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本文采用三检测器联用凝胶色谱法对κ-型、ι-型卡拉胶的分子量进行测量（κ-型、ι-型卡拉胶的分子量分别为685.77 kDa和408.33 kDa）。通过研究两种卡拉胶稀溶液的Mark-Houwink指数、流体力学直径,得出了κ-型和ι-型卡拉胶的分子构象：在低分子量阶段,卡拉胶分子链刚性较强,呈现刚性棒状结构;在中分子量阶段,卡拉胶分子链的刚性降低,构象介于无规线团与刚性棒状结构之间,呈现半刚性的伸展线团;在高分子量阶段,卡拉胶分子呈现出无规线团构象。随着卡拉胶分子量的增加,卡拉胶分子链的刚性逐渐降低,卡拉胶分子由刚性棒状结构变为半刚性延展线团最终变为柔性无规线团,且κ-型和ι-型卡拉胶分子链表现出相同的变化趋势。卡拉胶的分子量和构象对卡拉胶的抗菌抗凝等生物活性以及纺丝性能有着较大的影响,对卡拉胶分子量和构象进行准确分析可以促进卡拉胶在纺织、医药、化妆品等工业生产中的应用。 相似文献
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本文研究了雌配子体和四分孢子体两种世代角叉菜卡拉胶的季节变化。不论雌配子体还是四分孢子体角叉菜,其卡拉胶的产率都是夏、秋季高,冬季低。四分孢子体卡拉胶不凝固,雌配子体卡拉胶的凝胶强度是7和12两月的较高,其凝固点没有季节性变化。四分孢子体卡拉胶的粘度在秋、冬季较高,雌配子体的粘度无季节变化。雌配子体和四分孢子体卡拉胶的3,6-AG含量都是夏、秋季较高,冬季较低。硫酸基含量都是秋季的稍高。 上述结果证明,世代是决定角叉菜卡拉胶的物理性质和化学组成最主要的因素,当世代相同时,季节对所含卡拉胶的产率、物理性质和化学组成也有不同程度的影响。 相似文献
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用~(13)C-核磁共振(~(13)C-NMR)和红外(IR)光谱分析了从三种卡拉胶原藻(鹿角沙菜、角叉菜、异枝麒麟菜)分步提取的主要卡拉胶级分的化学结构。~(13)C-NMR谱图表明,所有主要级分由k-卡拉胶组成,除此之外,沙菜的冷水级分和角叉菜的40％乙醇级分中还含有少量L-卡拉胶。IR谱图也表明,在1250;850和805cm~(-1)有k-和L-卡拉胶所特有的吸收谱带。以1250,850和805cm~(-1)对2920cm~(-1)的吸收面积比值估算了硫酸基的相对含量。 相似文献
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以κ-卡拉胶(硫酸基含量25.1％,分子质量83.1 kD)为原料,研究了二甲基亚砜-甲醇法(DMSO法)、三甲基氯硅烷法(CTMS法)以及苯并四甲酸-三氧化二锑法(PMA法)对其脱硫后多糖样品的得率、硫酸基含量及分子质量的影响.结果表明,κ-卡拉胶经三种方法脱硫后,样品得率分别为45.3％、50.6％和62.0％,脱硫率分别为42.2％、48.6％和82.8％,分子质量分别为15.7、22.3和4.75 kD.通过红外光谱和硫酸基含量分析表明,PMA法脱硫效果优于DMSO和CTMS法.PMA法不仅对κ-卡拉胶有效,而且适合于l-卡拉胶、λ-卡拉胶和岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的脱硫. 相似文献
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海洋细菌QY202产κ-卡拉胶酶的分离纯化和性质研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为获得高效降解卡拉胶菌株,从青岛太平角海域采集的角叉菜表面分离到1株高产κ-卡拉胶酶的海洋交替假单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.)QY202,经硫酸铵沉淀、脱盐、DEAE阴离子交换层析等步骤从该菌株发酵液上清中分离纯化得到1种专一性降解κ-卡拉胶的κ-卡拉胶酶,并研究了该酶的基本酶学性质.结果表明该酶被纯化了23.1倍,回收率为43.9%,分子量大小为33.2 kDa.酶的最适反应温度为40 ℃,最适反应pH为8.0,在0～40 ℃,pH=7.0～8.0之间酶活力较稳定.酶对底物κ-卡拉胶的米氏常数Km值为1.6 mg/mL.Na~+、K~+对酶活有促进作用,而Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)强烈抑制酶的活性.酶解κ-卡拉胶的主产物为硫酸新κ-卡拉二糖和硫酸新κ-卡拉四糖. 相似文献
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Erminio Murano Renato Toffanin Ester Cecere Roberto Rizzo Svein Halvor Knutsen 《Marine Chemistry》1997,58(3-4)
Dried samples of the red algae Solieria filiformis and Agardhiella subulata from Mar Piccolo, Taranto, were extracted by stirring in water at 25 (Cold), 85 (Hot) and 120 (pressure) °C. For each species, six successive cold, three hot and two pressure extractions were performed and analyzed separately. Water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated after treatment with amylase, alcohol precipitation, dialysis and freeze drying. The total, starch-free yields were 27 and 24% of the dry weight for S. filiformis (SF) and A. subulata (AS), respectively. FTIR and NMR spectroscopic analysis showed that the different cold and hot water extracts had a similar structural backbone, which can be characteristic of gelling type carrageenans with a dominant iota repeating structure (DA2S-G4S). However, some irregularities were detected by NMR, which may be attributed to 6-sulphated 4-linked precursor units. The occurrence of such and other irregularities was more frequent in the SF samples, giving a possible explanation for the enhanced extractability in cold water of carrageenan polymers from this species. 相似文献
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《Marine Chemistry》2000,71(3-4)
Massive mucilage events occur in the Northern Adriatic Sea presumably by cytoplasmic excretions from deteriorated diatoms. During three such events in the summer of 1991, 1997 and 1998 the presence of reduced sulfur species (RSS) was determined in samples of macroaggregate using electrochemical methods (in-phase alternating current (AC) and linear sweep voltammetry). The detected levels of sulfur, expressed as equivalent to sulfide concentrations, were about 200 nM. In the same mucilage samples, concentrations of organic matter were determined in the range from 60 to 600 mg/l of total organic carbon (TOC). The physico-chemical properties of organic matter in the macroaggregates correspond to those of polysaccharides of very high molecular mass. Scanning confocal laser microscopy (SCLM) and fluorescent molecular probes for sugars (the lectins concanvaline A (Con-A)) showed the transformation of polysaccharide polymer structure resulting in the formation of very stable filaments and layers after the treatment of mucilage samples with sodium sulfide. Commercial polysaccharides of bacterial and algal origin (xanthan, carrageenans types I and II, dextran-T-500) have been used to simulate macroaggregate formation under laboratory conditions after treatment with sodium sulfide. Raman spectroscopy indicated that for all model polysaccharides used, sulfide interaction occurred, as evidenced by visible change of the O–H stretching region in the vibration spectra of the water molecules.Our data suggest that the aggregated polysaccharides from the Adriatic Sea are: (1) structurally affected by addition of sulfide as was the case for most of the model polysaccharides, and (2) the stabilizing effect of sulfide on the aggregated polysaccharides is due to the formation of sulfur-organic compounds. 相似文献
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台湾东风螺的生殖系统及其组织结构 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：6
本文报道了台湾东风螺(Babylonia formosa)雄性和雌性生殖系统的解剖学以及各器官的组织学研究结果,并与一些狭舌目种类的生殖系统作了比较。 相似文献
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海水养殖池沉积物中重金属形态和生物酶活性的关系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以连云港市对虾养殖池表层沉积物为研究对象,采用Tessier连续萃取法,研究了表层沉积物中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Mn)的赋存形态和酶(脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶)活性的相关性。结果表明,重金属Cu和Zn以有机-硫化物结合态为主要的赋存形态,Pb以铁锰氧化物态为主要的赋存形态,Cd以可交换态(平均33.47%)和碳酸盐结合态(平均31.16%)为主要存在形态,Cr和As主要以残渣态存在,Mn的铁锰氧化物态比例最高。脲酶的活性范围为0.45—8.96mg/(g·24h),碱性磷酸酶活性范围为2.45—6.69mg/(g·24h),过氧化氢酶活性范围为0.14—2.36m L/(g·min),转化酶活性范围为0.45—10.45mg/(g·24h)。脲酶活性与Cd、As的可交换态、Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cu、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫化物态之间显著相关;碱性磷酸酶活性与Zn、Cd的铁锰氧化物态显著相关;过氧化氢酶活性与Cd的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态及残渣态、Cu、Cd、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫结合态之间显著相关;转化酶活性与Cu、Cd、As的可交换态、Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cu、Cd、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫化物态、Cd、As的残渣态之间显著相关。酶活性可以用来指示海水养殖池沉积物中重金属的形态转化过程。 相似文献
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本研究采用解剖学及组织学方法对管角螺消化系统的结构进行了系统分析．结果表明,管角螺的消化系统由消化道和消化腺两大部分组成．消化道包含吻、食道、嗉囊、胃、肠、直肠及肛门;消化腺由唾液腺、肝及食道腺组成,其中肝为最大消化腺．唾液腺细胞分为粘液细胞和分泌细胞;食道腺细胞由排泄细胞和杯状细胞组成．在光学显微镜下,消化道的管壁由外向内依次为：外膜、肌层、粘膜下层和粘膜层4层;唾液腺、肝及食道腺均为复管状腺．管角螺的肝由肝被膜和许多盲管（肝小管）组成,肝管的组织结构与消化道基本相同,内有单层纤毛柱状上皮,可观察到肌层和管腔。 相似文献
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Michael J. Kingsford 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):463-479
Studies on the early life history of fish in New Zealand started during the 1950s off the Northland coast. Since then taxonomy, seasonality in abundance, and vertical and horizontal distribution patterns have been described as well as aspects at the level of individuals, such as age, growth, and condition. I discuss the findings and issues that have developed from these studies and illustrate three undescribed presettlement reef fish. Results indicate that different taxonomic groups typically have different vertical and horizontal distribution patterns as well as different temporal patterns of abundance. This implies that general models of how “larval fish” behave are unrealistic. As a result, the importance of physical and biological processes that may influence the distribution and survival of ichthyoplankton will vary among categories of fish (such as pelagic and reef fish) and taxonomic groups within these. Based on knowledge of the distribution pattern of some species, there is considerable scope for focusing future research on specific groups offish in terms of ontogenetic changes in morphology, sensory abilities, growth, diet, condition, interrelationships with other plankters, and, in the case of reef fish, onshore transport. 相似文献
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Rahul Sharma 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):237-250
Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2014
Limits and barriers to adaptation restrict people’s ability to address the negative impacts of climate change or manage risks in a way that maximises their wellbeing. There is a lack of evidence of this on small-scale fishing communities in developing countries. This study identifies and characterises limits and barriers to adaptation of fishing activities to cyclones and examines interactions between them in two fishing communities in Bangladesh, using household questionnaires, oral history interviews, vulnerability matrices and focus group discussions. The limits include physical characteristics of climate and sea like higher frequency and duration of cyclones, and hidden sandbars. Barriers include technologically poor boats, inaccurate weather forecast, poor radio signal, lack of access to credit, low incomes, underestimation of cyclone occurrence, coercion of fishermen by the boat owners and captains, lack of education, skills and livelihood alternatives, unfavourable credit schemes, lack of enforcement of fishing regulations and maritime laws, and lack of access to fish markets. These local and wider scale factors interact in complex ways and constrain completion of fishing trips, coping with cyclones at sea, safe return of boats from sea, timely responses to cyclones and livelihood diversification. The findings indicate a need for further detailed research into the determinants and implications of such limits and barriers, in order to move towards an improved characterisation of adaptation and to identify most suitable means to overcome the limits and barriers. 相似文献