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黄河三角洲刺穿体分布在废弃三角洲叶瓣水下斜坡的下部,成因与密西西比三角洲有很大差别,其形成与软弱层变形(内因)和海洋侵蚀(外因)密切相关。高分辨率黄河三角洲典型的地震地层和解释地层剖面、浅地层剖面和钻孔资料联合解释表明,海底刺穿的发源层来自于河口沙坝下部的前三角洲相软弱层变形。三角洲特有的地层结构造成软弱层上覆的物质压力分布不均,普遍存在一个沿三角洲斜坡下部分布的低压异常带,三角洲堆积过程中,软弱层在低压异常带中的变形已经存在,形成前三角洲上部的凸出地形。黄河口摆动后,海底快速冲刷,在最大冲刷中心也是最大压力释放中心刺穿体形成,随着海洋侵蚀速率减缓,刺穿作用将逐渐减弱,最终将被冲刷消亡。软弱层变形及刺穿对海洋工程设施危害极大。类似这种三角洲特有的地层压力结构在平原海岸地区广泛存在,深入研究软弱层变形机理,对近海工程意义重大。 相似文献
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苏北古黄河三角洲的演变 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
本文根据实地调查资料和有关文献,分别对古黄河三角洲在江苏滨海平原的地貌变化、变化速率及沉积特征等进行了论述。黄河三角洲发育可分为:全新世古黄河河口三角洲、最大海侵山前河口扇三角洲、喇叭口填充河口三角洲、分流入海串珠状河口三角洲、全流入海鸟嘴状河口三角洲、三角洲蚀退6个阶段。 从苏北古黄河三角洲发育特征可得出以下结论:1.在河流入海河口三角洲发育的漫长历史中,随河流本身来水来沙和人工作用,及海平面变化的影响,其发育具有明显的阶段性;2.河流入海河口三角洲发育的阶段性,随泥沙沉积形成了不同的河口三角洲模式;3.河流入海河口沉积的不同模式,在同一条河流中可以转换模式。 相似文献
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现代长江口、黄河口水下三角洲地区的海底上发育有大量规模形态各异的不稳定性现象。其中沙波和浅埋的生物气体是长江口水下三角洲发育的主要形态，而滑坡和一些冲蚀结构则是黄河口水下三角洲的主要类型；它们在分布上也有较大的差异，长江水下三角洲主要呈垂直岸线分布，而在黄河水下三角洲则表现为平行岸线分布；分析认为这些现象与其河口的沉积环境和动力机制密切相关。 相似文献
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运用GIS工具研究了闽江口近百年来地貌演变的特征。20世纪上半叶,闽江口表现为较强的淤积,此后淤积速率逐渐降低,1980年代后期到20世纪末河口区以侵蚀为主,河口浅滩主要发育在河口区南部。闽江口南、北支河道具有不同的泥沙输送特征,基本可概括为"北出南积",既北支河道向海输送大部分径流和泥沙,泥沙沉积在河口及三角洲前缘地区,河口区泥沙可再悬浮,通过涨潮流向南支输送,与南支水道带出的泥沙一道促使了南支口外浅滩的发育。1975年以后入海泥沙呈减少的趋势,其主要与水库建设和下游河道采沙等活动密切相关,泥沙供应的变化进一步引起了河口海底的侵蚀。 相似文献
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闽江口及周边海域沉积物输运及资源效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
河流入海泥沙的大部分主要分布在河口、三角洲及近岸陆架地区,发育一系列的粗颗粒沉积体系,是海砂资源重要分布区。本文以福建闽江口为研究对象,初步探讨了沉积物输运过程及海砂资源的形成机制。观测结果表明,闽江河口水体盐度由河口内部向口外海域逐渐增大,水体浊度总体减小;闽江河口附近海域近底部(距离海底25cm)流向表现出一定的旋转流特征,潮周期内余流表现为向海输运,而推移质输运主要发生在涨潮期间,并且潮周期内净向陆输运。表层沉积物粒度分析结果表明,闽江河口水下三角洲前缘表层沉积物主要由粗颗粒物质组成,沉积物类型以砂和砂质粉砂为主,中值粒径小于4Φ;前三角洲地区表层沉积物主要由细颗粒物质组成,中值粒径介于4Φ—6Φ之间。沉积物粒径趋势分析结果表明,闽江入海泥沙经梅花水道和长门水道入海后,在盐淡水混合、径流、潮流的作用下,在闽江河口形成了四个粗颗粒沉积物汇聚区,成为闽江口地区海砂资源的重要分布区;而细颗粒物质在河口羽流和潮流的作用下向偏东方向输运,形成了以黏土质粉砂为主的前三角洲。 相似文献
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《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2021,41(5)
中国三大河口三角洲包括黄河三角洲、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲,在国民经济发展和全球海陆相互作用研究中均扮演着非常重要的角色。因此,全面揭示河口三角洲演化进程,总结河口三角洲演化模式,对指导河口三角洲可持续开发利用具有重要意义。本文结合前人研究进展及近年来海洋区域地质调查资料,系统总结了全新世以来我国三大河口三角洲"三个阶段,三个尺度,各具特色"的演化模式,揭示了全新世初期、两千年前和工业革命后三个阶段千年-百年-年代际时间尺度下河口三角洲演变模式转化的主控因素,认为河口三角洲的演化模式正在由自然演变向人为控制转型,人类活动正剧烈地影响着河口三角洲的自然演化进程。三大河口三角洲沉积演化模式各具特色,黄河三角洲具有超级叶瓣与叶瓣发育演替特色,长江三角洲具有北岸沙岛并岸、南岸不断推展特色,珠江三角洲则表现为河网发育充填、逐级分汊延伸特色。随着河口三角洲演化受人类活动影响的加剧,正确认识河口三角洲演化规律及其主控因素,不仅有助于提升三角洲地区陆海相互作用研究水平,而且将为三角洲可持续开发利用提供科学依据。 相似文献
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Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
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海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
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Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
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Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
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G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献
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Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level. 相似文献
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Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations. 相似文献