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《华东地质》2015,(4)
在香港世界地质公园西贡火山岩园区,白垩纪粮船湾组流纹质碎斑熔岩普遍发育完整的柱状节理,构成世界上面积最大的流纹质火山岩石柱群。文章在详细野外观察与测量的基础上,分析了粮船湾组石柱群原生柱状节理构造特征,初步探讨了其成因。结果表明,该区火山岩石柱截面形态以六边形为主,少量五边形及不规则状,直径以1~3m为主;完整的单个石柱高一般20~30m;石柱整体向NW和SW陡倾。但是,粮船湾组火山岩非全部发育柱状节理,按石柱发育程度可分为极发育、一般发育(被破坏)和不发育三种类型。通过统计大量原生柱面的产状,发现各个方向的柱面均有发育,其无序性符合冷凝收缩的成因模式,认为后期次生节理构造及海蚀作用对原生柱状节理有一定程度的破坏。 相似文献
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香港西贡粮船湾组火山岩石柱区次生节理研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在香港世界地质公园西贡火山岩区,白垩纪粮船湾组发育有目前世界已知面积最大的流纹质碎斑熔岩石柱群。在详细的野外地质调查基础上,对粮船湾组火山岩石柱区的次生节理进行了研究,并探讨了柱状节理岩体的构造变形特征及过程。粮船湾组火山岩石柱区次生节理主要包括陡倾的纵节理及缓倾的横节理。前者多具有共轭剪节理的特征,形成于不同方向的挤压构造环境下;后者切割早期构造面理,形成于重力垮塌的构造环境,多发展为正滑断层。粮船湾组火山岩石柱总体上受次生节理改造明显,共轭节理反演的构造应力环境表明石柱区在140 Ma左右经历了快速的构造转换,主挤压应力由近NE-SW向转换为近NW-SE向,可能与莲花山断裂的构造活动相关。 相似文献
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在香港国家地质公园西贡火山岩园区,核心地质景观是白垩纪粮船湾组(Kkh)火山岩优美的六方形石柱(柱状节理),它们的岩石类型长期存在熔岩和火山碎屑岩之争。笔者等经野外调查和薄片岩石学研究,确认粮船湾组火山岩实属一种特殊的熔岩——流纹质碎斑熔岩,以普遍的柱状节理、斑晶具有碎斑结构和珠边结构、基质发育霏细结构和流动构造为特征;它们不仅代表了香港地区中生代最晚期火山喷发的产物,而且构成了西贡破火山机构的中央侵出相岩穹。推断粮船湾组火山岩石柱是地球上已知面积最大的流纹质碎斑熔岩石柱群(～150 km2),目前所见的火山岩石柱仅是长期剥蚀后的残余部分。 相似文献
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松辽盆地东南隆起区营城组柱状节理流纹岩特征和成因 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
松辽盆地东南隆起区下白垩统营城组出露柱状节理流纹岩。柱状节理属于原生构造节理,岩相为火山通道相次火山岩亚相-侵出相,柱体排列方式为近水平式、倾斜式、近直立式,截面为不规则的四方柱、五方柱、六方柱,柱体规模属于中小型,流纹岩中常发育隐爆角砾结构。通过对柱状节理流纹岩成分及结构构造的研究,表明本区的流纹岩柱体直径与其对应的显微组构斑晶大小成正比例相关。柱状节理的成因是熔岩冷却收缩形成的,由于受到种种内外因素制约,形成的柱状节理形态各异。 相似文献
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浙江中生代酸性火山岩柱状节理构造的发现及其地质意义 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
柱状节理构造历来被众多学者认为只能发育在粘度小、流动性大的基性熔岩中。近年来，在浙江多处中生代酸性火山岩中，发现了十分典型、甚具规模的柱状节理构造。本文从岩石化学角度，对浙江四例酸性火山岩柱状节理构造与浙、苏二省四例玄武岩柱状节理构造做了比较研究。浙江含良好柱状节理构造的酸性火山岩的平均粘度是基性熔岩平均粘度的１０４倍，酸性火山岩的最大粘度甚至可达基性熔岩粘度的１０６倍。如此巨大的酸、基性火山岩粘度比率表明，传统冷却收缩说关于柱状节理构造只能发育在基性熔岩中，因而岩浆粘度是制约柱状节理构造发育与否的主要因素的观点应予修正。最后，本文还讨论了关于柱状节理形成机制的流体动力学观点。 相似文献
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松辽盆地营城组火山岩储层裂缝特征 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
松辽盆地营城组火山岩储层裂缝普遍发育, 但不同相带内裂缝的发育规模存在较大差异。通过对外围露头火山岩储层裂缝的实测数据及微观特征观察并结合钻井岩芯研究, 认为松辽盆地营城组火山岩储层裂缝可分为原生裂缝、次生裂缝和人为诱导裂缝3种成因类型。其中次生裂缝中的构造裂缝对油气运移及聚集起决定性作用; 喷溢相、侵出相和火山通道相是构造裂缝最发育的相带, 线密度分别为22条/m、18条/m和14条/m; 爆发相不发育, 线密度为4条/m。构造裂缝的形成期分为早白垩世营城组早期、营城组末期和晚白垩世嫩江组早期等3期, 裂缝主要形成于前两个时期; 裂缝走向以北东向最为发育, 占总量的50%以上, 其次为北西向、南北向和近东西向; 裂缝的整体充填程度低, 开启情况及有效性较好。研究成果与徐家围子断陷内裂缝的发育规律具有一定的可对比性。 相似文献
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玄武岩柱状节理构造研究的进展与动向 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
玄武岩柱状节理是发育于玄武岩中的一种原生张性破裂构造。一个多世纪以来,许多学者均以泥裂成因为类比,持传统的冷却收缩作用假说。七十年代,Ryan与Sammis提出了柱状节理形成机制的新模式;八十年代,Kancha提出了双扩散对流作用假说。他们对传统冷却收缩说的修正,已引起各国学者的童视。我国不少玄武岩分布地区,也发育有一定规模、形状十分规则的柱状节理构造,有的还属世界罕见,例如南京六合桂子山玄武岩柱。但至今,在我国对此课题的研究还未充分开展。本文在综合国外有关文献的基础上,结合近年来我们在浙江的研究实践,试就玄武岩柱状节理构造研究的进展与动向作一简要评述。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献
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Marta L. PATINO-DOUCE Alberto PATINO-DOUCE Mazhar QAYYUM Roger L. NIELSEN 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1994,18(2):195-198
We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses. 相似文献