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1.
中等到强风条件下近海拖曳系数随风速变化的观测 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用位于海岸的风塔提供的四层风速观测数据,经过系统和严格的数据质量控制,采用风廓线法,研究了海上来风拖曳系数随风速的变化。观测数据共2 003 h,期间包括三个台风数据。(1) 尽管风塔位于海岸,在风速较大时(u10>5.5 m/s),观测数据不受局部地形的影响,海上来风的下垫面具有近海海面的特征;(2) 总体而言,在10～24 m/s之间,当风速小于21 m/s时,随风速的增大,拖曳系数增大,在风速达到21 m/s时,拖曳系数达到最大值,随风速的进一步增大,拖曳系数减小;(3) 近海条件下,海况和波龄与风向密切相关,因此,在使用基于开阔海域海浪充分发展假设的拖曳系数风速参数化方案时,有必要考虑风向产生的影响。 相似文献
2.
利用内蒙古锡林浩特2009年1月至2010年12月通量观测系统资料,用涡动相关法计算分析了湍流交换参数变化特征.结果表明,草原下垫面动量输送系数(Cd)和热量输送系数(Ch)存在相同的季节变化和不同的日变化特征,夏季最大,冬季最小,Cd的日变化为单峰型,而Ch多为双峰型;Cd随高度增加而减小,Ch仅在夏季随高度增加而减小;Cd和Ch在不稳定情况下均随风速增大而减小,而在稳定情况下,Ch随风速无明显变化,Cd先随风速增大而减小,当风速大于6 m/s时随风速增大而增大并趋于常值.逆温条件下,Cd和Ch随温差的减小而增大,反之,Cd随温差增大而增大,Ch与温差呈明显反比例变化特征. 相似文献
3.
海-气动量与焓交换对台风大气和海洋环境具有显著影响。在回顾和再现前人观测研究工作的基础上,总结了近年来外场和实验室观测的研究成果。(1)关于动量交换比较一致的结论是,即当风速超过一定阈值时,拖曳系数随风速增加而达到饱和值或衰减;不同观测得到的风速阈值在24~40m/s范围内变动。(2)关于焓通量,所取得的观测研究结果本身存在较大不确定性,对海洋飞沫在焓通量过程中的作用还没有取得一致的认识,所得焓通量系数几乎都未显示出与风速的明显依赖关系。还总结了这些观测研究结果在数值模式中的应用情况。基于这些已经发表的外场观测数据,提出了分浅水、中等水深和深水三种情况的台风海-气拖曳系数参数化方案,三种条件下采用同样形式的函数,差异在于函数系数;而对台风海-气焓交换系数则采用概率分布进行描述。 相似文献
4.
基于2020年中国近海31个浮标的逐小时数据,使用统计分析方法对中国气象局高分辨率陆面数据同化系统(HRCLDAS-V1.0)和欧洲中期天气预报中心第5代全球大气再分析数据(ERA5)海面风场进行了系统的检验,检验结果表明:两者在我国近海均具有较高的可信度,风速平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为1.16 m/s和1.09 m/s,风向MAE分别为23 °和22 °。随着风力增大两者的风速准确度均有所降低,当风力等级≥10级时,前者准确度优于后者;对于风向而言,随着风力增大,两者准确度均升高。此外,选取2020年典型的两次冷空气过程和2008号台风“巴威”过程,检验两者在不同天气过程影响下的准确度,两类融合产品均能较好地再现冷空气过程引起的风向变化,而对不同强度的冷空气过程下的风速反映存在差异;对于台风引起的大风,在风速较低时两者风速均具有不错的表现,但HRCLDAS-V1.0对峰值强度的表现优于ERA5。 相似文献
5.
《浙江气象》2017,(1)
运用非静力的WRF(V3.4)模式,对近海突然增强台风莫兰蒂(Meranti 1010)进行数值试验,验证了近海台风的突然增强往往发生在台风移经高海温区(SST(Sea Surface Temperature)28℃)之后36 h左右,此时台风已处于中海温区(26℃≤SST≤28℃)。同时也验证了台风在高海温海域,内核对流旺盛,台风处于中等强度的风速垂直切变(8 m/sVWS15 m/s),强度增强;在低海温海域(SST26℃),即使风速垂直切变小(1 m/s≤VWS≤8 m/s),台风也将衰亡。试验表明,海温高低影响到海洋输入台风的潜热、感热和水汽通量。海温升高,海洋输入"莫兰蒂"台风的潜热、感热、水汽通量均增加,台风强度增强;海温降低,潜热、感热和水汽通量输入均减少,台风减弱;海温降幅越大,上述3通量输入减少越多,台风衰弱越明显。 相似文献
6.
选择近年来影响上海最严重的不同路径台风个例,首先利用TAPM数值模式对出现最大风速过程期间,海岸线的风速变化作了数值模拟计算,然后与海岸测风梯度塔的同步观测数据进行对比,在验证了模式计算结果的准确性和可靠性基础上,对台风影响下上海近海区域最大风速的分布特征、不同高度风速变化规律进行分析评估.同时采用海上测风平台的观测数据,对近海海面上的湍流强度作了计算.结果表明:当台风影响上海地区时,上海近海海上的最大风速有较明显的梯度变化;海面上风速随高度变化远比陆上小,各高度层风速如用指数律公式计算,幂指数可取O.09-0.10;海面上的湍流强度亦较小,基本上在0.10以下范围内波动. 相似文献
7.
南海西南季风爆发前后海-气通量交换系 数研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
动量交换系数(CD)、感热交换系数(CH)和潜热(或水汽)交换系数(CE)是气候模式中参数化海-气通量必需的参数,不同地区、天气、海况的试验中计算结果各异。文章利用2002年4月24日至6月20日在西沙海区进行的第3次南海海-气通量观测试验资料,使用涡旋相关法和TOGA COARE2.5b版本通量计算方案,计算了西南季风爆发前后海-气界面动量、感热通量、潜热通量等的湍流交换系数,讨论了各通量交换系数的变化特征及其与气象要素变化的关系。结果表明:西南季风爆发前后,随着风向、风速、云量、降水、湿度及海面状态等变化,通量交换系数也发生变化:中性条件动量交换系数(CDn)在季风爆发前数值略小,季风爆发后数值增大;中性条件感热交换系数和潜热交换系数(CHn,CEn)对天气变化的反应不够敏感。动量交换系数主要受风速影响,但在不同风速区间相关关系有异。(CH)与海-气温差呈现正相关关系,和气温有明显的负相关关系。CE与风速的关系密切,但当风速>12 m/s,CE随风速的变化趋向一个稳定值。另外当海-气温差大约<2℃时,CE随着海-气温差增大相应增大,反映了通量交换系数不仅与风影响下的下垫面特性有关,而且还与稳定度参数有关。各通量交换系数与气象要素变化的关系可以拟合为多项式或者简单的线性关系式。 相似文献
8.
海面风速对航运及海上生产作业影响重大,但数值模式对于海面的风速预报仍存在较大误差。为降低数值模式海面10 m风速预报的系统性误差,提高海上大风预报准确率,基于2017—2019年中国气象局地面气象观测资料对ECMWF确定性模式的10 m风场预报结果进行检验评估,并采用概率密度匹配方法对模式误差进行订正。分析结果表明,概率密度匹配方法可有效地改善数值模式10 m风速预报的系统性误差,订正后风速在各个预报时效和风速量级的平均误差均较订正前有所降低。对于大量级风速的预报,经概率密度匹配方法订正后的风速预报的漏报率可减少10%以上。订正后12 h预报时效的8、9级风速预报的平均绝对误差分别由4.15 m/s、5.61 m/s降低至3.12 m/s、4.08 m/s,120 h预报时效的8、9级风速预报的平均绝对误差由7.38 m/s、9.35 m/s减小至6.46 m/s、8.07 m/s。在冷空气、台风大风天气过程中,基于概率密度匹配方法订正后的风速与实况观测更接近,能够为我国近海洋面10 m风速的预报提供更准确的参考。 相似文献
9.
琼州海峡海面风场特征的观测分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
在检验资料可靠性的基础上，利用船载自动站、浮标站与岸基自动站测风资料分析了琼州海峡海面风速空间变化规律，以及秋冬季节的海面风场的日变化特征。结果表明：(1) 琼州海峡海面风速平均比沿岸风速大3～4 m/s，当沿岸风速≥8.0 m/s(5级)时，海面风速比沿岸大5～6 m/s；(2) 海峡海面阵风系数随着风速加大而减小。沿岸风速<5级时，海面平均阵风系数在1.4～1.5之间，风速≥5级时，平均阵风系数为1.35左右；(3) 秋冬季节，海面的平均风速日较差与风一致率均小于沿岸，当海面出现≥10.8 m/s(6级)强风时，海面与沿岸的风速日较差减小，风一致率增加。 相似文献
10.
11.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
12.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
13.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration. 相似文献
14.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o. 相似文献
15.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
16.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
17.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
18.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
19.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
20.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献