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1.
夏季绿洲气候效应的观测和数值模拟 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
利用“金塔绿洲能量水分循环观测试验”的资料和中尺度数值模式对绿洲小气候效应进行了17天较长序列的研究,在模拟过程中每天替换土壤湿度。研究结果表明：在分析时段内2004年7月6目前和9日后分别盛行西北风和东风两种背景风;白天,绿洲低层相对沙漠是一个冷源,随着高度的增加逐渐转为暖中心,温度场在600～700hPa之间转变。当背景风较大时,绿洲上空的温度中心会偏向绿洲中心下游。白天绿洲低层风场平均态为在东风背景场的基础上向南北两侧辐散,随着高度的增加风场逐渐由辐散转为向绿洲的辐合,转变高度在700hPa以下,且低于温度场的转变高度。白天绿洲上以下沉运动为主,绿洲风次级环流是绿洲上夏季晴天长期存在的平均态。当背景风较小时绿洲低层可形成向四周辐散的风场,当背景风场过大时,无绿洲环流生成。绿洲为高湿场,在绿洲边缘沙漠上存在的逆湿和高水汽柱,既阻止沙漠上干热气流侵入绿洲,又防止绿洲上水汽的流失。白天沙漠、绿洲的地表能量通量差异较大,绿洲上以潜热为主,沙漠上以感热为主,二者量级相当。绿洲上的边界层高度低于沙漠的,对绿洲生态系统起一定的保护作用。 相似文献
2.
利用中尺度数值模式MM5，替换了模式第三重嵌套模拟域中金塔绿洲及周围地区与实际不符的植被类型，对2004年7月5日金塔绿洲效应进行了较为成功的模拟。模拟结果显示：白天绿洲是一冷源，这一现象可维持到3000m左右，临近地面沙漠绿洲温差最大，冷中心强度由低层向高层逐渐减弱；气压距平场低层为沙漠低，绿洲高，较高层则反之，转变发生在1300m。低层绿洲风盛行，随高度增加，辐散风渐弱；750hPa以上转为以背景风为主，存在向绿洲中心辐合的趋势；距平风场低层为辐散风，高层为辐合风，绿洲中部风速较小，越远离风场辐散（辐合）中心，风速越大；沙漠上为上升气流，绿洲基本上全为下沉运动所控制，但剖面图上显示绿洲上并不是只有一个闭合中心，且绿洲上、下沉运动的顶部高度也不一致，绿洲中心最低，两侧逐渐增高。最大下沉运动出现在绿洲边缘；绿洲低层分布着强度均匀的辐散区，而沙漠上则为零散辐合区，750hPa辐合区开始侵入绿洲，700hPa时绿洲基本为辐合区，绿洲边缘辐合最强，沙漠以辐散为主，分布少许辐合中心。比湿同湿位温具有相似特征，在一定高度以上，在下沉气流的作用和西风背景场的影响下等值线形成低槽形状，低槽中心从高层向低层、由西向东偏移。 相似文献
3.
通过对一个明显后向传播雷暴和一个无明显传播特征雷暴的环境场进行对比,分析环境场条件对雷暴传播运动的影响。结果表明：二者高空均受冷涡后部西北气流控制,有中空急流,低层受暖温度脊影响,气温较高,傍晚前后受短波槽影响,在鲁西北地区产生对流天气;后向传播雷暴的环境场水汽条件较好,大气斜压特征明显,近地面层高温高湿,θse锋区位于对流层中层,中层干空气与低层冷空气入侵,二者共同作用是雷暴的产生机制;无明显传播特征雷暴的环境场水汽条件较差,θse锋区位于850 hPa以下,对流层低层干冷空气与暖湿空气交绥是雷暴的产生机制;雷暴易发生在水汽通量散度中心北侧梯度较大的区域,主回波后部大气为不稳定层结且具有辐合中心、相对湿度较大的特征,这是产生新对流单体的关键;若雷暴区有湿平流,雷暴的下游方向有水汽辐合中心,且辐合中心具有斜压特征,有利于雷暴新生,反之,则不利于雷暴新生。 相似文献
4.
对照常规天气图实况资料,检验几种常用NWP产品对2008年7月5日山东一次强降水过程的形势场预报和降水预报,并对其物理量场进行诊断分析.结果表明,暴雨落区与诸多物理量场的配置紧密相关;暴雨区出现在低层水汽辐合中心移动路径上,位于与水汽通量散度强辐合中心和强上升运动中心接近处;暴雨区移动方向与水汽通量大值中心、△θse(500-850)负值中心长轴方向一致,水汽通量散度低层辐合、高层辐散两者均满足时有利于强降水发生;200 hPa高空辐散的抽吸作用远比仅有低层辐合更有利于上升运动发展;地面强降水区出现在200 hPa强辐散中心所在处. 相似文献
5.
《气象》2021,(4)
利用高空、地面观测资料、加密区域站雨量资料、FY-2D云图、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,使用物理量诊断、后向轨迹模型等方法分析了 2011年6月15—16日河西走廊西部干旱区一次极端暴雨天气的环流形势、中尺度系统、水汽输送和收支特征。结果表明:河西走廊西部受内蒙古西部到河套地区西北—东南向暖性高压脊西部形成的高原低涡中心影响,200～400 km的低涡中心稳定维持在暴雨区上空超过12 h,形成了良好的动力条件;对流层低层湿度增大气温降低,中层冷空气从低涡南部侵入,大气处于弱不稳定状态,地面风速辐合、地形抬升进一步增强了低涡中心的上升运动,触发局地对流。主要存在随西风气流的西路和绕高原的东路两条水汽输送通道,以绕高原的东路水汽输送为主,其在暴雨期间的贡献率高达84.6%,以对流层中层输入最为显著。甘肃中部500和700 hPa异常偏东气流对东路水汽输送通道的形成十分重要,其能将已到达西北地区东部的暖湿空气继续向西北方向输送从而到达河西走廊西部。暴雨时段内水汽平均净输入强度是前期的2.73倍,对流层中层高原低涡中心、对流层低层风速风向辐合和地形辐合造成暴雨区550、700和800 hPa三层200～400 km的水汽辐合中心,大气可降水量高达34 mm,是夏季平均值的2倍多。 相似文献
6.
2015年12月10-12日新疆大面积暴雪是欧洲脊发展衰退、乌拉尔低槽东移南下环流形势下的极端强天气过程,环流形势、高低空系统配置与新疆强降水研究成果[1-3]吻合,高低空三支急流是大尺度上升运动维持和水汽输送、辐合的重要系统。暴雪过程中存在3条水汽输送路径,水汽长时间向暴雪区输送且输送厚度较厚,水汽辐合从低层发展、东移时层次抬升强度增强,水汽输送和辐合主要出现在低层700-850hPa,当水汽输送层和辐合层降低、强度减弱后最强降水开始。天山地形强迫抬升作用明显,低层水汽在天山北坡聚集抬升,低层冷垫有利于中层西南暖湿气流向北输送。环流经向度大和槽前偏南风强、天山地形的强迫抬升和上升运动维持以及水汽持续输送和3条中尺度云带的持续影响是此次新疆极端暴雪形成的重要机制。 相似文献
7.
选取华南2017年5月15日两段不同系统影响的典型个例降水,基于ERA Interim分析资料和地面、雷达等观测资料,从两类降水的大尺度环境及中尺度特征方面探讨了两类降水系统的差异,并利用模式潜热廓线订正方案对两类降水个例的潜热进行反演。结果表明,季风降水主要受偏南风影响,边界层内强辐合、高温高湿,中高层（600~150 hPa）较强辐散,而锋面降水受低层锋面系统影响,对流层低层强辐合,800~300 hPa较强辐散,水汽输送深厚,斜压性结构明显,且垂直运动剧烈。除两者的辐合辐散中心、正涡度的中心以及水汽通量辐合中心和垂直运动大值中心所在的层次明显不同外,其强度也差别较明显,就垂直运动而言,锋面降水的最大值达-1.2 hPa/s,远远大于季风降水（-0.2 Pa/s）。两者的中尺度特征和加热结构也存在显著差异,季风降水中尺度雨团沿海岸线自西向东移动发展,潜热加热中心为单峰值,位于5~6 km;锋面降水中尺度雨团在一条西南-东北走向的雨带上不断向东南方向合并发展,潜热加热中心有两个,分别位于1~2 km和6~7 km。 相似文献
8.
利用NCEP再分析资料和WRF模式,对2014年8月31日重庆市云阳县特大暴雨进行形势分析和数值模拟,针对重庆地区地形设计了三组地形敏感性试验,分析地形改变对暴雨过程热力条件和水汽条件的影响。结果表明:低纬地区不稳定能量大量积聚并向北传播,在地形和急流的垂直扰动触发下,对流强烈发展;850 h Pa低空急流将来自南海的水汽输送至重庆地区,水汽低层辐合、高层辐散形成的抽吸作用引发水汽的垂直输送。大巴山高度降低后,不稳定厚度减小导致对流强度明显降低;阻挡作用降低不利于水汽在暴雨区的汇聚;水汽辐合、辐散的强度降低导致水汽的垂直输送强度明显减弱。齐岳山高度降低后,低空急流所引起的垂直扰动位置偏南导致高能舌和对流活动位置偏南;水汽输送中心南压,水汽通道变宽导致暴雨区上空水汽输送减弱;低空急流位置偏南导致其所引起的水汽辐合时间偏晚。 相似文献
9.
利用温州地面自动气象站资料和日本0.5°×0.5°分析资料,对2016年7月8—9日"尼伯特"台风暴雨过程中温州北部与南部降水差异的成因进行分析。结果表明:1)北部东南气流较弱,降水小;南部受东南低空急流影响时间较长,有利于产生强降水。2)北部水汽辐合弱,提供的水汽有限;南部水汽辐合强,提供的水汽充足。3)南部的SWEAT指数高于北部,强降水的不稳定条件优于北部。4)北部低层辐合弱,高层辐散弱,低层非地转湿Q矢量辐合小,上升运动弱,降水也弱;南部低层辐合强,中低层和高层辐散强,低层非地转湿Q矢量辐合大,上升运动强,有利于产生强降水。 相似文献
10.
2013年6月23日江淮地区梅雨锋暴雨的发展和维持机制 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用WRF模式对2013年6月23日江淮地区的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并利用模式输出的细网格资料进行诊断分析。结果表明：地面梅雨锋、高低空急流耦合、低层辐合高层辐散以及中层短波槽的配置有利于暴雨的发生发展;暴雨主要由两个中尺度对流系统的发展、维持、合并造成;低层辐合、高层辐散为暴雨提供了动力条件;高温高湿环境为暴雨提供水汽及热力条件。水汽及凝结潜热的诊断分析表明,高空槽的抽吸作用与潜热反馈的配合表现为两个方面,一是向中层输送水汽,使最大凝结发生在中层,加强低层的正涡度中心,二是向高层输送源源不断的热量,避免凝结潜热在中层堆积,有利于不稳定形势和上升运动的维持,从而影响中尺度对流系统的移动和发展。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
13.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
14.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
16.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
17.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
18.
基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
19.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
20.
Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed. 相似文献