升后下降的变化。亚硝酸盐与养殖密度之间存在互作效应(P0.05)。亚硝酸盐浓度和养殖密度分别为1.65mg/L和3.28尾/10L时,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力同时较高。亚硝酸盐与养殖密度的一次效应对MDA含量和两种酶活力均有显著影响(P0.05),二次效应对两种酶活力的表达有极显著影响(P0.01);亚硝酸盐与密度对SOD和CAT活力有互作效应,高浓度亚硝酸盐与高密度环境会抑制SOD和CAT活力的表达,增加肝脏MDA含量。因子与响应值间二次多项回归方程的决定系数分别达到0.9384、0.9004、0.9520和0.9650(P0.01),可用于响应值预测;亚硝酸盐含量比养殖密度对养殖鱼的生长影响更为明显。建议在罗非鱼集约化养殖中,保持溶氧充足,降低氧化胁迫,提高罗非鱼的生长与抗氧化力。 相似文献
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10.
对《海洋调查规范》中测定海水 NO2 - N的常规方法进行了优化 ,达到简化操作过程 ,缩短分析时间以适应水下现场自动分析的目标。此外还对亚硝酸盐测定所使用的试剂及标准贮备液的稳定性进行了一系列的研究 ,改进试剂保存方法 ,延长试剂使用寿命 ,以满足长期现场测定的要求。 相似文献
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12.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2007,54(8):1341-1349
Dissolved iron and Fe(II) were measured in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the Arabian Sea in September 2004. The OMZ is a well-demarcated feature characterized by high rates of denitrification, and a deep nitrite maximum coinciding with oxygen levels below 1 μmol L−1. This zone is significantly enriched in dissolved Fe relative to overlying and underlying waters and up to 50% of the dissolved Fe is present as Fe(II). The maxima in Fe(II) are at the same depth as the deep nitrite maxima, centered around 200–250 m. They coincide with a local maximum in total dissolved Fe, suggesting that Fe accumulates at this depth because of the greater solubility of Fe(II) over Fe(III). Fe(II) is thermodynamically unstable even at submicromolar oxygen levels, so active biological reduction is the most plausible source. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a potential link between Fe reduction, elevated dissolved Fe concentrations, and nitrite accumulation within an OMZ. Denitrification has a high Fe requirement associated with the metalloenzymes for nitrate and nitrite reduction, so in situ redox cycling of Fe has important implications for the nitrogen cycle. 相似文献
13.
2008年春季对莱州湾小清河口的走航调查发现,调查区域大部分水体的DOC,CODMn,NH4+-N,PO43--P高于4类海水的限定值,处于严重污染状态。水体CHla的浓度范围在1.02~37.92μg/L之间,但DO饱和度却在23%~96%之间,盐度小于15水体的DO饱和度低于50%,水体缺氧严重。河口存在NO2--N含量偏高现象。由河口向外,NO2--N浓度逐渐增加,至盐度24.4的水体达到0.27 mg/L的高值,NO2--N增加主要是NH4+-N的硝化反应产生的。NH4+-N生成NO2--N主要受DO和NH4+-N比例与浓度的影响,DO饱和度在30%~70%,NH4+-N大于3.33 mg/L的水体中NO2--N生成速率最快。 相似文献
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15.
采用高浓度无机三态氮(铵氮4NH?-N、亚硝氮2NO?-N和硝氮3NO?-N)共存的模拟海水体系,在最适生长条件下,研究了小分子有机物(糖类、有机酸、醇、有机氮)和p H对海洋着色菌(Marichromatium gracile)YL28去除水体无机三态氮的影响。结果表明:以葡萄糖、乙酸钠和乙醇为唯一碳源时,水体中的高浓度2NO?-N和3NO?-N均能被完全去除,4NH?-N的去除率分别为93.40%、84.55%和66.63%;碳源为乙酸钠时菌体生长最好,体系中添加蛋白胨或尿素,仅4NH?-N的去除效果明显降低。p H值在6.0—9.0时,该菌株对4NH?-N、2NO?-N和3NO?-N均具有去除能力。由此可知:YL28菌株对模拟海水养殖水体中高浓度无机三态氮具有良好的去除能力,高浓度有机氮化物(蛋白胨和尿素)对4NH?-N的去除能力有明显影响,但对2NO?-N和3NO?-N仍保持高效的去除能力。本研究为不产氧光合细菌制剂在水产养殖中的合理应用提供参考。 相似文献
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17.
A chemiluminescent technique for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in seawater 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
C. Garside 《Marine Chemistry》1982,11(2):159-167
A chemiluminescent analysis technique for the determination of nanomolar quantities of nitrate, nitrate plus nitrite or nitrite alone in seawater is described. The method depends on the selective reduction of these species to nitric oxide which is then determined by its chemiluminescent reaction with ozone, using a commercial nitrogen oxides analyzer. The necessary equipment is compact and sufficiently sturdy to allow shipboard use. A precision of ±2 nM is claimed with analytical rates of 10–12 samples h?1, and modifications are discussed to allow doubling the analytical rate. 相似文献
18.
Stphane L'Helguen Christian Madec Pierre Le Corre 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1996,42(6):803-818
Uptake rates of ammonium, nitrate, urea and nitrite were measured for 1 year (1988) at a coastal station in the well-mixed waters of the western English Channel. Ammonium was the major form of nitrogen (N) utilized (48%) by phytoplankton, followed by nitrate (32%), urea (13%) and nitrite (7%). Seasonal changes of uptake of ammonium, nitrate and urea showed a broad, intense summer maximum. Nitrite uptake was low throughout the year except for a peak value in June. Uptake rates of ammonium and nitrate were independent of substrate concentrations, whereas those of urea and nitrite were not. The summer maxima of ammonium, nitrate and total N uptake, and the significant relationships of N-uptake index to ambient light, and of chlorophyll-a-specific N uptake to surface-incident light, indicate that light is the major factor controlling N uptake in these waters. This is due to the permanent vertical mixing which reduces the mean light available for N uptake to <15% of the incident light. Mixing also injects regenerated N continuously into the euphotic zone, thus alleviating nitrogen limitation and accounting for the larger proportion of regenerated N uptake in total N uptake. 相似文献
19.
作者采用半静水生物测试法,对尖吻鲈稚鱼(Latescalcarifer)(15日龄)进行急性亚硝酸盐胁迫试验,试验共设定4个亚硝酸盐浓度梯度试验(0、100、300和500 mg/L),并分别于0、6、12、24、36、48和72h处进行取样,测定其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)等抗氧化酶活性及皮质醇含量,旨在揭示尖吻鲈稚鱼在急性亚硝酸应激下,抗氧化酶及激素的调节机制。分析结果表明试验剂量和时间均对各抗氧化酶活性和皮质醇含量影响显著(P0.05)。实验结束时,SOD活性显著高于对照组,而POD活性均显著低于对照组, CAT活性除最低浓度胁迫处理组显著低于对照组以外,其他均显著高于对照组, ACP活性低于或略低于对照组水平, GSH-PX活性最低值出现在最高浓度胁迫组且显著低于对照组,而皮质醇浓度均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结果证明了鱼体抗氧化酶活性和皮质醇对亚硝酸盐刺激具有调节反应,一定程度上也证明了尖吻鲈仔、稚鱼较强的亚硝酸盐耐受能力。 相似文献
20.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1999,46(8-9):1903-1931
This paper focuses on the characteristics of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) as observed in the Arabian Sea over the complete monsoon cycle of 1995. Dissolved oxygen, nitrite, nitrate and density values are used to delineate the OMZ, as well as identify regions where denitrification is observed. The suboxic conditions within the northern Arabian Sea are documented, as well as biological and chemical consequences of this phenomenon. Overall, the conditions found in the suboxic portion of the water column in the Arabian Sea were not greatly different from what has been reported in the literature with respect to oxygen, nitrate and nitrite distributions. Within the main thermocline, portions of the OMZ were found that were suboxic (oxygen less than ∼4.5 μM) and contained secondary nitrite maxima with concentrations that sometimes exceeded 6.0 μM, suggesting active nitrate reduction and denitrification. Although there may have been a reduction in the degree of suboxia during the Southwest monsoon, a dramatic seasonality was not observed, as has been suggested by some previous work. In particular, there was not much evidence for the occurrence of secondary nitrite maxima in waters with oxygen concentrations greater than 4.5 μM. Waters in the northern Arabian Sea appear to accumulate larger nitrate deficits due to longer residence times even though the denitrification rate might be lower, as evident in the reduced nitrite concentrations in the northern part of the basin. Organism distributions showed string relationships to the oxygen profiles, especially in locations where the OMZ was pronounced, but the biological responses to the OMZ varied with type of organism. The regional extent of intermediate nepheloid layers in our data corresponds well with the region of the secondary nitrite maximum. This is a region of denitrification, and the presence and activities of bacteria are assumed to cause the increase in particles. ADCP acoustic backscatter measurements show diel vertical migration of plankton or nekton and movement into the OMZ. Daytime acoustic returns from depth were strong, and the dawn sinking and dusk rise of the fauna were obvious. However, at night the biomass remaining in the suboxic zone was so low that no ADCP signal was detectable at these depths. There are at least two groups of organisms, one that stays in the upper mixed layer and another that makes daily excursions. A subsurface zooplankton peak in the lower OMZ (near the lower 4.5 μM oxycline) was also typically present; these animals occurred day and night and did not vertically migrate. 相似文献