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1.
“4•20”芦山地震诱发地质灾害基本特征及其与“5•12”汶川地震对比分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2013年4月20日8时2分,四川省雅安市芦山县(30.3°N,103.0°E)发生了Ms7.0级强烈地震,其是继2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0特大地震后在龙门山断裂带上的又一次破坏性地震。文章分析了"4·20"芦山地震诱发地质灾害基本特征、形成机制和典型案例,并与"5·12"汶川地震诱发地质灾害进行了对比,在此基础上研究了两次地震地质灾害集中区断裂带活动性质、地貌特征、地形坡度、地震烈度等对崩塌滑坡的影响,主要取得了以下认识:①芦山地震诱发的地质灾害类型主要有崩塌(滚石)、滑坡、泥石流和不稳定斜坡四类,与汶川地震诱发灾害相比数量少,规模小,主要以中小型浅表层滑坡崩塌为主,且主要集中在高陡边坡和高山峡谷区;②芦山地震区宝兴县冷木沟和校场沟泥石流和2010年甘肃舟曲三眼峪、罗家峪泥石流灾害具有极为相似的地形地貌特征和孕灾条件;③芦山地震诱发地质灾害机制主要有:拉裂-崩滑-碰撞-铲刮-碎屑流、拉裂-崩落、震动-降雨-崩塌(滑动)-泥石流、震动-抛掷(滚动)四种,震后地质灾害是内外动力地质作用耦合叠加的结果;④芦山地震与汶川地震因其震级、断裂带性质及破碎程度、地形地貌等差异诱发的地质灾害存在明显的异同点,灾害类型基本相同,而方量、数量、危害等方面差异明显。 相似文献
2.
为研究2008年汶川地震和2013年芦山地震前地壳形变特征,本文利用1999—2015年四期GPS速度场和1990—2017年跨断层短水准资料,对跨断层GPS速度剖面、GPS应变率场、断层闭锁程度和滑动亏损、跨断层年均垂直变化速率等进行了分析讨论,总结了汶川和芦山地震前后龙门山断裂带三维地壳变形演化特征。结果表明,汶川地震前龙门山断裂带中、北段处于强闭锁状态、断层面应力应变积累水平很高,而龙门山断裂带西南段闭锁较弱、变形速率明显高于中北段、依然可以积累应力应变,汶川地震震源位于闭锁相对弱的部位,这可能是导致汶川地震自初始破裂点沿龙门山断裂带向北东方向单侧破裂,而震中西南方向断层并没有发生破裂的原因之一。汶川地震的发生引起龙门山断裂带西南段应力应变积累速率加快、断层闭锁程度增强、闭锁面积增大,这在一定程度上促进了芦山地震的发生,而芦山地震震源位于汶川地震前强闭锁和弱闭锁的高梯度过渡部位。因为芦山地震只释放了龙门山断裂带西南段有限的应变能,并没有显著缓解该段的地震危险性,所以汶川和芦山地震之间的地震空段以及芦山地震西南方向的地震空段,依然需要持续关注。此外,本文还收集和对比分析了多次6～9级地震前地壳变形特征,同样显示地震成核于闭锁高梯度带区域而非完全闭锁区域内部,并且随着震级升高闭锁断层面的长度也在增大,这一现象还需在高分辨率形变数据的帮助下进行深入研究和分析。 相似文献
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利用2010年和2013年两期精密水准测量数据分析了芦山Ms7.0地震前龙门山断裂带西南段的区域形变特征。结果显示,芦山地震前龙门山断裂带西南段的天全-泸定区域垂直形变速率为6~8mm/a,远大于汶川地震前的形变速率,汶川地震对芦山地震前该区域库伦应力值的积累起加速作用;临近四川盆地的雅安至名山区域的垂直形变速率为-3~-6mm/a。从芦山地震和汶川地震的地震破裂带及余震分布区域来看,两次地震中间出现一段"地震空区",应力可能会在空区加速积累,应加强该区域地震监测和预报。 相似文献
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中国地质大学（武汉）三峡库区地质灾害研究中心安装在三峡库区的次声波监测仪在芦山地震（2013年4月20日,MS 7.0）和玉树地震（2011年6月26日,MS 5.2）震前都接收到有效的异常信号。根据不同台站接收到的次声波异常信号,配合Matlab滤波和小波分析等手段,得出：芦山地震震前次声波信号的频率主要集中在(0~4)×10-3 Hz;玉树地震震前次声波信号的频率主要集中在(0~5)×10-3 Hz,且地震震级越大,震前次声波信号振幅越大。根据野三关和秭归的次声波监测仪在玉树地震震前接收到的次声波异常信号的时间差和震中与次声波监测仪台站之间的距离差,估算出玉树地震震前超低频次声波的波速约为6.4 m/s。为探讨地震短临预报的可行性,文中设计了一个大三角套小三角的次声监测阵列以实现震中定位。 相似文献
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自从1990年以来,通过对青藏高原的调查和研究,认识到下地壳流动同步形成盆地和造山带,并受控于相关洋盆地幔软流圈向大陆的顺层流动和底辟作用。下地壳不均匀流动通过韧脆性中地壳热能-应变能转换孕育地震,部分发震能量通过上地壳脆性断层释放。在地震孕育过程中通常会伴生跨年度干旱和异常降雨,构成热灾害链。近5年内青藏高原东部连续发生汶川、玉树、芦山大地震,形成于从亚东流经羊八井、安多、玉树并分支流向汶川和芦山—康定的下地壳"热河"的仰冲式和侧冲式撞击作用。从2008年9月以来连续发表5篇论文,根据地壳热构造和热灾害链的时空结构对芦山地震的三要素进行了长期和中期预测。2008年9月预测从2013年开始可能发生大地震,2012年9月将鲜水河—安宁河—小江异常热流构造带5年内将发生多个7级地震的首个大震锁定在芦山或西昌。芦山地震只释放了亚东—羊八井—安多—玉树—鲜水河—安宁河—小江"热河"剩余热能中的一小部分,在西昌—会理—昭通地区、道孚—康定地区、通海—石屏地区近5年内很可能发生4个7级左右的地震。此外,华北典型的热灾害链结构表明震情严峻,环渤海地区近3年内很可能发生大地震。从地震热流体撞击机理与地震异常之间的关联性出发,提出了动态立体监测及短临预测地震的思路和方法。 相似文献
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2013年4月20日8时02分,青藏高原东缘龙门山南部地区发生了芦山地震(Ms 7.0),此次地震诱发了大量次生山地灾害。以地震重灾区宝兴作为研究区,利用卫星遥感影像、数字高程模型和高清航拍图像,以及崩塌滑坡数据统计分析,并结合野外调查研究,对区内次生山地灾害的空间分布与岩性、断裂和坡度关系进行了分析和探讨,总结了宝兴地区地震诱发的次生山地灾害发育规律:1以中小型崩塌滑坡为主,且沿省道S210集中分布;2崩塌滑坡主要发生在宝兴杂岩区浅表强风化层及第四系松散堆积层;3研究区内发育的五龙断裂和小关子断裂不是芦山地震的同震断裂;4该区域70%的崩塌滑坡发生在坡度大于30°的区域范围内,30~40°坡度段崩塌滑坡最为集中;5人类工程活动是宝兴地区次生山地灾害集中发育在S210省道两侧的主要原因;6在汶川地震和芦山地震2次地震及其余震的频繁加载作用下,宝兴地区崩塌滑坡的活动性增加,未来几年将是中小规模崩塌滑坡发育的高峰期。 相似文献
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巴颜喀拉块体及周缘是近年来中国大陆大震主要发震区域之一,2013年4月20日四川省芦山7.0级强烈地震就发生在巴颜喀拉块体东缘的龙门山断裂带的西南段上。以巴颜喀拉块体中东段为研究区,通过对该区域地震前后的多期区域水准观测数据和GNSS连续站观测数据进行计算处理,得出研究区垂直形变速率图像和水平形变速率图像;结合区域地质构造,建立地震诱发模型,解释芦山地震主震发震和余震活动源于龙门山断裂带中大型块体的突然断裂和小型块体集合的流动机制;通过对垂直形变速率图像和水平形变速率图像的分析,认为芦山地震是龙门山断裂带逆冲活动的结果,东昆仑断裂带中东段未来大震发生的可能性增大;提出未来5年基于区域水准测量和GNSS测量为技术手段的监测建议。 相似文献
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汶川地震(MS 8.0)后甲烷等流体在地震中所起的作用引起国内外学者广泛关注,但是目前的观测研究中所用的数据多来源于地面或地下基站,站点分布零散,维护困难,难以开展大范围的实时监测。文中利用美国Aqua卫星红外探测器（AIRS）反演出的甲烷浓度数据,研究了芦山MS 7.0级地震前龙门山地区甲烷浓度的变化与震前大气增温异常的关系。研究表明,该探测器可以观测到震前地下甲烷的释放,为地震前兆监测提供新途径;芦山地震前甲烷释放受断裂带控制明显,主要集中于龙门山断裂、荥经-马边断裂和金坪断裂及其周边;震前大气增温异常与甲烷释放关系密切。最后探讨了地下甲烷等流体的释放机理,认为甲烷等流体的释放与地震前上地壳岩石中裂隙的发育和扩展有直接关系。 相似文献
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《地壳构造与地壳应力文集》2003,(1)
一、引言 2000年11月14日,在中国大陆昆仑山口西(36.2°N,90.9°E)发生了M_S8.1地震。这是建国以来,继1950年察隅M_S8.6地震后中国大陆发生的最大地震。虽然震中附近人烟稀少,人、畜、财产损失有限,但其威力和影响是十分引人注目的。因此,科学地分析、研究这次地震的前兆异常,并在此基础上客观地评估中国大陆西部未来地震趋势,已成为地震学者必须认真考虑和极待回答的问题。对此,本文据有关地震活动、钻孔应力、应变资料,对2001年11月14日昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震部分前兆异常与中国大陆西部未来地震趋势进行了初步分析和讨论。 相似文献
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地震三要素的短临预测对抗震减灾意义重大,但实现的难度很大,仍是个世界难题。笔者应用卫星红外异常增温时空演变规律对2013年4月20日芦山地震作了研究,并在2013年4月21日全国天灾预测委员会学术研讨会上作出了分析。文中简要剖析了芦山地震的构造背景和成因机理。芦山地震是我国西部地震构造区新发生的MS 7.0级大地震,其成因同汶川地震相似,主要受到印度板块NE向对青藏地块推挤,南北压缩挤出断块向SEE滑动,受到四川盆地以西龙门山断裂带强烈阻挡,积能释放后发震。文中重点介绍了红外增温时空演变规律进行短临地震预测的过程。震前红外增温异常的动态变化是地震构造活动的反应,时间上一般经历初始增温-加强增温-高峰增温-衰减到发震的4个阶段。 相似文献
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Guboglo M. N. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):53-58
International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen. 相似文献
12.
Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth
B. P. Kondratyev 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(8):709-714
It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T 3 = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″. 相似文献
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Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated. 相似文献
15.
位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。 相似文献
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某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。 相似文献
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摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。 相似文献
19.
The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Clemente Irigaray Francisco Lamas Rachid El Hamdouni Tomás Fernández José Chacón 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):65-81
In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning. 相似文献
20.
The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time. 相似文献