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2004年～2005年在长江口及邻近海域曾发生有毒赤潮13起,约占赤潮总数的15%,引发赤潮的有毒赤潮生物包括链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)、红色裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sanguineum)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和环状异甲藻(Heterocapsa circularisquama),其中曾造成严重危害的有米氏凯伦藻和环状异甲藻。通过连续2年的四季本底调查结果表明,该海域存在多种有毒藻类,主要包括产麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的链状亚历山大藻、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense),产腹泻性贝毒(DSP)的具尾鳍藻(Dinophysis caudata)、倒卵形鳍藻(Dinophysis fortii);产记忆缺失性贝毒(ASP)的尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-Nitzschia pungens)、多列拟菱形藻(Pseudo-Nitzschia multiseries)和多纹拟菱形藻(Pseudo-Nitzschia multistriata);其它有毒有害藻类包括红色裸甲藻、环状异甲藻、米氏凯伦藻等。有毒藻类种类5、6月份较多,产腹泻性贝毒(DSP)和产记忆缺失性贝毒(ASP)的有毒藻类常年均在该海域出现,这些有毒有害藻类多数密度并不高。与有毒藻类监测同步开展了赤潮毒素检测,长江口贝类赤潮毒素检出时段主要集中在5～6和8～9月份,PSP和DSP检出率分别在5%和12%左右,敏感种类为养殖的紫贻贝,未检出记忆缺失性贝毒。针对目前赤潮的危害中由有毒藻类和赤潮毒素造成的危害较大,建议在长江口贝类养殖海域开展的有毒藻类监测计划,以确保贝类水产品食用安全。 相似文献
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我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素问题的研究现状与展望 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海洋中的一部分微藻能够产生藻毒素,导致鱼、贝类等养殖动物染毒或死亡,甚至危及人类健康和海洋生态安全。近20年来,随着对有害藻华(Harmful algal bloom, HAB)问题关注程度的不断提高和研究手段的快速发展,对我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素的认识也在不断深入。本文针对常见的几类藻毒素,从贝类中藻毒素污染状况、毒素来源、有毒藻藻华状况等角度,对我国当前相关研究工作进展进行了综述。大量研究表明,麻痹性贝毒毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)和腹泻性贝毒毒素(diarrhetic shellfish toxins, DSTs)在我国近海最为常见,其中,麻痹性贝毒主要由有毒亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.)产生,产毒藻种常见于南海海湾、福建沿海、长江口邻近海域、海州湾、北黄海和秦皇岛近海等,中毒事件也时有发生。常见的大田软海绵酸、扇贝毒素等腹泻性贝毒毒素多由鳍藻(Dinophysis spp.)产生,我国近海贝类沾染藻毒素的现象也非常常见。近年来,随着高效液相色谱和质谱技术的发展,在我国近海发现了越来越多的有毒藻和藻毒素。在对文献进行综合分析的基础上,简单探讨了有毒藻与藻毒素对海产品食品安全的影响及风险,以及未来研究发展方向。 相似文献
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塔玛亚历山大藻对海产双壳类生命活动的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过一种重要有毒赤潮藻——产麻痹性贝毒毒素PSP的塔玛亚历山大藻对几种海产双壳类主要发育阶段:受精卵、D形幼虫、眼点幼虫、稚贝、仔贝和成贝生命活动的影响研究,发现该藻对双壳类孵化率、存活率、运动能力、滤食率和生长都有影响,毒性效应与藻密度有明显的相关关系.该藻对受精卵的抑制作用在100个/cm3的密度下最显著,36h后孵化率仅为对照组的30%.进一步的逐项毒性筛选实验表明此毒性来源于藻液、藻细胞和细胞碎片,而与去藻过滤液、藻细胞内容物、标准毒素STX无关,由此可以证实塔玛亚历山大藻确能产生一类非PSP毒素,并与细胞表面的未知毒素相关. 相似文献
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塔玛亚历山大藻对墨西哥湾扇贝幼体发育的影响 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
塔玛亚历山大藻是一种能产生麻痹性贝毒的有毒甲藻,它所引发的赤潮在世界各地多有发生,对海水养殖业和人们的生命安全造成很大的威胁［３］。有毒赤潮发生时,贝类起一种媒介的作用,可将有毒藻产生的毒素累积在体内,沿食物链转移给高营养级生物和人,使之中毒［４］。已有研究表明有毒藻对贝类本身的生命活动也会产生不利影响。但这些工作多数是围绕着贝类成体展开的,对幼体发育阶段的研究报道甚少。本文以墨西哥湾扇贝（Ａｒｇｏｐｅｃｔｅｎｉｒｒａｄｉａｎｓｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｓ）的Ｄ形幼虫、眼点幼虫、稚贝和仔贝为对象,研究了塔… 相似文献
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赤潮生物的毒害机理与毒素生物化学研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对赤潮毒素的研究已成为当前国际上的一个研究热点。本文仅对赤潮生物的毒害机理与毒素生物化学的研究进展进行综述。１亚历山大藻（Ａｌｅｘａｎｄｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ．）的毒害机理亚历山大藻的毒害机理是在代谢过程中产生麻痹性贝毒。１９７５年,当第一个麻痹性贝毒石房蛤毒素(ＳＴＸ)的化学结构用Ｘ射线结晶学方法鉴定成功时,发现这个分子属于生物碱类型,其基本骨架单元是全氢化嘌呤。通过同位素分子对Ａｌｅｘａｎｄｒｉｕｍｔａｍａｒｅｎｓｅ和Ａｐｈａｎｉｚｏｍｅｎｏｆｌｏｓａｑｕａｅ的培养试验发现,该毒素是由精氨酸和乙酸通过一种… 相似文献
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渤海裸甲藻和链状亚历山大藻的麻痹性贝毒毒素分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的:分析渤海裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sp.)和链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)的麻痹性贝毒毒素,为渤海天津海域的赤潮研究积累基础数据。方法:通过实验室培养裸甲藻和链状亚历山大藻,选取对数生长期、平台生长期的裸甲藻以及平台生长期的链状亚历山大藻,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对这两种微藻进行麻痹性贝毒(PSP)毒素分析。结果:裸甲藻细胞内不含有麻痹性贝毒(PSP);链状亚历山大藻细胞内含有C毒素和GTX1-4毒素,该微藻每个细胞毒素含量约为10.81 fmol/cell。结论:裸甲藻细胞内虽不含有麻痹性贝毒(PSP),但不能排除其含有其它毒素的可能。链状亚历山大藻细胞内含有麻痹性贝毒(PSP),属于有毒微藻,需要对其进行密切监测。 相似文献
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《海洋科学集刊》2016,(0)
海洋中的部分微藻能够产生藻毒素,导致鱼、贝类等养殖动物染毒或死亡,甚至危及人类健康和海洋生态安全。近20年来,随着对有害藻华(harmful algal bloom,HAB)问题关注程度的不断提高和研究手段的快速发展,对我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素的认识也在不断深入。本文针对几类常见的藻毒素,从贝类中藻毒素污染状况、毒素来源、有毒赤潮发生情况等方面,对我国已开展的相关研究工作进展进行了综述。大量研究表明,麻痹性贝毒毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins,PSTs)和腹泻性贝毒毒素(diarrhetic shellfish toxins,DSTs)是我国近海最为常见的藻毒素,广东沿海、福建沿海、长江口邻近海域、海州湾、北黄海和渤海秦皇岛近岸海域贝类沾染藻毒素的问题比较突出,中毒事件也时有发生。麻痹性贝毒主要来自有毒的亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.),大田软海绵酸(okadaic acid,OA)和扇贝毒素(pectenotoxins,PTXs)等腹泻性贝毒毒素则主要来自有毒鳍藻(Dinophysis spp.)。近年来,随着孢囊分离与培养方法的不断完善及藻毒素分析技术的快速发展,在我国近海发现了越来越多的有毒藻和藻毒素。在对文献进行综合分析的基础上,简单探讨了有毒藻与藻毒素对我国沿海海产品食品安全的影响及风险,以及未来研究的发展方向。 相似文献
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赤潮毒藻塔玛亚历山大藻研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)是一种可产生麻痹性贝毒素(PSP)的海洋甲藻,其适应能力强、生存范围广,在中国北至胶州湾、南至厦门海域[1]和大鹏湾[2]都有发现,并有发生赤潮的记录,是重要的赤潮原因生物之一。其所产生的麻痹性贝毒素在一定条件下可通过食物链在鱼类、贝类等生物体内蓄积,对生物甚至人类产生危害,成为影响水产品食用安全的重要因素。同时,海洋生物毒素的高特异性、高活性特征,成为现代研究海洋药物的开发热点。因此,对塔玛亚历山大藻的研究有着重要的现实意义。作者主要综述塔玛亚历山大藻近年来的研究进展。1塔玛… 相似文献
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米氏凯伦藻作为我国沿岸典型的有毒赤潮甲藻,近年来赤潮频度越来越密,赤潮规模越来越大,持续时间也越来越长,造成了严重的经济损失,并且威胁到海洋生态系统的健康。众多研究表明藻际细菌可能是影响赤潮生消与有毒藻产毒的关键生物影响因子。为揭示米氏凯伦藻共培养菌群的物种多样性信息,本文通过高通量测序技术手段,分析了我国沿岸产米氏凯伦藻(Km02)共培养菌群的种类、丰度、多样性及系统发育信息。结果显示,米氏凯伦藻(Km02)共培养菌群共有40个种与已有数据库匹配,隶属于4个门(Phylum),11个纲(Class),21个目(Order),26个科(Family),37个属(Genus)。其中优势菌属有8个(5%),分别为Balneola(20.28%)、 Marinobacter(19.25%)、Rhodobacteraceae科下的未知属(13.15%)、Alteromonas (8.88%)、Methylophaga (8.17%)、Thalassospira(6.24%)、Reichenbachiella (5.92%)及Mesoflavibacter (5.41%)。研究结果表明我国沿岸产米氏凯伦藻(Km02)含有生物多样性较高的共培养菌群,且具有探寻未知海洋细菌的潜力,同时该研究结果也为未来更进一步研究细菌群落对米氏凯伦藻赤潮暴发与消亡,以及产毒特性等机制的研究提供了实验方法与奠定了理论基础。 相似文献
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《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):255-271
The Benguela upwelling system is subjected to blooms of harmful and toxic algae, the incidence and consequences of which are documented here. Red tides are common and usually attributed to members of the Dinophyceae, most of which are non-toxic. The incidence of these blooms varies spatially, with most blooms confined to the area west of Cape Agulhas. Cape Point forms the natural divide for species that dominate blooms of the west coast of South Africa as opposed to those that dominate the South Coast. Blooms occur most commonly from January to May, during the latter half of the upwelling season. Each red tide is associated with synoptic weather patterns, which dictate the onshore and offshore movement of dinoflagellate-dominated frontal blooms. There is also interannual variation, thought to be related to weather pattern changes. The harmful effects of high-biomass, non-toxic blooms include die-offs resulting from anoxia or hypoxia. Other effects of high biomass blooms include those that may cause mechanical or physical damage or those that may alter the foodweb. Recently, a bloom of the very small pelagophyte, Aureococcus anophagefferens, referred to as brown tide, in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon resulted in growth arrest in both oysters and mussels. Toxic species cause mass mortalities of fish, shellfish, marine mammals, seabirds and other animals. Human illness is caused by contaminated seafood when toxic phytoplankton are filtered from the water by shellfish that accumulate toxins to levels that are potentially lethal to humans and other consumers. Of these shellfish poisoning syndromes, Paralytic (PSP) and Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) are common in the Benguela. Confirmed cases of PSP have been attributed to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium Catenella. Although shellfish are usually only marginally affected, in extreme cases of poisoning, mussel mortalities have been observed, and in most instances these have been attributed to blooms of A. Catenella. Sardine Sardinops sagax mortalities in St Helena Bay have also been attributed to the ingestion of this PSP-producing dinoflagellate. Monitoring has revealed the presence of Dinophysis acuminata, D. fortii, D. hastata, D. tripos and D. rotundata, all of which have been reported to cause DSP. The dinoflagellate Gymnodiniun cf. mikimotoi, has been implicated in a type of Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning and human skin and respiratory irritations have been attributed to aerosol toxins produced by this species. 相似文献
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Toxic algal species of marine and brackish-water plankton, as well as nontoxic microalgae, which are capable of initiating harmful blooms, cause a detriment to human health (seafood poisoning) and often lead to a total crisis of coastal water ecosystems. The Russian coastal waters are inhabited by dozens of toxic and bloom-causing algal species, their toxins are accumulated in the tissues of edible mollusks, and there have been incidents of human poisonings and marine fauna mortality due to these blooms. An analysis of the current situation concerning the problem of toxic algae and harmful blooms of nontoxic species in the seas of Russia provides evidence that it is necessary to create a system of compulsory governmental monitoring of the exploited marine areas to serve as the basis of ecological safety control in the exploitation of the biological resources of the Russian Federation, as well to introduce compulsory sanitary control of diarrheic, paralytic, and amnesic phycotoxins. The compiled summary of algal toxic and potentially toxic species met in the European and Far Eastern seas of Russia is given with notes on their toxicity type and its manifestations. 相似文献
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由于有害赤潮的发生日趋频繁，对养殖业、自然生态系统和人类健康的危害越来越大，造成的经济损失也逐渐增加，因而有害赤潮问题成为人们关注的焦点。藻毒素是有害赤潮致害的重要因子之一，而麻痹性贝毒(Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning，PSP)毒素又是藻毒素中分布最广、危害最大的一类毒素。随着科学家们对PSP毒素的来源(Steidinger，1993)、结构和作用方式(Penzotti et al.,1998)的深入研究，PSP毒素在赤潮研究、分子生物学和神经生物学基础研究、医药、军事防化等的应用也逐渐受到重视。本文作者针对这些问题进行了综合评述，以期为深入开展PSP毒素应用研究提供参考依据。 相似文献
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Donald M. Anderson 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2009,52(7):342-347
Virtually every coastal country in the world is affected by harmful algal blooms (HABs, commonly called “red tides”). These phenomena are caused by blooms of microscopic algae. Some of these algae are toxic, and can lead to illness and death in humans, fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and other oceanic life, typically as a result of the transfer of toxins through the food web. Sometimes the direct release of toxic compounds can be lethal to marine animals. Non-toxic HABs cause damage to ecosystems, fisheries resources, and recreational facilities, often due to the sheer biomass of the accumulated algae. The term “HAB” also applies to non-toxic blooms of macroalgae (seaweeds), which can cause major ecological impacts such as the displacement of indigenous species, habitat alteration and oxygen depletion in bottom waters.Globally, the nature of the HAB problem has changed considerably over the last several decades. The number of toxic blooms, the resulting economic losses, the types of resources affected, and the number of toxins and toxic species have all increased dramatically. Some of this expansion has been attributed to storms, currents and other natural phenomena, but human activities are also frequently implicated. Humans have contributed by transporting toxic species in ballast water, and by adding massive and increasing quantities of industrial, agricultural and sewage effluents to coastal waters. In many urbanized coastal regions, these inputs have altered the size and composition of the nutrient pool which has, in turn, created a more favorable nutrient environment for certain HAB species. The steady expansion in the use of fertilizers for agricultural production represents a large and worrisome source of nutrients in coastal waters that promote some HABs.The diversity in HAB species and their impacts presents a significant challenge to those responsible for the management of coastal resources. Furthermore, HABs are complex oceanographic phenomena that require multidisciplinary study ranging from molecular and cell biology to large-scale field surveys, numerical modelling, and remote sensing from space. Our understanding of these phenomena is increasing dramatically, and with this understanding comes technologies and management tools that can reduce HAB incidence and impact. Here I summarize the global HAB problem, its trends and causes, and new technologies and approaches to monitoring, control and management, highlighting molecular probes for cell detection, rapid and sensitive toxin assays, remote sensing detection and tracking of blooms, bloom control and mitigation strategies, and the use of large-scale physical/biological models to analyze past blooms and forecast future ones. 相似文献
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于2017年4月至6月，沿南黄海35°N断面出现了罕见的绿潮、金潮和赤潮等有害藻华共发现象。本研究通过现场定时定速拖网等方法，对黄海35°N断面不同站位的大型漂浮藻类进行了定量观测，并对赤潮区浮游植物进行了显微镜观察。结果表明：沿35°N断面的漂浮绿藻和马尾藻生物量具有明显的时空变化特征，4月下旬漂浮绿藻和马尾藻开始零星出现，5月下旬生物量和分布范围明显增加，在6月上旬达到最大，随后在6月下旬降低。漂浮绿藻和马尾藻的分布区域存在差异，120°30''—122°30''E为两者共同分布海域，向西以漂浮绿藻为主，向东则以马尾藻为主。分别于5月下旬和6月下旬在黄海35°N断面发现了1次米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）赤潮和1次赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）赤潮。基于现场获取的水文数据，本文对南黄海海域的环境条件及其对有害藻华分布的影响进行了讨论。沿35°N断面共发的绿潮、金潮和赤潮现象表明黄海海域正面临严峻的海洋生态问题，通过对该海域赤潮、金潮和绿潮的长期观测，可望揭示这些藻华灾害形成机制和演变规律，为针对性地开展有害藻华预报、预警和防控提供科学依据。 相似文献
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中国海洋浮游植物和赤潮物种的生物多样性研究进展(二):东海 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
东海海域是我国典型的赤潮频发区,东海沿海的水产养殖业和生态系统等都受到很大影响。本文分析了1958—2019年间东海海域内67个浮游植物调查数据,通过比较东海海域浮游植物物种调查获得的历史数据,重点分析赤潮及赤潮物种的组成,并对相关数据进行剖析和解读。共统计出东海海域浮游植物773种(包括65个变种),其中棕鞭藻门470种(包含42个变种),甲藻门253种(包含23个变种)。这些浮游植物中包括了赤潮物种135个,其中棕鞭藻门73个物种,甲藻门56个物种,定鞭藻门和蓝藻门各3个物种。比较发现该海域硅藻和甲藻的相对物种丰富度并没有发生显著的变化。本文分析结果可为东海海域和其他海域浮游植物和赤潮物种生物多样性的研究提供参考。 相似文献