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1.
西藏铁格隆南浅成低温热液型-斑岩型Cu-Au矿床流体及地质特征研究 总被引：14，自引：4，他引：10
铁格隆南铜金矿床(荣那矿段)是在西藏班公湖_怒江成矿带上多龙矿集区内发现的青藏高原首例高硫化型浅成低温热液型Cu(Au)矿床。文章通过对铁格隆南铜金矿床金属矿物、蚀变矿物组合、蚀变分带及流体包裹体地球化学特征的研究,初步确定了矿床类型,探讨了矿床成因。铁格隆南矿区存在硫砷铜矿、铜蓝、蓝辉铜矿等典型的高硫化态矿物组合和黄铜矿、斑铜矿等斑岩型矿床的典型矿物,此外,还识别出久辉铜矿、斯硫铜蓝、吉硫铜矿等少见的Cu_S二元体系矿物组合。矿床蚀变矿物组合以典型的强酸性环境下的明矾石_高岭石_地开石等黏土矿物组合为特征,并见金红石、锐钛矿、硬石膏、磷锶铝石、叶蜡石、水铝石等特征蚀变矿物。蚀变分带特征为石英_明矾石_高岭石/地开石带和高岭石_地开石带组成的高级泥化带叠加在绢英岩化带和钾化带的顶部和外围。矿区存在高温、高盐度(404~430℃,32.39%~38.94%)的岩浆流体和中低温、低盐度(239~292℃,0.35%~4.18%)的高硫化型矿化流体。高温、高盐度富气相(主要是H2O、HCl、SO2)的岩浆流体与大气降水的混合,形成的强酸性高氧逸度的中低温、低盐度流体,是高硫化型浅成低温热液矿床蚀变和矿化形成的关键。多龙矿集区具有较典型的斑岩型_浅成低温热液成矿系统的矿物组合、蚀变组合及成矿流体特征,因此预测矿集区内还能找到类似的斑岩型_浅成低温热液型矿床。 相似文献
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羌塘南缘多龙矿集区荣那斑岩-高硫型浅成低温热液Cu-(Au)套合成矿:综合地质、热液蚀变及金属矿物组合证据 总被引：16，自引：12，他引：4
位于羌塘南缘多龙矿集区内的荣那斑岩-高硫型浅成低温热液Cu-(Au)矿床系近年来中铝西藏与西藏地质五队合作勘查取得重大找矿突破的铜矿床,控制资源量已达超大型规模,但对该矿床的成因类型仍存在争议。本文根据详细的钻孔岩芯、结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜观察、硫化物的电子探针分析,认为该矿床成矿与早白垩世花岗闪长斑岩有关。矿体主要产于下中侏罗统色哇组长石石英砂岩和成矿斑岩体中,矿体呈东西走向、南倾的隐伏状,延深巨大,金属矿化以铜为主,伴有金、银矿化,偶见钼矿化。热液蚀变具有两阶段蚀变:与斑岩型矿化有关的黑云母化、角岩化、硅化-绢云母化及硅化-伊利石-绿泥石化以上部叠加的高级泥化,蚀变分带明显。相应的该矿床具有斑岩型细脉浸染状矿化和以硫砷铜矿为特征的高硫型矿化,含铜矿物主要分为4个带,大致与蚀变分带相对应,下部主要为斑铜矿-黄铜矿;过渡带以斑铜矿-铜蓝组合为特征;中上部为蓝辉铜矿-砷黝铜矿-硫砷铜矿组合;顶部主要由为辉铜矿-蓝辉铜矿组成。总体上,矿床中上部为Cu-S体系、向下转变Cu-Fe-S体系。与其它类似矿床相比,该矿床硫化物中以富Zn、贫金为特征。综上认为该矿床为斑岩-高硫型浅成低温热液Cu-(Au)套合成矿的典型实例,其勘查突破为羌塘南缘火山岩区及覆盖区的找矿打开了一扇窗口。 相似文献
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铁格隆南矿床产出了西藏班公湖- 怒江成矿带多龙矿集区最大的斑岩- 高硫型铜(金银)成矿系统。由于高硫型矿化与蚀变对斑岩型矿化和蚀变的广泛叠加,导致其成矿系统结构和成矿作用机制变得十分复杂,一定程度阻碍了其精细成矿模型的构建。本文基于铁格隆南矿床现有的勘查和研究成果,从矿物学的角度,以白云母为典型蚀变矿物,通过详细的镜下鉴定、扫描电镜和电子探针分析,详细揭示不同空间位置、不同产状白云母的矿物学特征和成因,探究其对铁格隆南矿床成矿机制的指示意义。结果显示,铁格隆南矿床的热液白云母主要由白云母端元、伊利石端元、绿鳞石端元以及少量钠云母端元组成。矿体中白云母与铜矿物具有成因联系。在深部的早期水岩反应中,白云母主要与黄铜矿伴生,热液蚀变斑岩形成的白云母呈现高Si低Al的特征,而热液蚀变砂岩呈高Al低Si的特征。随着流体向浅部继续运移,白云母共生的金属矿化转换为斑铜矿和铜蓝,多形成高Al低Si的白云母。相对于在侵入岩中产出的白云母,在砂岩中形成的白云母的FeT、Fe3+、Na+含量更高。侵入岩中形成富Fe2+白云母,指示热液还原性较强。此外,在黄铁绢英岩化带较中—浅部产出的白云母常与较多高岭石和铜蓝、斑铜矿伴生,指示了热液中的SO2发生聚集、温度降低、酸性增强并导致水岩反应增强和矿质沉淀的过程。综上,白云母与不同矿物组合及其地球化学特征,对成矿流体环境及勘查评价有良好的指示意义。 相似文献
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铁格隆南矿床位于班公湖-怒江成矿带西段多龙矿集区,是青藏高原发现的首例具有典型高硫型浅成低温热液矿化特征的超大型Cu(Au、Ag)矿床。笔者通过对该矿床进行系统的矿相学研究,结合电子探针显微分析,首次在该矿床发现了硫锡砷铜矿,虽然其总量不多,但其与不同矿物组合特征可反演其形成时的物化条件,对矿床成因类型判别具有一定指示意义。该矿床中的硫锡砷铜矿多为粒径约10μm的不规则细粒,无内反射,均质性,与硫砷铜矿、砷黝铜矿等Cu-As-S体系矿物伴生产出时呈乳黄色-淡黄色,与斑铜矿、黄铁矿、蓝辉铜矿等CuFe-S体系矿物伴生产出时呈乳褐色-浅褐色。根据矿物之间的交代关系发现,硫锡砷铜矿形成于黄铁矿、斑铜矿、砷黝铜矿、硫砷铜矿之后,蓝辉铜矿、铜蓝之前。电子探针分析显示,硫锡砷铜矿的基本成分包括Cu、As、V、S、Sn、Sb,普遍含有少量Fe、Ge、Zn,部分样品中含少量W、Au、Ag,以S原子数为32为基础,计算得出其分子式为Cu_(23.71～26.92)V_(1.43～2.10)(As_(2.55～5.86),Sb_(0～0.63))_(3.15～5.95)(Sn_(0～2.6),Ge_(0～0.7))_(0.01～2.60)(Fe_(0～2.4),Zn_(0～0.24))_(0～2.4)S_(32),其中,存在Sb~(5+)?As~(5+)和Sn~(4+)?Ge~(4+)、(As,Sb)~(5+)+Cu~+?(Sn,Ge)~(4+)+(Fe,Zn,Cu)~(2+)以及V~(5+)?V~(4+)+Cu~+等复杂的元素耦合置换。结合矿石矿物组合及蚀变组合分析指出,酸性或略偏中性的、中低温高硫化态环境是促使硫锡砷铜矿生成的关键控制因素。 相似文献
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西藏多龙矿集区发现浅成低温热液型铜(金银)矿床 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
根据2013年最新勘查成果、详细的地质编录,对西藏多龙铜金矿集区铁格龙南(荣那)铜(金银)矿床地质特征、矿床类型进行了初步研究,认为该矿床是斑岩-浅成低温热液成矿系统的产物,是典型的高硫型浅成低温热液矿床。矿床规模巨大,矿石中发育条带状、层纹状、皮壳状、致密块状明矾石、地开石,深部发育黄铁绢英岩化,黄铁矿的含量为3%~35%,矿石矿物由铜蓝、蓝辉铜矿、硫砷铜矿、斯硫铜矿、雅硫铜矿、久辉铜矿、斜方蓝辉铜矿、斑铜矿、黝铜矿、黄铜矿等组成。综合研究表明,推断浅部或外围发育独立的高硫型浅成低温热液型金矿,深部存在斑岩型铜(金银)矿体。该矿体的发现结束了西藏至今没有发现典型浅成低温热液矿床的历史,对区域找矿具有极其重要的指导意义。 相似文献
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《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
<正>1研究背景及意义福建省上杭县的紫金山铜金矿床是我国大陆发现的首例高硫化型浅成低温热液矿床,具有"上金下铜"的垂直矿化分带特征,铜矿体主要分布在+928~-400 m,铜金属量丰富,大于300万t。该矿床目前已发现Cu-S体系8种矿物[1],硫砷铜矿、块硫砷铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铜矿等21种铜矿物。铜矿物中蓝辉铜矿、铜蓝、块硫砷铜矿、硫砷铜矿占99%以上。前人对铜蓝-蓝辉铜矿的矿物成分和矿物组合分布特征有较深 相似文献
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青藏高原两个斑岩-浅成低温热液矿床成矿亚系列及其"缺位找矿"之实践 总被引：8，自引：8，他引：8
斑岩_浅成低温热液型铜金矿床是西藏最新发现的组合矿床类型,其具有巨大的找矿潜力。笔者在西藏多龙矿集区铁格隆南铜金矿床、雄村矿集区主要矿体系统地质编录、综合研究的基础上,对其矿床地质背景、矿体形态产状、矿物组合、蚀变特征、成岩成矿年龄等进行了系统的总结,在前人研究的基础上,提出班怒成矿带与早白垩世岛弧型中_酸性火山岩_浅成岩组合有关的铜、金、银、铅锌矿床成矿亚系列,以及冈底斯成矿带与早侏罗世—晚侏罗世岛弧型中_酸性火山岩_浅成岩组合有关的铜、金、银、铅锌矿床成矿亚系列,是西藏最重要的寻找斑岩型_浅成低温热液型铜金矿的矿床成矿系列。依据"缺位找矿"理论,预测多龙矿集区尕尔勤、地堡那木岗、铁格隆山是浅成低温热液型铜金矿床的进一步勘查评价区,色那、拿顿角砾岩筒是寻找独立高硫化型浅成低温热液金矿床的重要靶区。铁格隆南浅成低温热液矿体叠加在斑岩型矿体之上,高硫化型浅成低温热液矿床浅部发育多孔状硅帽和明矾石_地开石_高岭石蚀变组合,金属矿物以硫砷铜矿_铜蓝_蓝辉铜矿_黝铜矿_黄铜矿_斑铜矿_黄铁矿等铜硫二元体系矿物组合为主,其中黄铁矿_黄铜矿_斑铜矿形成较早,矿床规模可突破1200万吨。雄村铜金矿集区发育低硫化型浅成低温热液多金属金矿体,矿体呈脉状,或在火山机构边缘构造中独立产出,或叠加于斑岩型铜金矿体之上产出,以绢云母化、叶蜡石化、伊利石化发育,闪锌矿、黝铜矿、磁黄铁矿_黄铁矿为主要金属矿物组合为特征,洞嘎、普钦木_哑达是低硫化型浅成低温热液矿床的勘查评价区,深部有找到斑岩型铜金矿的可能。上述2套矿床成矿系列亚系列都与燕山期斑岩铜金矿床的流体演化有关,具有特殊的蚀变矿物、金属矿物组合,寻找独立的浅成低温热液型金矿是下一步需要重视的找矿方向。 相似文献
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西藏铁格隆南超大型铜(金、银)矿床地质、蚀变与矿化 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
铁格隆南是班公湖-怒江成矿带西段重要的斑岩-浅成低温热液铜(金、银)矿床,也是西藏地区首个铜资源量超过1000万吨的超大型铜(金、银)矿床,其蚀变与矿化结构的精细解剖,对完善区域成矿理论和指导找矿实践有重要的指导意义。文章基于详细的野外地质调查、钻孔编录和镜下鉴定,识别出铁格隆南矿床具有斑岩和浅成低温热液叠加成矿作用特征。其中,斑岩成矿作用主要位于矿床深部及外围,以细脉状、脉状、浸染状黄铁矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿及少量辉钼矿等为主,蚀变为钾硅化、青磐岩化、黄铁绢英岩化,发育A、B、D型脉体。浅成低温热液成矿作用主要产于矿床中-浅部,叠加于斑岩成矿作用之上,以浸染状-脉状黄铁矿、硫砷铜矿、斑铜矿、铜蓝、蓝辉铜矿、斯硫铜矿、雅硫铜矿、久辉铜矿等Cu-S体系矿物为特征,蚀变为高级泥化,广泛发育N脉(即高岭石或明矾石-硫化物脉)。蚀变、矿化特征及脉体穿切关系揭示,矿床成岩成矿作用可细分为岩浆期(Ⅰ)、岩浆-热液期(Ⅱ)和表生期(Ⅲ)。成岩成矿年代学结果揭示,矿区内闪长玢岩侵位时代较早(123 Ma),代表岩浆活动上限;花岗闪长斑岩(122～120 Ma)是主要的含矿斑岩,与成矿作用关系最为密切;火山岩覆盖于地表,喷发时代较晚(111 Ma),代表成矿后岩浆活动的产物。钾硅化的黑云母和黄铁绢英岩化的绢云母40Ar-39Ar年龄分别(121.1±0.5) Ma、(120.8±0.9)Ma与斑岩成矿作用的辉钼矿Re-Os年龄((121.2±1.2) Ma)一致,而高级泥化的明矾石40Ar-39Ar年龄为(117.9±1.6)Ma与浅成低温热液矿化的黄铁矿Rb-Sr年龄((117.5±1.8)Ma)一致。所以,依据时空关系,铁格隆南超大型矿床成矿作用可细分为岩浆热液成矿作用(123～119 Ma)、浅成低温热液成矿作用(118～117 Ma)和火山岩覆盖保存(111～110 Ma)3个阶段。 相似文献
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在详细分析区域成矿地质背景、区域成矿地质条件的基础上,笔者认为班公湖西段的多龙矿集区还有较大的斑岩Cu-Au矿床成矿前景和资源潜力。通过2013年一年的勘查工作,率先在铁格隆南取得突破,获得的铜资源量达到超大型矿床规模,使其一跃为多龙矿集区规模最大斑岩铜(金)矿床,成为2013年全国重大勘查突破之一。该矿床位于多龙矿集区中部早白垩世美日切错组火山岩分布区,成矿与早白垩世以浅成相侵入的花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩及其相伴产生的热液角砾岩有密切时空关系。矿体主要产于下中侏罗统色哇组长石石英砂岩、岩屑砂岩夹深灰色至深黑色粉砂质板岩和成矿斑岩体中。矿体呈隐伏穹隆状,延深巨大,铜矿化呈网脉状、细脉状和浸染状,热液蚀变发育、分带明显,以硅化强烈、绢云母化以及广泛叠加的高级泥化蚀变为显著特征。矿区剥蚀程度甚低,地表只局部出现褐铁矿化和粘土化,但未见铜矿化,向深部蚀变矿化逐渐增强,矿化延深达千米未封闭。铜矿化上部表现为以辉铜矿-蓝辉铜矿-硫砷铜矿为特征的Cu-S体系,向下转变以斑铜矿-黄铜矿为特征的为Cu-Fe-S体系,铜矿化伴生Au、Ag矿化,并呈正相关关系,与多龙矿集区内其他斑岩Cu-Au矿床相比贫金。该矿床的勘查突破,为矿业公司勘查选区提供了范例,对区域找矿勘查具有重要意义。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
12.
奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
13.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
19.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
20.
《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献