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1.
雪卡毒素（Ciguatoxins,CTXs）是一种高度氧化的环状聚醚梯类毒素,主要由冈比亚藻（Gambierdiscus）和福氏藻（Fukuyoa）两个属的底栖甲藻的一些产毒种类的株系产生。毒素通过海洋食物链在珊瑚礁鱼类中进行生物转化和积累,可引起常见的非细菌性海产中毒——雪卡毒素中毒（Ciguatera Poisoning,CP）,食用被CTXs污染的鱼类会引起消费者产生胃肠道、心血管、神经方面的症状甚至导致死亡,但目前雪卡毒素中毒在全球引发的关注度与重视度不足。然而受全球气候变化和人类活动的影响,底栖甲藻在全球扩张趋势明显,特别是在亚洲地区,雪卡毒素中毒事件频繁爆发,雪卡毒素中毒对人类健康和生态系统健康构成了重大威胁。本文重点综述了产雪卡毒素底栖甲藻的种类多样性、化学多样性、生理生态学研究、以及毒素的生物合成机制与生物转化和累积方面的研究,并探讨了亚洲地区作为雪卡毒素潜在的爆发地点未来值得研究的领域以更好地保障亚洲海域的生态安全及居民健康。 相似文献
2.
雪卡毒素(ciguatoxin)是一类具有神经毒性的海洋藻类毒素,高纯度雪卡毒素是开展其相关研究的物质基础。以石斑鱼肝脏为原料,对其脂溶性粗提物经Florisil柱和Sephadex LH-20柱纯化后,用高效液相色谱/质谱(HPLC/MS)和细胞毒性方法对其进行鉴定,证明为太平洋雪卡毒素(P-CTX-1)。HPLC鉴定分析提取物与太平洋雪卡毒素(P-CTX-1)具有相同的保留时间。HPLC/MS检测表明纯化样品在m/z=1 111.3和m/z=1 133.0处出现雪卡毒素[M+H]+峰和[M+Na]+峰,与已有的P-CTX-1分子离子峰完全吻合。四甲基偶氮唑蓝法(MTT)细胞毒性试验证明了雪卡毒素样品对人神经母细胞瘤(SK-N-SH)具有毒性作用,毒素剂量与细胞生长抑制率成线性关系。细胞毒性试验进一步确认该提取物为雪卡毒素,且纯度较高。 相似文献
3.
渤海裸甲藻和链状亚历山大藻的麻痹性贝毒毒素分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的:分析渤海裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sp.)和链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)的麻痹性贝毒毒素,为渤海天津海域的赤潮研究积累基础数据。方法:通过实验室培养裸甲藻和链状亚历山大藻,选取对数生长期、平台生长期的裸甲藻以及平台生长期的链状亚历山大藻,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对这两种微藻进行麻痹性贝毒(PSP)毒素分析。结果:裸甲藻细胞内不含有麻痹性贝毒(PSP);链状亚历山大藻细胞内含有C毒素和GTX1-4毒素,该微藻每个细胞毒素含量约为10.81 fmol/cell。结论:裸甲藻细胞内虽不含有麻痹性贝毒(PSP),但不能排除其含有其它毒素的可能。链状亚历山大藻细胞内含有麻痹性贝毒(PSP),属于有毒微藻,需要对其进行密切监测。 相似文献
4.
我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素问题的研究现状与展望 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海洋中的一部分微藻能够产生藻毒素,导致鱼、贝类等养殖动物染毒或死亡,甚至危及人类健康和海洋生态安全。近20年来,随着对有害藻华(Harmful algal bloom, HAB)问题关注程度的不断提高和研究手段的快速发展,对我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素的认识也在不断深入。本文针对常见的几类藻毒素,从贝类中藻毒素污染状况、毒素来源、有毒藻藻华状况等角度,对我国当前相关研究工作进展进行了综述。大量研究表明,麻痹性贝毒毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)和腹泻性贝毒毒素(diarrhetic shellfish toxins, DSTs)在我国近海最为常见,其中,麻痹性贝毒主要由有毒亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.)产生,产毒藻种常见于南海海湾、福建沿海、长江口邻近海域、海州湾、北黄海和秦皇岛近海等,中毒事件也时有发生。常见的大田软海绵酸、扇贝毒素等腹泻性贝毒毒素多由鳍藻(Dinophysis spp.)产生,我国近海贝类沾染藻毒素的现象也非常常见。近年来,随着高效液相色谱和质谱技术的发展,在我国近海发现了越来越多的有毒藻和藻毒素。在对文献进行综合分析的基础上,简单探讨了有毒藻与藻毒素对海产品食品安全的影响及风险,以及未来研究发展方向。 相似文献
5.
2008年12月31日，从福建省科技厅在厦门组织的“麻痹性贝毒素产毒藻全封闭工程化培育关键技术研究”项目验收会上获悉，国家海洋局第三海洋研究所的科技人员根据产毒藻的生理特性，研究开发了一种适合产毒藻培育的光生物反应器，解决麻痹性贝毒素产毒藻全封闭工程化培育的关键技术难题， 相似文献
6.
塔玛亚历山大藻对海产双壳类生命活动的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过一种重要有毒赤潮藻——产麻痹性贝毒毒素PSP的塔玛亚历山大藻对几种海产双壳类主要发育阶段:受精卵、D形幼虫、眼点幼虫、稚贝、仔贝和成贝生命活动的影响研究,发现该藻对双壳类孵化率、存活率、运动能力、滤食率和生长都有影响,毒性效应与藻密度有明显的相关关系.该藻对受精卵的抑制作用在100个/cm3的密度下最显著,36h后孵化率仅为对照组的30%.进一步的逐项毒性筛选实验表明此毒性来源于藻液、藻细胞和细胞碎片,而与去藻过滤液、藻细胞内容物、标准毒素STX无关,由此可以证实塔玛亚历山大藻确能产生一类非PSP毒素,并与细胞表面的未知毒素相关. 相似文献
7.
《海洋科学集刊》2016,(0)
海洋中的部分微藻能够产生藻毒素,导致鱼、贝类等养殖动物染毒或死亡,甚至危及人类健康和海洋生态安全。近20年来,随着对有害藻华(harmful algal bloom,HAB)问题关注程度的不断提高和研究手段的快速发展,对我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素的认识也在不断深入。本文针对几类常见的藻毒素,从贝类中藻毒素污染状况、毒素来源、有毒赤潮发生情况等方面,对我国已开展的相关研究工作进展进行了综述。大量研究表明,麻痹性贝毒毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins,PSTs)和腹泻性贝毒毒素(diarrhetic shellfish toxins,DSTs)是我国近海最为常见的藻毒素,广东沿海、福建沿海、长江口邻近海域、海州湾、北黄海和渤海秦皇岛近岸海域贝类沾染藻毒素的问题比较突出,中毒事件也时有发生。麻痹性贝毒主要来自有毒的亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.),大田软海绵酸(okadaic acid,OA)和扇贝毒素(pectenotoxins,PTXs)等腹泻性贝毒毒素则主要来自有毒鳍藻(Dinophysis spp.)。近年来,随着孢囊分离与培养方法的不断完善及藻毒素分析技术的快速发展,在我国近海发现了越来越多的有毒藻和藻毒素。在对文献进行综合分析的基础上,简单探讨了有毒藻与藻毒素对我国沿海海产品食品安全的影响及风险,以及未来研究的发展方向。 相似文献
8.
有毒赤潮藻及其毒素的危害与检测 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
海洋中可引发赤潮的藻类约有300种,其中有毒赤潮藻为80种左右。现已知道的赤潮藻主要毒素有麻痹性贝毒、腹泻性贝毒、记忆缺失性贝毒、神经性贝毒、西加鱼度和溶血性毒素,前5种毒素的结构已经基本得到证实。有毒赤潮藻的毒素可以在海洋生物体内积累,人类误食含有藻毒素的食品时可能中毒,严重者还可能死亡。海洋有毒赤潮藻及其毒素的检测已经成为当今全球赤潮研究和监测的重要内容之一,可以通过形态学分类方法、分子生物学技术(遗传探针)和免疫学检测技术对有毒赤潮藻进行检测;可以通过生物学、物理化学检测方法和神经受体结合、免疫学检测技术对赤潮藻毒素进行检测。 相似文献
9.
亚历山大藻溶血毒性的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了11株亚历山大藻（Alexandrium spp．）的溶血毒性，其中7株亚历山大藻具有显著的溶血毒性，说明溶血毒性在亚历山大藻中具有一定的普遍性，但各亚历山大藻藻株溶血毒性的大小与其所产麻痹性贝类毒素（Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning，PSP）的能力无直接关系；针对性地研究了一株典型PSP产毒甲藻——塔玛亚历山大藻（A．tamarense，ATHK株）的溶血毒性特点，该株亚历山大藻具有较强的溶血毒性，指数期单个藻细胞的溶血毒性大小约相当于4pg皂素的溶血能力，而且其溶血毒性的大小与藻的生长阶段和细胞密度都有一定关系：指数期的溶血毒性最大；藻细胞、细胞碎片、细胞内容物都有一定的溶血毒性，其中细胞碎片的毒性最大；研究还表明一种PSP标准品STX毒素并没有溶血毒性，进一步说明亚历山大藻产生的溶血毒性是其他非PSP物质造成的，这类溶血毒素对人类健康和生态环境的影响值得关注。 相似文献
10.
有毒藻产毒过程中海洋细菌的作用 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
海洋微藻藻际中 (Ｐｈｙｃｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ)聚集着大量的细菌。由于藻菌间的相互作用及选择 ,可形成具有独特结构与功能的藻际细菌群落［１］。可见 ,海洋微藻与细菌间所具有的密切关系 ,使得海洋细菌在有害藻赤潮生消及有毒藻产毒过程中发挥着重要的作用。有关工作既是赤潮科学研究中的热点 ,也是目前藻菌关系研究中的重点。１海洋细菌的自主产毒研究据Ｇａｌｌａｃｈｅｒ，Ｓ．等１９９６年报道 ,最初认为赤潮藻毒素只能由微藻细胞本身产生。但是随着工作的深入 ,发现了一些特殊现象 ,如在麻痹性贝毒的研究过程中 ,人们发现了产毒和不产毒… 相似文献
11.
福建三沙湾浮性鱼卵和仔、稚鱼的分布 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
本文根据1990年2～11月在三沙湾海域分别进行4个季节调查的资料,对三沙湾鱼卵和仔、稚鱼的种类组成、丰度和主要种类的分布进行研究和探讨.结果表明,本海区共出现鱼卵和仔、稚鱼26种,分别隶属于17科22属.在数量上,鱼卵最高值出现在春季（5月）,其中鱼卵丰度较高的种类是真鲷、带鱼、鲾和康氏小公鱼等种类.仔稚鱼以夏季丰度最高,并以鰕虎鱼丰度（71.8%）最高.在分布上,鱼卵的丰度以三都岛东北部和东吾洋海域最高,仔稚鱼以三都岛东部最为密集.这表明本海区的鱼类的主要产卵季节是春季和夏季.其数量、分布与水温及桡足类的分布关系密切. 相似文献
12.
本研究利用高通量测序技术分析小鼠喂食鲣鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)鱼油和鱼白酶解液后肠道微生物的多样性、群落组成以及结构的变化,探讨高蛋白、高脂肪饮食对人类健康的影响。研究结果显示:喂食鱼油组小鼠的肠道微生物丰富且多样。在门水平上,对照组和鱼油组的优势菌门为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);鱼白组的优势菌门为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。在科水平上,对照组和鱼油组中的优势菌科为Muribaculaceae;鱼白组中的优势菌科为毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)。在属水平上,对照组和鱼油组中的优势菌属为Muribaculum;鱼白组中的优势菌为Lachnoclostridium;对照组、鱼油组和鱼白组小鼠的肠道微生物群落中瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)等丰度较高。在种水平上,对照组和鱼油组中的优势菌为Muribaculum intestinale;鱼白组中的优势菌为解糖梭菌(Clostridium saccharolyticum)。研究结果证明鲣鱼鱼油和鱼白可以调节菌群结构和组成,增加肠道有益菌,减少病原菌的丰度等。 相似文献
13.
The threat status of 74 freshwater and estuarine fish present in New Zealand was determined. Fifty-one native taxa were ranked of which 67% were considered Threatened or At Risk. A single species was classified as Extinct, the New Zealand grayling, which has not been observed since the 1920s. Four taxa were classified in the highest threat category, Nationally Critical, and a further 10 taxa as Threatened (Nationally Endangered or Nationally Vulnerable). Twenty taxa were ranked in the At Risk group with the majority ranked as Declining. Endemic galaxiids (Galaxiidae) dominated the Threatened and At Risk taxa. The majority (68%) belonged to the Galaxias genus, comprising 81% of recognised taxa in this genus and all five species in the genus Neochanna were also ranked as Threatened or At Risk. In addition to 51 native taxa, a further three fish species were considered colonists and 20 introduced species were classified as naturalised, although two of these are considered rare. The majority of the Threatened species occur in the Canterbury and Otago regions where a suite of rare non-migratory galaxiids exist. Threat mechanisms that were identified as causal in the decline of freshwater fish species were the impact of introduced fish species, declining water quality, effects of water abstraction, loss of habitat via land-use change and land-use activities, and river modifications. 相似文献
14.
P Guidetti G Fanelli S Fraschetti A Terlizzi F Boero 《Marine environmental research》2002,53(1):77-94
Coastal fish assemblages were studied to assess two sorts of human impacts in southwestern Apulia (SE Italy, Mediterranean Sea). Fish assemblages were evaluated by visual census along two rocky locations impacted by a sewage outfall discharging nearshore (S) and by date-mussel (Lithophaga lithophaga) fisheries (F), respectively, and at two control locations (Cs). Multivariate analyses showed that fish assemblage structures at S and F differed from those at Cs. Asymmetric ANOVAs indicated that species richness were significantly lower both at S (approximately 27%) and at F (approximately 35%) compared with Cs. Total fish abundance was 5- to 7-fold higher at S than at Cs, while the values recorded at F were comparable to those of Cs. At S, average abundances of planktivorous fish and POM feeders were higher, and those of labrids and sparids of the genus Diplodus were lower, respectively, than at Cs. Labrids of the genus Symphodus and small serranids were significantly less abundant at F than Cs. Data suggested that coastal fish respond to the impact caused by the sewage discharge and provided a framework to assess potential benefits of its future displacement to deeper waters. For the first time, moreover, this study provided suggestive evidence that the habitat destruction caused by the illegal date-mussel fisheries may affect fish assemblages. 相似文献
15.
Spatial distribution of surgeonfish and parrotfish in the north sector of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System 
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下载免费PDF全文 Roberto C. Hernández‐Landa Gilberto Acosta‐González Enrique Núñez‐Lara Jesús E Arias‐González 《Marine Ecology》2015,36(3):432-446
Surgeonfish and parrotfish play an important role in structuring the benthic communities of coral reefs. However, despite their importance, little is known about their distribution patterns in the north sector of the Mesoamerican Reef System. This study evaluated the distribution of these fish in 34 sites in four habitats (lagoon, front, slopes and terrace) along a depth gradient (c 0.5–20 m). These herbivorous fish were assessed by visual censuses. Species dominance was evaluated for each habitat using SIMPER analysis. Habitat characteristics data were collected to determine the relationship between habitat conditions and spatial variations in herbivorous fish (using abundance and biomass as a proxy) via redundancy analysis. The herbivorous fish assemblage had a low density (fish per 100 m2) and biomass (g·100 m?2) in comparison with assemblages in similar studies. In contrast, species richness was high compared with other studies in the Caribbean. Spatial variation of the abundance, biomass and size of herbivorous fish was strongly related to coral and seagrass cover, as well as to depth and rugosity. These four variables were critical in controlling the distribution patterns of the herbivorous fish assemblages. No associations were found between fish and macroalgae or any other benthic group. The present study indicates that the species richness of surgeonfish and parrotfish was not regionally affected by the dominance of macroalgae in the habitats studied. Seagrass beds and the coral reef matrix need to be preserved for the herbivorous fish assemblages to remain healthy and capable of controlling excess macroalgae growth. 相似文献
16.
利用2013年29次南极科考对南极半岛普利兹湾的调查采集到的鱼类进行多样性和分类鉴定，所有站位的样品均由雪龙号采集。位于高纬度普利兹湾内的鱼类多样性和相关的评估尚未知晓。因此，有必要对该调查海域的鱼类多样性进行准确的评估。本航次共捕获鱼类样品99尾，为了克服形态鉴定不准确的缺点，我们结合DNA条形码（COI基因片段）技术对种类鉴定，同时下载NCBI基因库中的公开数据作为参考。利用NJ系统发育树和条形码间隙共准确鉴定出22种鱼类，其中与形态鉴定相对应的有13种，5种鱼类准确鉴定到属的水平，4种鉴定到其近缘种。公开发表的资料中显示南极鱼科鱼类在种类组成中属于优势种类，但是在本次调查中并未发现这一现象。受调查方法和站位数量的限制，本次调查鱼类表现出较低的多样性和较低生物量，这一结果可能导致对普利兹湾鱼类多样性认识的片面性。结果证明条形码技术可以有效的用于普利兹湾鱼类的种类鉴定，同时南极鱼类的种类鉴定和分布是了解南极鱼类物种多样性和生物地理学的一部分，因此，有必要对南极鱼类在大尺度上对其准确的种类鉴定。 相似文献
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An Analysis of the Coastal Fish Assemblage of the Ustica Island Marine Reserve (Mediterranean Sea) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A study of the coastal fish assemblages in the marine park of Ustica Island (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean) was conducted from June 1994 to September 1995 and from June 1996 to September 1997. The principal aims of the research were to: (1) define the faunistic features of local fish communities; (2) assess the effectiveness of the protection regime of the marine park on the fish assemblages ('reserve effect'); (3) provide information on the distribution of some Epinephelus and Diplodus species in the shallowest depth zone of the island. During seasonal surveys, underwater visual censuses were carried out at several sites located in three zones of the island, each with a different level of protection. Observations were made along 250 m2 transects at 3–5, 10–15 and 25–30 m depth ranges. Additional surveys were made by SCUBA diving and snorkelling. A statistically significant effect of depth on the fish community parameters was observed, whereas differences linked to protection level, zones, sites and seasons were not significant. The abundance and frequency of occurrence of some species, particularly dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus , were positively correlated with the degree of protection of the different zones of the marine park. Certain sites of the island are important as nursery areas for three species of the genus Diplodus ( i.e., D. puntazzo, D. sargus and D. vulgaris ). 相似文献
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根据2018年4月（春季）和10月（秋季）在舟山群岛外海域进行的渔业资源调查资料，分析了鱼类的种类组成、数量分布和优势种，并用典范对应分析方法分析了其与水文环境之间的关系。结果表明，舟山群岛外海域鱼类有106种，隶属于12目47科80属，春、秋季鱼类质量密度分别为210.50 kg/km2和829.06 kg/km2，尾数密度分别为8.08×103 ind/km2和165.94×103 ind/km2。春季鱼类资源密度在调查海域的西北部较高，东部较低，而秋季鱼类资源密度在东部海域较高，西北部海域较低。两个季节的鱼类优势种更替明显，春季优势种为黄鮟鱇（Lophius litulon）、日本红娘鱼（Lepidotrigla japonica）、细条天竺鲷（Apogon lineatus），秋季为细条天竺鲷、日本发光鲷（Acropom japonicum）。鱼类种数呈现显著的季节和空间变化，但是都以西部以及西北部靠近近岸岛屿的海域种类数较高，大部分鱼类栖息在50～80 m水深海域。典范对应分析结果表明，表层温度、底层温度、表层盐度是影响调查海域鱼类种类组成和数量分布的主要环境因子。 相似文献