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1.
沙尘暴期间戈壁沙地起沙率的观测结果 总被引：28，自引：7，他引：21
利用中日合作"风送沙尘的形成、输送机制及其对气候与环境影响(ADEC)的研究"项目敦煌站的沙尘粒子数浓度观测资料,估算了2002年4月敦煌地区两次沙尘天气过程中戈壁沙地的起沙率和起沙量,并分析了地面起沙量(质量通量)的尺度分布。在两次强度较弱、持续时间较短的沙尘天气过程期间,戈壁沙地的平均起沙率为1.58×10-8和9.95×10-9kg·m-2·s-1,最大起沙率为2.77×10-8kg·m-2·s-1。地面沙尘释放量的73%以上为d>5.0μm的大粒子。最后讨论了起沙率与摩擦速度的关系。 相似文献
2.
青海高原夏季降水异常及其水汽输送特征分析 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
通过对青海高原夏季降水异常及其水汽输送特征的分析表明:(1)青海高原夏季降水的年代际变化总体呈先增后减的抛物线型变化,80年代中期以前没有明显的变化周期,80年代末以后存在较稳定的3年周期,目前正处于一相对多雨时期。(2)青海高原夏季整层水汽通量在50~150kg·m-1·s-1之间,自西界向东界增加,近43年空中水汽收支整体上呈增加趋势。(3)旱年青海高原空中水汽偏少10~40kg·m-1·s-1,水汽通量散度场除北部呈辐合加强外,其余地区均为水汽通量辐散加强区。涝年青海高原水汽输送偏强10~20kg·m-1·s-1,水汽通量散度场表现为整个区域的辐合加强。(4)旱年青海高原空中水汽收支呈“盈余”状态,但比平均状况少2923·3kg·s-1,减幅为21·88%;涝年空中净水汽通量也呈“盈余”状态,但比平均状况多7253·6kg·s-1,增幅达53·99%。 相似文献
3.
风蚀起沙的影响因子及其变化特征 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
以敦煌地区的戈壁和绿洲为例,对地表土壤风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度及其变化特征和风蚀起沙过程中地表土壤的粒子尺度分布及其对垂直尘粒通量的影响进行了分析研究。结果表明,地表土壤风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度随土壤水分含量和植被覆盖度的增大而增大,随粒子尺度的变化是先减小后增大,在中间某一尺度处有一最小值;土壤的人工利用和管理对临界摩擦速度也有着相当大的影响,风蚀起沙过程中,地表土壤的粒子尺度分布随时间发生变化,瞬时的粒子尺度分布不同于平均的粒子尺度分布,利用前者计算得到的垂直尘粒通量对摩擦速度的变化更敏感,利用后者计算得到的垂直尘粒通量偏大。 相似文献
4.
2003年淮河上游区域暴雨的水汽特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用合成平均天气图资料和T213数值预报产品物理量中的水汽因子,对2003年6～7月出现在淮河上游的5次暴雨过程的水汽条件进行了分析,结果表明水汽分别来自孟加拉湾和南海;暴雨产生前后,850～500 hPa三层中均以850 hPa水汽含量最大,且辐合亦最明显;当850 hPa和700 hPa天气图上分别在桂林到长沙和昆明到贵阳有＞200×10-4kg·s-1·m-1·hPa-1和＞100×10-4kg·s-1·m-1·hPa-1的水汽通量大值中心,且上游风速又大于下游时,可考虑未来24 h淮河暴雨的产生;当T213数值产品中淮河上游区域的相对湿度、比湿和水汽通量的预报值大于诊断量的临界值的绝对值时,亦可作为暴雨预报的参考依据. 相似文献
5.
局限于仅有观测数据的情况下,利用模拟手段研究土壤风蚀引起的粉尘释放是非常必要的,有助于评估区域土壤风蚀及大气环境质量和气候效应。本文通过分析塔克拉玛干沙漠观测站不同高度层风速及计算平均摩阻风速,利用DPM模型计算粉尘释放通量,综合分析了摩阻风速与粉尘释放通量的相互关系。结果表明：1）不同观测日不同高度层的风速变化各不相同,2m高度层风速的变化范围是0.05～7.73 m·s-1,4m高度层风速的变化范围是0.09～7.19 m·s-1,10m高度层风速的变化范围是0.5～8.09 m·s-1。2）4月1日～4月30日各个观测日24小时内平均摩阻风速分别为0.423 m·s-1、0.344 m·s-1、0.271 m·s-1、0.343 m·s-1、0.161 m·s-1、0.315 m·s-1,其变化范围为0.16～0.42 m·s-1。3）DPM模型研究发现实测跃移通量约为模拟值的122%,模拟值与实测值相关性较好,R2为0.91。上述研究结果对定量评估区域乃至全疆的土壤风蚀对粉尘释放通量的影响具有重要意义。 相似文献
6.
局限于仅有观测数据的情况下,利用模拟手段研究土壤风蚀引起的粉尘释放是非常必要的,有助于评估区域土壤风蚀及大气环境质量和气候效应。本文通过分析塔克拉玛干沙漠观测站不同高度层风速及计算平均摩阻风速,利用DPM模型计算粉尘释放通量,综合分析了摩阻风速与粉尘释放通量的相互关系。结果表明：1）不同观测日不同高度层的风速变化各不相同,2m高度层风速的变化范围是0.05～7.73 m·s-1,4m高度层风速的变化范围是0.09～7.19 m·s-1,10m高度层风速的变化范围是0.5～8.09 m·s-1。2）4月1日～4月30日各个观测日24小时内平均摩阻风速分别为0.423 m·s-1、0.344 m·s-1、0.271 m·s-1、0.343 m·s-1、0.161 m·s-1、0.315 m·s-1,其变化范围为0.16～0.42 m·s-1。3）DPM模型研究发现实测跃移通量约为模拟值的122%,模拟值与实测值相关性较好,R2为0.91。上述研究结果对定量评估区域乃至全疆的土壤风蚀对粉尘释放通量的影响具有重要意义。 相似文献
7.
2003年淮河上游区域暴雨的水汽特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用合成平均天气图资料和T2 1 3数值预报产品物理量中的水汽因子 ,对 2 0 0 3年 6～ 7月出现在淮河上游的 5次暴雨过程的水汽条件进行了分析 ,结果表明 :水汽分别来自孟加拉湾和南海 ;暴雨产生前后 ,85 0～ 5 0 0hPa三层中均以 85 0hPa水汽含量最大 ,且辐合亦最明显 ;当 85 0hPa和 70 0hPa天气图上分别在桂林到长沙和昆明到贵阳有 >2 0 0× 1 0 -4kg·s-1 ·m-1 ·hPa-1 和 >1 0 0× 1 0 -4kg·s-1 ·m-1 ·hPa-1 的水汽通量大值中心 ,且上游风速又大于下游时 ,可考虑未来 2 4h淮河暴雨的产生 ;当T2 1 3数值产品中淮河上游区域的相对湿度、比湿和水汽通量的预报值大于诊断量的临界值的绝对值时 ,亦可作为暴雨预报的参考依据 相似文献
8.
中国风蚀起沙研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
风蚀起沙是开展沙尘气溶胶和沙尘天气研究的基本问题.从风蚀起沙的机制、粒子运动形态、起沙条件、沙尘通量等几个方面,回顾了我国在风蚀起沙方面的主要研究结果,对开展这方面研究的难点问题开展讨论.介绍了计算临界摩擦速度的不同方法,并对不同研究者在不同地点观测到的临界摩擦速度进行比较.针对提高观测精度和观测研究结果的可比较性问题,提出了三点建议:一是要建立比较详细的地理、地貌和土壤信息系统;二是要利用卫星观测的优势,建立地面对比观测系统,标校卫星遥感结果;三是要规范观测方法和流程,充分利用业务化的观测资料,提高观测的可对比性. 相似文献
9.
浑善达克沙地起沙率和起沙量的估计 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14
利用起沙通量模式和地面起尘半经验方案,估算了浑善达克沙地春季地表的临界起沙风速及沙尘天气期间的起沙通量,以及地面尘排放总量及其平均年增长率。计算结果表明,浑善达克沙地2001年春季地表临界起沙风速为5.61 m.s-1,沙尘天气期间平均起沙通量为4.40×10-7g.cm-2.s-1;1999年该沙区起尘量约占我国北方起尘总量的2.4%,春季起尘占全年的57%;1986年和1999年起沙总量分别为3.73×105t.a-1和4.87×105t.a-1,其平均年增长率为2.07%。 相似文献
10.
阿拉山口1957—2007年气候变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据塔中气象站1996－2008年的气象数据分析、野外观测试验及理论计算,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区近10a来的风沙环境特征进行了初步分析,结果表明：塔中地区地表沙源平均粒径约为2.88φ（136μm）,属于细砂、极细砂;年平均风速均在2.5m·s-1以下,近10a来呈整体下降趋势,风速的月变化呈单峰分布,最大值出现在6—7月,风向与起沙风向以偏东风为主;2m高度的起沙风速约为4.1 m·s-1;年浮尘、扬沙日数呈波动式上升趋势,年沙尘暴日数呈缓慢下降趋势;年风蚀气候因子平均为28.3。 相似文献
11.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
12.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
13.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration. 相似文献
14.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o. 相似文献
15.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
16.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
17.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
18.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
19.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
20.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献