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The tectonic activities occurring since the Cenozoic in the northern part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (the region from the East Kunlun Mountains to the Tanggula Mountains) were probably caused by the intense intraplate deformation propagation after the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. Their main expressions include the substantial uplifting of the plateau, alternation of horizontal extension and compression under the vertical greatest principal stress α1, occurrence of rift–type volcanic activity, formation of the basin–range system, and successive eastward extrusion of blocks resulting from large–scale strike–slip faulting. Geophysical exploration and experiments have revealed that there exist closely alternating horizontal high–velocity and low–velocity layers as well as lithospheric faults of a left–lateral strike–slip sense in the lower part of the lithosphere (the lower crust and lithospheric mantle, 60–120 km deep), Based on an integrated study of the geological–geophysical data available, the authors have proposed a model of deep–seated mantle diapir and the associated tectonophysical process as the dynamic source for the uplift of the northern part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. 相似文献
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Modelling the extension of heterogeneous hot lithosphere 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Dimitrios Sokoutis Giacomo Corti Marco Bonini Jean Pierre Brun Sierd Cloetingh Thomas Mauduit Piero Manetti 《Tectonophysics》2007,444(1-4):63-79
The consequences of weak heterogeneities in the extension of soft and hot lithosphere without significant previous crustal thickening has been analysed in a series of centrifuge models. The experiments examined the effects of i) the location of heterogeneities in the ductile crust and/or in the lithospheric mantle, and ii) their orientation, perpendicular or oblique to the direction of bulk extension. The observed deformation patterns are all relevant to the so-called “wide rifting” mode of extension. Weak zones located in the ductile crust exert a more pronounced influence on localisation of deformation in the brittle layer than those located in the lithospheric mantle: the former localise faulting in the brittle crust whereas the latter tend to distribute faulting over a wider area. This latter behaviour depends in turn upon the decoupling provided by the ductile crust. Localised thinning in the brittle crust is accompanied by ductile doming of both crust and mantle. Domains of maximum thinning in the brittle crust and ductile crust and mantle are in opposition. Lateral differences in brittle crust thinning are accommodated by lateral flow in the ductile crust and mantle. This contrasts with “cold and strong” lithospheres whose high strength sub-Moho mantle triggers a necking instability at the lithosphere-scale. This also differs from the extension of thickened hot and soft lithospheres whose ductile crust is thick enough to give birth to metamorphic core complexes. Thus, for the given lithospheric rheology, the models have relevance to backarc type extensional systems, such as the Aegean and the Tyrrhenian domains. 相似文献
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本篇讨论大陆岩石圈拆沉、伸展与裂解作用过程。由于大陆岩石圈厚度大而且很不均匀,产生裂谷的机制比较复杂。大陆碰撞远程效应的触发,岩石圈拆沉,以及板块运动的不规则性和地球应力场方向转折,都可能产生岩石圈断裂和大陆裂谷。岩石圈拆沉为在重力作用下"去陆根"的作用过程,演化过程可分为大陆根拆离、地壳伸展和岩石圈地幔整体破裂三个阶段。大陆碰撞带、俯冲的大陆和大洋板块、克拉通区域岩石圈,都可能产生岩石圈拆沉。大陆岩石圈调查表明,拉张区可见地壳伸展、岩石圈拆离、软流圈上拱和热沉降;它们是大陆岩石圈伸展与裂解早期的主要表现。从初始拉张的盆岭省到成熟的张裂省,拆离后地壳伸展成复式地堑,下地壳幔源玄武岩浆侵位,断裂带贯通并切穿整个岩石圈,表明地壳伸展进入成熟阶段。中国东北松辽盆地和西欧北海盆地曾处于成熟的张裂省。岩石圈破裂为岩浆侵位提供了阻力很小的通道网。岩浆侵位作用伴随岩石圈破裂和热流体上涌,成熟的张裂省可发展成大陆裂谷。多数的大陆裂谷带并没有发展成威尔逊裂谷带和洋中脊,普通的大陆裂谷要演化为威尔逊裂谷带,必须有来自软流圈的长期和持续的热流和玄武质岩浆的供应。威尔逊裂谷带岩石圈地幔和软流圈为地震低速带,其根源可能与来自地幔底部的地幔热羽流有关。 相似文献
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LI Tingdong GAO Rui WU Gongjian Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Baiwanzhuang Rd. Beijing Fei Zhenbi 《《地质学报》英文版》1999,73(2):173-180
The Tibet Geoscience Transect (Yadong-Golmud-Ejin) has revealed the basic structures, tectonic evolution and geodynamic process of the lithosphere of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The evidence of northward thrusting of the Indian plate beneath the Himalayans on the southern margin and to southward compression of the Alxa block on the northern margin has been found. They were the driving forces causing the plateau uplift. The plateau is a continent resulting from amalgamation of eight terranes. These tenanes are separated by sutures or large-scale faults, and different terranes have different lateral inhomogeneities and multi-layered lithospheric structures. At depths of about 20-30 km of the crust in the ulterior of the plateau there commonly exists a low-velocity layer. It is an uncoupled layer of the tectonic stress; above the layer, the upper crustal slices were thrust and overlapped each other and the rocks underwent brittle deformation, thus leading to shortening and thickening of the upper crust Belo 相似文献
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青藏高原东部及其邻区力学耦合的岩石圈变形模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据青藏高原东部及其邻区布设的143个宽频带固定和流动地震台站的远震记录的SKS波分裂分析获得了各台站的快波偏振方向和快慢波之间的时间延迟。SKS分裂分析结果总体上反映了高原东部的上地幔物质流动方向,即高原内部表现为环绕喜马拉雅东构造结的顺时针旋转。在造山运动过程中有关岩石圈地壳和地幔力学耦合的造山变形方式,用从GPS和第四纪断裂滑动速率数据确定的地面变形场和由地震波各向异性数据推断的地幔变形场联合分析来定量求得。在青藏高原东部和云南、四川等地区新近快速增加的GPS和SKS波分裂观测数据,提供了对青藏高原岩石圈地幔实际变形方式的检验。这些新的数据不仅加强了高原内部力学耦合岩石圈的证据,而且也解释了高原外部相同的耦合特征。文中引入简单剪切变形和纯剪切变形的概念,用于解释高原内外不同的耦合变形特征。青藏高原和周围区域力学耦合岩石圈的垂直连贯变形有两个方面的大陆动力学含义:第一,岩石圈垂直强度剖面被一个重要的条件所约束,即要求与重力势能变化相关的应力能够从地壳传递到地幔;第二,青藏高原各向异性的空间变化反映了一个岩石圈变形的大尺度模式,以及从高原内部的简单剪切变形向高原外部的纯剪切变形的过渡带。文中提出的力学耦合岩石圈变形模型与当前已有的多种造山运动变形模型具有不同的变形含义,因此,地幔变形在青藏高原隆升过程中起主要作用。 相似文献
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This contribution emphasizes first-order structural and metamorphic characters of Precambrian accretionary orogens to understand the kinematics and thermomechanical state of the continental lithosphere in convergent settings involving massive juvenile magmatism. We define a new class of orogens, called ultra-hot orogens (UHO), in which the weakest type of lithosphere on Earth is deformed. UHO are characterized by (1) distributed shortening and orogen-scale flow combining vertical and horizontal longitudinal advection, under long-lasting convergence, (2) homogeneous thickening by combined downward movements of supracrustal units and three-dimensional mass redistribution in the viscous lower crust, and (3) steady-state, negligible topography and relief leveled by syn-shortening erosion and near-field sedimentation. The flow analysis of UHO provides clues to understanding crustal kinematics beneath high plateaus and suggests that the seismic reflectivity pattern of hot orogens is an image of the layering produced by lateral flow of the lower crust and associated syn-kinematic plutonism.In between the UHO and the modern cold orogens (CO), developed by shortening of lithosphere bearing a stiff upper mantle, two classes of orogens are defined. Hot orogens (HO, representative of Cordilleran and wide mature collisional belts) share flow pattern characteristics with UHO, but involve a less intense magmatic activity and develop high topographies driving their collapse. Mixed-hot orogens (MHO, representative of magmatic arcs and Proterozoic collisional belts) are orogens made of UHO-type juvenile crust and display CO-like structure and kinematics. This classification points to the fundamental link between the presence of a stiff lithospheric mantle and strain localization along major thrusts in convergent settings. A high Moho temperature (> 900 °C), implying thinning of the lithospheric mantle, enhances three-dimensional flow of the lithosphere in response to convergence. Overall, this classification of orogens emphasizes the space and time variability of uppermost mantle temperature in controlling plate interactions and continental growth. 相似文献
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AN INTRACONTINENTAL EXTENSIONAL TECTONIC SETTING FOR THE ORIGIN OF YULONG PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT IN EAST TIBET 相似文献
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DEEP GEODYNAMICS OF THE HIMALAYA OROGENYRFBR( grant 990 56 56 38) 相似文献
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THE HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGE IN QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU AND ITS DYNAMIC IMPLICATIONS 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
THE HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGE IN QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU AND ITS DYNAMIC IMPLICATIONSeasthenospherehadbe 相似文献
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青藏高原新生代形成演化的整合模型——来自火成岩的约束 总被引：28，自引：8，他引：28
深部过程是青藏高原演化的主导因素,其他地质过程都可以看作是对深部过程的响应。因此,一个构造旋回(阶段)的地球动力学事件链可以概括为深部地质过程—幔源岩浆活动—壳源岩浆活动—陆壳增厚—地表隆升—表层剥蚀与沉积,其中幔源岩浆活动的研究成为追索青藏高原演化历史的关键环节。据此,青藏高原演化的关键性时间坐标为80、45、27、17、9和4Ma。青藏高原新生代火成岩具有三种展布形式:与雅鲁藏布缝合带平行的岩浆带、沿深大断裂展布的岩浆带和藏北离散性岩浆分布区,它们分别受控于大陆碰撞、大规模走滑和岩石圈拆沉构造体制,且都受控于印度—亚洲软流圈汇聚过程。据此,文中提出了一个描述青藏高原演化的整合模型:南北向地幔对流汇聚控制了岩石圈块体的相对运动,并最终导致印度—亚洲大陆的碰撞和沿碰撞带的大规模岩浆活动;碰撞之初(白垩纪末期),大陆岩石圈块体的刚性属性有利于应力的远程传递和块体旋转,沿块体边界分布的大型走滑断裂控制了岩浆活动的发生;随着挤压过程的持续进行,岩石圈块体的受热和变形,高原岩石圈的重力不稳定性增加,最终导致拆沉作用和软流圈物质的大规模上涌以及藏北高原的离散性岩浆活动。在高原演化中,岩石圈拆沉作用具有重要意义,许多地质事件的发生都与此有关。同时,软流圈的汇聚还导致软流圈物质的向东挤出,并因此造成青藏高原岩石圈的向东挤出和晚新生代的伸展构造。 相似文献
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南海北部及其沿岸中、新生代壳幔相互作用与构造演化——纪念“陆缘扩张带”概念的倡导者陈国达教授 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
邹和平 《大地构造与成矿学》2005,29(1):78-86
新生代火山岩中的深源捕虏体资料反映,南海北部及其沿岸地区岩石圈地幔的主体由主量元素易熔组分相对饱满的、同位素组成类似MORB-OIB型的、高温型的二辉橄榄岩所组成;但在其顶部残留有古老的岩石圈地幔,它由主量元素易熔组分相对贫瘠的、同位素组成类似EM型的、较低温的方辉橄榄岩组成。在下地壳底部,分布着由晚中生代幔源岩浆分离结晶和堆晶的基性麻粒岩。由此提出了该区中、新生代壳 -幔或岩石圈 -软流圈相互作用与构造演化的简略模式: (1)印支期 -燕山早期为地壳岩石圈厚度增大的华夏型后地台活化造山带环境;(2)燕山晚期岩石圈快速减薄(如拆沉作用),造山带拉伸塌陷,地壳深处并发生广泛的底侵作用; (3)始新世 -渐新世软流圈再次上涌(如地幔柱的影响),岩石圈地幔发生底蚀减薄,地壳也因为下部层的塑性流展和上部层的张裂拉伸而减薄; (4)中新世以来,由于地幔热源在拉伸环境中被释放,壳幔发生冷却,部分软流圈地幔转化为“新生的”岩石圈地幔。研究进一步说明,南海北部陆缘扩张是该区大陆构造演化到大陆活化造山带后期,在深部壳 -幔的相互作用下,岩石圈所发生的垂向减薄和侧向伸展,既不同于弧后扩张,也不是受控于大西洋式的海底扩张。 相似文献
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Yuriy Elesin Taras Gerya Irina M. Artemieva Hans Thybo 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2010,3(4):477-497
We present a new 2D finite difference code, Samovar, for high-resolution numerical modeling of complex geodynamic processes.
Examples are collision of lithospheric plates (including mountain building and subduction) and lithosphere extension (including
formation of sedimentary basins, regions of extended crust, and rift zones). The code models deformation of the lithosphere
with viscoelastoplastic rheology, including erosion/sedimentation processes and formation of shear zones in areas of high
stresses. It also models steady-state and transient conductive and advective thermal processes including partial melting and
magma transport in the lithosphere. The thermal and mechanical parts of the code are tested for a series of physical problems
with analytical solutions. We apply the code to geodynamic modeling by examining numerically the processes of lithosphere
extension and basin formation. The results are directly applicable to the Basin and Range province, western USA, and demonstrate
the roles of crust–mantle coupling, preexisting weakness zones, and erosion rate on the evolutionary trends of extending continental
regions. Modeling of basin evolution indicates a critical role of syn-rift sedimentation on the basin depth and a governing
role of Peierls deformation in cold lithospheric mantle. While the former may increase basin depth by 50%, the latter limits
the depth of rift basins by preventing faulting in the subcrustal lithosphere. 相似文献
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天然地震S波和大地电磁测深给出了两种不同的藏北岩石圈厚度模型,两种测量结果的地质含义至今还不十分清楚。通过对地表高程与地壳厚度回归关系的研究,以回归直线的斜率和截距作为地壳和岩石圈地幔平均密度取值的约束,并考虑相变因素对软流圈密度的影响,采用均衡理论对藏北岩石圈厚度进行了计算。计算结果表明,在可能的软流圈温度取值范围内藏北岩石圈的平均厚度约为106～120km,地壳增厚前的岩石圈平均厚度约80km。藏北新生代火山作用和岩浆起源-分凝深度分析表明,藏北现今岩石圈厚度主要受金云母脱水深度所控制。增厚前岩石圈地幔底部温度高于橄榄岩湿固相线温度,并受闪石和金云母高压脱水作用的影响。加厚岩石圈地幔因其底部不断发生脱水低程度熔融而进入软流圈小尺度对流体系,使岩石圈加厚过程中伴随有底部的脉动减薄作用。 相似文献
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华北克拉通岩石圈减薄和破坏机理长期以来存在争议,基于岩石学、岩石地球的化学分析研究突出强调深部过程的重要性。前人提出了两种重要模式:包括以拆沉作用为代表的top-down tectonics模型和以热-机械侵蚀与化学侵蚀,或地幔置换、交代作用的bottom-up tectonics模型。然而,对于这两种模式而言尚存在许多无法合理解释的问题,比如在此深部过程中,区域性岩石圈伸展有多大的贡献?地壳伸展构造是作为深部过程的响应,还是同为岩石圈伸展的产物?本文基于早白垩世东亚地区(尤其是华北克拉通东部地区)伸展构造与岩浆活动的综合分析,揭示出华北克拉通东部不同地区伸展构造变形与岩浆活动之间的时、空和成因关系有一定的差异。但整体上看,岩石圈伸展起着主导作用,控制着岩浆上侵和就位,在拆离断层下盘侵入形成各种规模的花岗质为主的侵入体,或于上盘喷发形成火山-沉积岩盆地。在伸展构造发育的不同阶段,可以有伸展早期、伸展期及伸展期后的岩浆活动。岩浆活动的强度及岩浆源区特点有显著的时空变化。一方面,在同一地区不同演化阶段其源区有很大的差异。表现为主体上是早期以古老下地壳源为主,随着壳/幔伸展作用演化,逐渐向混合源或独立幔源的演化。同时,不同地区岩浆源区的变化规律也显著不同。以胶辽地区为例,胶东整体上是壳幔混合源区对于岩浆演化有重要贡献;而辽东地区具有显著的源区演化特点:从剪切早期古老下地壳源区为主,并伴有幔源物质加入,剪切期古老下地壳为主,到剪切晚期和剪切期后以新生下地壳为主。本文认为岩石圈伸展的壳/幔拆离模型(Parallel Extension Tectonics),可以合理地解释华北克拉通及邻区早白垩世构造-岩浆活动性。在该模型中,遭受伸展的华北克拉通岩石圈发生壳-幔拆离作用。在岩石圈伸展作用期间,地壳层次的拆离作用与岩石圈地幔层次上的拆离作用可以是耦合的或者是解耦的,从而导致华北克拉通岩石圈减薄过程中在地壳尺度上的拆离作用与变质核杂岩的剥露有三种不同的类型:同岩浆活动型伸展(C型:Co-magmatism mode extension)、无岩浆活动型伸展(A型:Amagmatism mode extension)和多阶段混合型(M型:Multi-mode extension)。 相似文献
16.
TWO TYPES OF CENOZOIC HIGH-K MAGMATINSM IN EASTERN TIBET:IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NATURE OF MANTLE SOURCES1 ArnaudNO ,VidalP ,TapponnierP ,etal.ThehighK2 OvolcanismofnorthwesternTibet:geochemistryandtectonicim plications[J] :EarthPlanetSciLett,1991,11:351～ 36 7.
2 DengW .CenozoicvolcanicrocksinthenorthernNgaridistrictoftheTibet Discussionontheconcurrentsubduction[J] .Ac taPetrolSinica ,1989( 3) :1～ 11.
3 HarrisonTM ,LeloupPH ,RyersonFJ,… 相似文献
17.
TECTONIC TRANSFER ON THE EASTERN EDGE OF PAMIR 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
TECTONIC TRANSFER ON THE EASTERN EDGE OF PAMIR 相似文献
18.
Deng Jinfu Zhao Hailing Lai Shaocong Li Yuwen Liu Houxiang Mo Xuanxue Di YongjunDepartment of Geology Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》1995,(2)
Based on the discussion on the intracontinental orogenic igneous rocks formed after India- Asia collision (40 or 45 Ma ),the intracontinemal orogenic processes of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet)-Himalaya are traced . Muscovite/two mica granite is considered as a petrological record of intracontinental subduction. Volcanic rocks of shoshonite series are believed to be the products of the orogenic and outside cratonic lithosphere convergence . The intracontinental orogenic igneous rocks are developed only on the margins of the orogenic belt. The pairing phenomenon of the igneous rock zones is regarded as one of the best signs to recognize the special range of orogenic belt . The stage of magmatic activity is a representation and indicator of orogenic episode . Three pairs of the igneous events in Oligocene , Miocene and Pleistocene and their space distribution indicate three corresponding orogenic episodes and the horizontal expansion across the orogenic belt , respectively , On the northern and southern margins of 相似文献
19.
Effects of buoyancy and mechanical layering on collisional deformation of continental lithosphere: Results from physical modeling 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We use two suites of lithospheric-scale physical experiments to investigate the manner in which deformation of the continental lithosphere is affected by both (1) variations of lithospheric density (quantified by the net buoyant mass per area in the lithospheric mantle layer, MB), and (2) the degree of coupling between the crust and lithospheric mantle (characterized by a modified Ampferer ratio, Am). The dynamics of the experiments can be characterized with a Rayleigh–Taylor type ratio, CLM. Models with a positively buoyant lithospheric mantle layer (MB > 0 and CLM > 0) result in distributed root formation and a wide deformation belt. In contrast, models with a negatively buoyant lithospheric mantle layer strongly coupled to the crust (MB < 0, 0 > CLM > ≈ − 0.2, and Am > ≈ 10− 3) exhibit localized roots and narrow deformation belts. Syncollisional delamination of the model lithospheric mantle layer and a wide deformation belt is exhibited in models with negatively buoyant lithospheric mantle layers weakly coupled to the crust (MB < 0, CLM < 0, and Am < ≈ 10− 3). Syncollisional delamination of the continental lithosphere may initiate due to buoyancy contrasts within the continental plate, instead of resulting from wedging by the opposing plate. Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities dominate the style of deformation in models with a negatively buoyant lithospheric mantle layer strongly coupled to the crust and a slow convergence rate (MB < 0 and CLM > ≈ − 0.2). The degree of coupling (Am) between the model crust and lithospheric mantle plays a lesser role in both the style of lower-lithospheric deformation and the width of the crustal deformed zone with increasing density of the lithospheric mantle layer. 相似文献
20.
西藏及其周围地区地壳、地幔地震层析成像——印度板块大规模俯冲于西藏高原之下的证据 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20
文中介绍有关西藏—喜马拉雅碰撞带的一项地震层析成像研究。根据一个用天然地震数据产生的全球波速模型 ,印度板块有可能以近水平状俯冲于整个西藏高原之下至 16 5～ 2 6 0km深度。西藏岩石圈具有低波速地壳和高波速下岩石圈 (75～ 12 0km深 )。在 12 0～ 16 5km深度范围 ,西藏岩石圈与俯冲的印度板块之间有一层低速软流圈物质。高原中部从地表到 310km深处有一低速体 ,说明地幔物质有可能穿过俯冲板块的脆弱部位上隆。这些结果以及野外实测的地壳缩短值说明高原的抬升得助于印度板块的近水平俯冲。我们推论俯冲印度板块的升温上浮以及上覆软流层的存在是造成西藏高原高海拔抬升以及内部地表仍相对平坦的主要原因。2 0 0 1年 1月 2 6日在印度西部发生的毁灭性大地震有可能是俯冲应力在印度板块后缘薄弱处引发的岩石圈大断裂。 相似文献