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1.
不同云滴数浓度参数化方案对硝酸盐气溶胶
第一间接效应影响的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在区域气候化学模式系统（RegCCMS）中,分别采用Hegg、Hansen、Ghan、Jones等4种云滴数浓度参数化方案,模拟研究了2003年10月硝酸盐气溶胶的浓度分布和第一间接气候效应,并对不同方案进行比较。结果表明,不同方案模拟的硝酸盐气溶胶分布大体上一致,主要集中在河南、山东、河北、四川等地,地面浓度最大值达18 μg/m3。Hegg、Hansen、Ghan、Jones等 4种云滴数浓度参数化方案计算得到的由硝酸盐气溶胶所造成的第一间接辐射强迫全国平均值分别为-148、-205、-161和-140 W/m2。4种方案模拟的硝酸盐气溶胶间接效应都表现为近地面气温下降,降水减少,其中Hansen方案的间接效应最强,Ghan、Hegg方案次之,Jones方案最弱。 相似文献
2.
将区域气候模式（RegCM3）与对流层大气化学模式（TACM）耦合, 建立区域气候化学模拟系统（RegCCMS）, 用以模拟研究中国地区黑碳气溶胶的空间分布、 第一间接辐射强迫及其气候效应。利用RegCCMS模式对2003年1月和7月进行模拟, 结果表明, 我国黑碳气溶胶主要集中在四川、 河北、 山东等地, 1月份浓度最高值中心在四川, 达到4 μg·m-3; 而在7月则出现在华中地区, 高值中心值为3.5 μg·m-3。地面浓度的季节差异不是很明显。1月和7月由黑碳气溶胶所造成的第一间接辐射强迫全国平均值分别为-0.389 W·m-2和-1.18 W·m-2, 局部地区达到-4～-4.5 W·m-2。敏感性试验结果表明, 考虑黑碳气溶胶的第一间接气候效应后, 使得近地面气温下降, 降水减少, 1月变化的平均值分别为-0.025K和-0.0027 mm·d-1, 7月变化的平均值分别为-0.16K和-0.095 mm·d-1, 在不同季节和地区, 气温和降水的变化存在明显差异。 相似文献
3.
东亚地区硫酸盐气溶胶间接辐射和气候效应的数值模拟研究 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
本文利用发展的RIEMS对硫酸盐气溶胶第一间接辐射强迫及其气候效应进行了研究.同卫星观测和其它模式模拟结果对比表明,RIEMS能比较好地模拟云和辐射过程.东亚地区硫酸盐气溶胶的第一间接辐射强迫为负并有明显的季节变化,各季节分别为:冬季-0.88 W/m2,春季-2.27 W/m2,夏季-2.41 W/m2,秋季-1.4... 相似文献
4.
中国东部气溶胶在天气尺度上的辐射强迫和对地面气温的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本文应用WRF-Chem(Weather Research and Forecasting—Chemistry)模式研究中国东部地区气溶胶及其部分组分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐和黑碳气溶胶)在天气尺度下的辐射强迫和对地面气温的影响。5个无明显降水时间段(2006年8月23～25日、2008年11月10～12日、2008年12月16～18日、2009年1月15～17日和2009年4月27～29日)的模拟显示,气溶胶浓度呈现显著的白天低,夜间高的日变化特征,且北方区域(29.8°～42.6°N,110.2°～120.3°E)平均PM2.5近地面浓度(40～80 μg m-3)高于南方区域(22.3°～29.9°N,109.7°～120.2°E,30～47 μg m-3)。气溶胶对地面2 m温度(地面气温)有明显的降温效果,在早上08:00(北京时,下同)和下午17:00左右最为显著,最高可降低约0.2～1 K,同时气溶胶的参与改善了模式对地面气温的模拟。本文还通过对2006年8月23～25日一次个例的模拟,定量分析了气溶胶及其部分组分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐和黑碳气溶胶)的总天气效应(直接效应+间接效应)、直接效应和间接效应分别对到达地面的短波辐射和地面气温的影响。北方区域平均气溶胶直接效应所造成的短波辐射强迫要高于南方区域,分别为-11.3 W m-2和-5.8 W m-2,导致地面气温分别降低了0.074 K和0.039 K。南方区域平均气溶胶间接效应所产的短波辐射强迫高于北方区域,分别为-14.4 W m-2和-12.4 W m-2,引起的地面气温的改变分别为-0.094 K和-0.035 K。对于气溶胶组分,硫酸盐气溶胶的直接效应和间接效应的作用相当,其总效应在北方和南方区域平均短波辐射强迫分别为-7.0 W m-2和-10.5 W m-2,对地面气温的影响为-0.062 K和-0.074 K,而硝酸盐气溶胶的作用略小。黑碳气溶胶使得北方和南方区域平均到达地表的太阳短波辐射分别减少了6.5 W m-2和5.8 W m-2,而地表气温则分别增加了0.053 K和0.017 K,相比于间接效应,黑碳气溶胶的直接效应的影响更加显著。 相似文献
5.
亚洲地区气溶胶及其对中国区域气候影响的数值模拟 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
使用一个耦合入化学过程的区域气候模式 (RegCM3), 在NCAR/NCEP再分析资料驱动下, 通过多年时间尺度的连续积分, 进行了亚洲区域气溶胶硫酸盐、 黑碳和有机碳的时空分布及其直接气候效应的数值模拟。首先对模式的模拟能力进行了检验, 结果表明, 模式能够较好地模拟中国地区气温和降水的分布, 对该区域气溶胶的时空分布有一定的模拟能力。模式模拟得到的气溶胶浓度分布在冬季南北差异较大而夏季较小。气溶胶浓度与其形成的大气层顶和地面负短波辐射强迫有较好的对应关系。四川盆地是气溶胶浓度及其产生的辐射强迫的高值区。气溶胶对地面气温和降水都产生影响。其中所引起的冬季气温降低, 与气溶胶的分布和浓度有一定的对应关系, 但夏季引起的降温中心位于河套及黄河下游地区。气溶胶使得冬季和夏季中国东部大部分地区的降水减少。同时, 对气温和降水上述变化的原因进行了讨论。 相似文献
6.
《气象研究与应用》2015,(3)
气溶胶的气候效应近年来备受关注。区域气候模式能够在有限的计算资源下取得更高的分辨率,成为一种研究区域气候的有力工具。本文使用意大利国际理论物理中心(ICTP)开发的区域气候模式(Reg CM3),对2008年12月~2009年11月我国硫酸盐气溶胶的时空分布及其直接气候效应进行了模拟。研究表明受大气环流影响,硫酸盐气溶胶空间分布在夏季分布最广,而其最大平均季度柱浓度出现在四川盆地,达到了27mg·m-2。受特殊地形的影响,四川盆地上空在全年一直维持着高浓度的硫酸盐。硫酸盐气溶胶对直接辐射强迫与其柱浓度的分布有很好的相关性。直接辐射强迫在夏季分布最广,其数值达到了-2.99W·m-2,全年平均为-2.4W·m-2。硫酸盐的直接气候效应造成了地面气温下降,在夏季达到了-0.26℃,全年平均为-0.09℃。直接气候效应对降水总体表现为微弱的抑制作用,但不同区域,不同季节差异较大。 相似文献
7.
中国区域气溶胶对东亚夏季风的可能影响（I）：硫酸盐气溶胶的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
利用NCAR的新一代GCM CAM3.0模式离线耦合一个气溶胶同化系统,模拟研究了中国区域硫酸盐气溶胶的直接气候效应对东亚夏季风及其降水的影响。结果显示：中国区域硫酸盐气溶胶引起全球平均的直接辐射强迫为-0.25 W/m2,中国内陆约25°N以北普遍降温,而海表温度升高。由此导致海陆温差缩小,东亚夏季风强度减弱,中国地区季风降水明显减少,而尤以积云降水减少起主要作用。硫酸盐气溶胶对中国地区的对流活动起抑制作用。 相似文献
8.
9.
东亚地区人为气溶胶直接辐射强迫及其气候效应的数值模拟 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
利用耦合化学过程的区域气候模式RegCM3,模拟研究3种主要人为排放气溶胶(硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳)对东亚区域气候的影响.计算分析近20 a来3种气溶胶的时空分布、综合辐射强迫作用及其对地面气温和降水的影响.模拟结果表明:3种气溶胶冬夏季分布有所不同,冬季气溶胶大值区主要分布在南方地区,而夏季大值区北移;气溶胶短波辐射强迫在大气层顶和地面均为负值;气溶胶的加入对东亚地区地表气温有明显影响,冬季降温中心位于四川盆地,夏季降温大值区位于华北地区.气溶胶直接气候效应使得冬季东亚大部分地区降水减少,夏季东亚地区降水与中国南方地区夏季气溶胶浓度有较好的相关关系,中国东部雨带有南移趋势. 相似文献
10.
温室气体和硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫作用 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
对GOALS4 .0海 陆 气耦合模式的相关部分进行了改进 ,主要改进包括温室气体的扩充和硫酸盐气溶胶“显式”方案的引入 ,并引入 2 0世纪温室气体的实际浓度变化以及硫循环模式模拟的硫酸盐气溶胶的三维全球浓度分布 ,模拟了温室气体和硫酸盐气溶胶造成的辐射强迫的空间分布和时间变化。全球平均的温室气体和硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫分别为 2 .17W /m2 和 - 0 .2 9W /m2 ;温室气体造成的辐射强迫在空间上呈现明显的纬向结构 ,最大值 (大于 2 .5W/m2 )和最小值 (小于 1W /m2 )分别位于副热带和两极地区 ,在北半球主要工业区硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫绝对值接近温室气体的辐射强迫值 (大于 - 2 .0W /m2 )。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
13.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
14.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
15.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
16.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
17.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
18.
基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
19.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
20.
Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed. 相似文献