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1.
三江平原沼泽对河川径流影响的初步探讨   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6  
探讨沼泽与河川径流间的关系和机制是研究沼泽地区环境演化,建立最傥生态环境结构的重要课题之一,也是生产实践中亟待解决的实际问题。三江平原是我国沼泽集中分布区域之一,沼泽面积1700多万亩,约占整个平原区的22%。沼泽及沼泽化土地大规模开垦后,河川径流将发生相应变化,为预见这种变化,首先应研究沼泽对河川径流的影响。本文试图从分析典型沼泽性河流的水文资料出发,  相似文献   

2.
三江平原湿地水平衡结构研究   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
以三江平原沼泽湿地生态试验站为研究基地,观测沼泽湿地水平衡的要素,如降雨量、蒸发量、径流量,并与农田相对比,揭示沼泽湿地独特的水平衡结构。研究结果表明,沼泽湿地蒸发量在夏季少雨期高于农田,秋季多雨期低于农田;大面积湿地具有使河川径流年际变化加大和年内分配均化的作用,且沼泽植被能减缓洪水流速,因此可以拦蓄洪水,起到控制洪水的作用;湿地开垦后,导致湿地防洪功能下降,湿地效益减弱。  相似文献   

3.
洪河沼泽湿地地势低平、河道多变,洪水季节性泛滥,缺乏水文监测数据,而模拟的水文数据不确定性较大;而且,用地表径流数据验证生态水文模型的模拟结果,效果并不理想。以洪河国家级自然保护区中部的沼泽湿地为研究对象,整合数字河网与高精度数字高程数据,改进分布式生态水文模型SWAT的子流域概化方式,构建湿地水文过程模型;在此基础上,分析研究区沼泽湿地水文功能。对于湿地水文过程模型的构建,除了利用径流观测数据进行验证外,还应用不同深度的多点土壤湿度数据进行验证。研究结果表明,1改进的SWAT模型取得了较高的面向沼泽湿地模型精度,模型决定系数R2达到0.7,相对误差小于21%,表明模拟效果良好;2在研究区内的沼泽湿地中,以草甸黑土—沼泽化草甸、草甸黑土—草本沼泽、沼泽土—沼泽化草甸、沼泽土—草本沼泽4种土壤—植被的组合模式为主,土壤湿度较大,湿地的调蓄水功能较强;3季节性和常年的洪泛水文过程与土壤湿度的梯度特征,控制着研究区的沼泽植物的空间格局;随着土壤湿度梯度的变化,植物群落呈现出明显的条带状梯度分布。  相似文献   

4.
两个时期若尔盖高原沼泽湿地景观格局的对比研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以若尔盖高原为研究区,选择1977年的Landsat MSS影像、2007年的Landsat TM影像和研究区90m分辨率的数字地形图为数据源,利用景观生态学方法及遥感和地理信息系统技术,对若尔盖高原1977年和2007年两个时期的沼泽湿地(包括沼泽和沼泽化草甸)景观格局进行了对比研究。结果显示,与1977年相比,2007年研究区沼泽与沼泽化草甸的面积比(沼泽面积/沼泽化草甸面积)发生了明显变化,沼泽与沼泽化草甸的面积比由1977年的1/3减少到2007年的1/7;2007年沼泽面积明显减少,其面积只占沼泽湿地总面积的13%;两个时期,研究区沼泽湿地景观都集中连片分布,聚集度均高于90;与1977年相比,2007年沼泽湿地景观的斑块数减少,景观类型趋于单一,而平均斑块面积和聚集度都在增加;研究区沼泽湿地90%以上分布在坡度小于5°的空间范围内,随着坡度的增大,沼泽湿地的退化程度显著增高;与1977年相比,2007年研究区沼泽湿地景观分布质心发生了一定的空间位移,沼泽质心向西南偏移了3.88km,沼泽化草甸质心向东北偏移了12.35km。  相似文献   

5.
以若尔盖县为研究区,利用2000年、2006年、2010年和2015年的遥感影像数据,采用面向对象分类方法,解译出4个时期的土地利用数据,提取各土地利用类型分布信息;根据合成的若尔盖县土地利用变化图谱,划分出4类湿地演变区;在此基础上,探究其影响因素。研究结果表明,随着时间的推移,4个时期若尔盖县的沼泽在持续退化,4个时期湿地稳定区的面积合计为1 477.97 km~2,湿地变化区面积合计为1 843.75 km~2;若尔盖县的湿地按照"水域→沼泽→沼泽化草甸→高寒草甸"发生退化演变或相反方向的演变,高寒草甸与沼泽化草甸间的互相演变是湿地波动变化区、趋水演变区和退化演变区最常见的湿地演变现象;人类活动是驱动若尔盖县湿地退化的关键因素。  相似文献   

6.
1974~2007年若尔盖县湿地变化研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
选取1974~2007年期间的5期多源遥感影像数据作为数据源,在解决多源遥感影像(MSS、TM、ETM+和CBERS影像)和多时相(1月、6~9月)影像数据的遥感分类问题上,以模糊物元理论来解释多数据源和多时相数据之间的关系,设计关联函数概率转化的多源遥感数据分类物元模型,利用该模型得到了若尔盖县湿地区1974~2007年期间的地物类型分布,并进行了变化检测和概率修正算法处理,揭示了1974~2007年若尔盖县湿地变化特征.2007年,若尔盖县各类型湿地的面积占湿地总面积的比例分别为河流和湖泊1.37%、泥炭沼泽4.23%、沼泽化草甸9.91%和湿草甸6.04%.1974~2007年期间,若尔盖县的河流和湖泊、泥炭沼泽、沼泽化草甸和湿草甸的面积在减少,以旱生植物为主的中、低覆盖度草地、居民点、建筑用地和沙地面积在增加.泥炭沼泽主要向沼泽化草甸、湿草甸演替.人为因素则是在较短时间尺度上影响湿地变化的主要驱动力.不确定性问题仍是遥感分类与变化检测存在的主要问题.  相似文献   

7.
2006年5月至10月期间,对三江平原典型的毛苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)沼泽和小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)沼泽化草甸湿地表层积水中可溶性铁(Fe2 ,Fe3 )含量进行了现场采样和测试分析,同步测定了水体氧化还原电位(Eh)、电导率(EC)、pH值等指标。结果表明,除8月份的几次观测外,生长季内小叶章沼泽化草甸湿地水体中可溶性铁含量明显高于毛苔草沼泽湿地;两种湿地水体中可溶性铁存在的主要形态为Fe3 ,且Fe2 与Fe3 含量之间呈显著正相关;受水温和降水的影响,湿地水体中可溶性铁含量具有明显的季节性差异,其中小叶章沼泽化草甸湿地水体中的可溶性铁含量呈单峰型季节变化,而其在毛苔草沼泽湿地水体中呈双峰型季节变化。统计分析表明,Fe2 含量与水体的Eh值具有负相关关系,Fe3 含量与水体的Eh值的相关性较小,而且其含量并未随着还原性Fe2 的增加而减少;pH值对沼泽湿地水体中铁的形态分布无显著影响;Fe2 含量与EC值相关性显著。  相似文献   

8.
近40 年来青藏高原典型高寒湿地系统的动态变化   总被引:38,自引:1,他引:37  
选择青藏高原长江源区、黄河源区以及若尔盖地区等典型高寒湿地分布区域, 利用1969、1986、2000 和2004 年多期航片和卫星遥感数据, 从湿地主要组分分布、空间格局以及水生态功能等方面, 分析了近40 年来典型高寒湿地系统动态变化特征及其区域差异性。结果表明: 青藏高原典型高寒湿地退化具有普遍性, 湿地面积萎缩在10%以上。以长江源区的沼泽湿地退化最为严重, 退缩幅度达到29%, 同时大约有17.5%的长江源区内流小湖泊干涸消失, 黄河源区和若尔盖地区湿地系统空间分布格局的破碎化和岛屿化程度显著加剧。高寒 湿地系统退化使其水文功能发生变化, 表现在湿地退化较为强烈的长江源区与若尔盖地区枯 水期流量减少、稀遇较大流量径流发生频率增加而常遇流量发生频率减少、水涵养能力下降。湿地系统变化与区域气温显著升高有关, 在20 世纪80 年代以来区域增温幅度升高到过去40 年平均增温幅度的2.3 倍, 湿地系统退化程度也同步在20 世纪80 年代中期以后明显加剧。在降水量呈现增加以及冰川趋于消融的背景下, 高寒湿地退化是导致其流域径流持续递减的主要因素之一。  相似文献   

9.
嫩江下游沼泽湿地变化的驱动力分析   总被引:23,自引:5,他引:18  
从20世纪80年代中期到20世纪末,嫩江下游地区年平均气温上升、湿润度逐渐下降、降水量减少、年径流减少等原因导致了沼泽湿地面积大量减少。沼泽湿地减少的面积距主要公路和铁路的最短距离成幂指数关系;与主要城市最短距离的e指数关系并不显著。人口增长、农业现代化水平的提高以及人类对眼前利益的追逐是沼泽开垦为耕地的主要社会经济驱动力。  相似文献   

10.
RS和GIS支持下的三江平原沼泽湿地动态变化研究   总被引:81,自引:19,他引:81  
以景观生态学理论为基础,采用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)相结合的方法,探讨了三江平原沼泽湿地的动态变化特征。结果表明,三江平原沼泽湿地主要分布在富锦、同江和抚远三个县(市),其总面积占全区总面积的51.42%;1980-2000年间三江平原沼泽湿地的分布面积显著下降,1980-1996年间沼泽湿地面积减少了51.33%,1996年之后减少速度明显下降。同时沼泽湿地景观的破碎化显著,斑块数量增加了46%,斑块密度净增加两倍。1980年、1996年、2000年景观的分维湿地面积变化较之全区变化不显著外,其它地区均发生较为显著的变化。  相似文献   

11.
1961-2005年水利水保措施对潮河流域年径流量的影响(英文)   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area,the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961-2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station(Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations.Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method.The referenced period(1961-1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period(1981-2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961-2005 applying double accumulative curve method,mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique.Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model,impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively.The major results could be summarized as follows:(1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s,the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970.(2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities.(3) During 1981-1990,1991-2000,2001-2005 and 1981-2005,the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108,0.28×108,1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%,7.13%,40.71% and 23.79% accordingly.Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.  相似文献   

12.
The method of time series is applied to analyze the variation of precipitation and temperature from 1961 to 2002 in the mountainous areas of the Tarim River Basin, as well as water consumption in the headstream and mainstream areas. Those hydrologic parameters are verified. Quantitative results indicate that the precipitation and temperature in the headstream areas have an increasing trend to different extent. The increasing trend of precipitation is less significant than that of the temperature (α= 0.05). Runoff of three headstreams also increases especially from 1994 to 2002. Compared with the perennial runoff, the annual runoff has increased by 25.163×108 m3/a. However, inflows of the mainstream areas has only increased by 0.9985×108 m3/a. So the runoff at the different hydrologic stations in the headstream areas has a linear decreasing trend. It is shown that the degraded trend of eco-environment of the Tarim River Basin hardly changes in the special water period for ten consecutive years. Given runoff of three headstreams is accounted in normal period from 1957 to 2003, the annual runoff of the headstream areas would be only 22.57×108 m3. Therefore, more attention should be given to ecological safety of the Tarim River Basin.  相似文献   

13.
Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area, the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961–2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station (Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations. Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method. The referenced period (1961–1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period (1981–2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961–2005 applying double accumulative curve method, mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique. Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model, impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s, the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970. (2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities. (3) During 1981–1990, 1991–2000, 2001–2005 and 1981–2005, the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108, 0.28×108, 1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%, 7.13%, 40.71% and 23.79% accordingly. Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.  相似文献   

14.
泾河合水川流域近50年径流演变特征及影响因素分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在泾河合水川流域1964~2011年的年降雨、径流变化特征分析基础上,利用Mann-Kendall法、双累计曲线法定量分析了其趋势及相互关系,并探讨了变化成因。结果表明,1964~2011年的年降雨量呈轻微下降趋势(P=0.52),年变率-0.04 mm/a;径流深呈不显著下降趋势(P=0.97),年变率-0.10 mm/a。变化趋势与泾河东北部、黄河河口-龙门区间西南部类似,与黄河中游其它子流域差异较大。二者突变年份分别为2000年和1978年。1964~1978年是该流域降雨-径流关系的天然时期,1979年后受水保工程修建、植被覆盖增加等人类活动影响,降雨-径流关系发生变化。  相似文献   

15.
李子君  李秀彬 《地理学报》2008,63(9):958-968
利用时间序列对比法分析了1961-2005 年潮河流域降水、径流、用水量、水利工程、 水土保持措施变化。结果表明: (1) 自20 世纪60 年代以来, 潮河流域年平均面雨量略有减 少, 但流域年径流量却呈明显减少趋势, 1991-2000 年的流域年径流量平均值为1961-1970 年 的90.9%, 减少幅度较大; (2) 潮河流域径流量的变化主要与水利水保等人类活动有关。利用 降水-径流经验统计模型评估了流域水利水保措施对年径流量的影响程度: 1981-1990 年、 1991-2000 年、2001-2005 年、1981-2005 年, 受水利水保措施影响所产生的年均减水量分别 为1.15、0.28、1.10、0.79 亿m3, 水利水保措施减水效应分别为31.99%、7.13%、40.71%、 23.79%。水利水保措施对枯水时段的减水效应更为突出。  相似文献   

16.
塔里木河流域水资源变化的特点与趋势   总被引:30,自引:1,他引:29  
徐海量  叶茂  宋郁东  魏军 《地理学报》2005,60(3):487-494
通过时间序列分析了塔里木河流域山区1961~2002年的降水和温度变化, 源流干流水分的消耗, 并对这些指标进行了KENDALL秩次相关检验。结果显示: 塔里木河源流山区降水和温度均有增加,但是降水增加的趋势在?琢 = 0.05水平上不显著, 温度升高的趋势显著; 塔里木河流域几个源流水量增加, 特别是在1994~2002年,年平均径流量比多年平均增加了25.163×108 m3/a, 而上游三源流补给干流水量只增加0.9985×108 m3/a, 塔里木河干流沿程各站的径流量呈现显著的线性递减趋势, 表明连续十年的丰水期并没有改变干流生态环境恶化的局面; 如果三源流来水以正常年份计算 (1957~2003年平均来水量), 塔里木河干流来水量每年只有22.57×108 m3, 那样塔里木河流域的生态安全将更令人担忧。  相似文献   

17.
塔里木河流域水资源变化的特点与趋势   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
The Tarim RiverBasin islocated in NorthwestChina,which is known in the world forits rich natural resources and fragile eco-environment.W ater resource rational distribution and highly effective utilization isthe key pointsto solve the severe eco-environm …  相似文献   

18.
Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area, the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961–2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station (Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations. Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method. The referenced period (1961–1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period (1981–2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961–2005 applying double accumulative curve method, mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique. Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model, impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s, the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970. (2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities. (3) During 1981–1990, 1991–2000, 2001–2005 and 1981–2005, the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108, 0.28×108, 1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%, 7.13%, 40.71% and 23.79% accordingly. Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.  相似文献   

19.
SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)是流域尺度的分布式水文模型,具有评价气候变化对径流影响的优势。利用SWAT模拟了三江平原典型沼泽性河流——挠力河流域3个水文站(上游的宝清站、保安站和中游的菜嘴子站)1974~1992年年径流量演变特征及变化趋势。在对模型参数敏感性分析的基础上,对模型的参数进行了率定和验证,率定期为1975~1982年,验证期为1983~1992年。率定期的模型效率指数ENS都大于0.85,皮尔逊相关系数都大于0.9,相对误差都小于10%;验证期,模型效率指数ENS有所减小,但也都大于0.61,模型对年径流的模拟结果令人满意。将率定的SWAT应用于气候变化的水文响应研究,结果发现,1995~2004年相对1975—1985年的年径流量变化只有部分是由气候因素引起的,气候因素对3个水文站(宝清站、保安站和菜嘴子站)的年径流量变化的影响率分别为25.7%、11.4%、39.9%,说明还有其他因素影响研究区的年径流量。  相似文献   

20.
1950 年以来汾河水沙演变规律及影响因素分析   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
利用汾河河津水文站1950 年以来的水文资料, 应用多种统计分析方法, 系统分析了汾河水沙的季节及年 际变化规律, 并且对人类活动导致的年径流变化影响进行了估算。研究表明, 汾河流域水沙年内分配极不均匀, 年 内不均匀系数有明显上升趋势, 且越到近期稳定程度越低。水沙的年际变化剧烈, 且在20 世纪80 年代之后年径流 基本都是枯水时段。应用累积滤波器对汾河水沙变化趋势进行分析, 结果显示, 汾河流域水沙均呈减少趋势, 且泥 沙变化幅度大于径流变化。通过降水—径流双累积曲线及对天然径流的还原分析表明, 径流变化趋势在1964 年发 生明显偏离, 从多年平均值来看, 人类活动导致的径流减少量占径流减少总量的75.912%, 人类活动是汾河流域径 流减少的主要因素。  相似文献   

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