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洞庭湖湿地土壤种子库特征及其与地表植被的相关性 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
本文研究洞庭湖三种分布于不同水位的主要群落(荻、苔草、虉草)土壤种子库大小组成、垂直分布特征及其地表植被的相关性.结果表明:荻群落土壤种子库密度最高,为44656粒/m2,苔草群落的最低,为15146粒/m2,虉草群落的居中,为31725粒/m2.种子主要分布于土壤表层(0～5 cm),且随土壤剖面深度的增加而迅速递减.三种群落湿地种子库由53种植物组成,分属18科39属,其中多年生物种20种,一或二年生物种33种.在荻、苔草和虉草三种群落中,种子库的多年生物种分别占29.9%、35.2%和38.0%,物种多样性指数分别为0.76、0.70和0.72;地表植被物种多样性指数分别为0.53、0.17和0.45,土壤种子库与相应地表植被相似性系数分别为0.40、0.28和0.52.可见,在洞庭湖这一通江湖泊湿地,多年生地表植被所产生的种子对土壤种子库大小贡献相对有限,种子库可能主要通过其它途径(如水的流动作用)输入. 相似文献
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洞庭湖荻-苔草群落交错带植被动态及影响因子——以北洲子洲滩为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
近年来,受全球变化及高强度人类活动的影响,洞庭湖湿地群落分布带不断下移,引发了人们对其湿地服务功能下降的担忧.以洞庭湖北洲子洲滩为例,采用野外样带调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对洞庭湖湿地荻-苔草群落交错带植被和环境特征进行研究,以期揭示荻-苔草群落交错带动态变化和影响其变化的关键环境因子.结果表明:土壤含水量随高程增加呈逐渐降低的趋势,土壤总碳、总氮、总磷含量和p H值在样带间差异显著,但土壤电导率和总钾含量在样带间无显著差异.各样带物种丰富度和香农指数随高程增加整体上呈先降低再增加的趋势.荻生物量随高程增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,而苔草生物量呈先增加后减少的趋势.典型相关分析表明,土壤含水量与二者生物量及群落丰富度、多样性间具有很好的相关性,表明土壤含水量是调控该群落交错带植被动态变化的关键环境因子. 相似文献
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为探明巴音布鲁克高寒沼泽湿地植物群落与环境因子的关系,采用样线与样方结合的方法,于2014-2015年在天鹅湖沼泽湿地进行植物群落调查与环境因子测定.结果显示,巴音布鲁克天鹅湖沼泽湿地植物共有35种,隶属于19科27属.方差分析表明,地表积水条件显著影响植物群落物种多样性,随着地表积水减少,物种丰富度和ShannonWiener指数呈现上升趋势,Pielou指数呈现下降趋势,说明随着地表积水的减少,植物群落的物种多样性逐渐增加.冗余分析与偏冗余分析表明,所有环境因子共解释了植物群落物种组成变异的67.9%.水位与土壤全氮含量对物种组成的总效应达到显著水平,土壤全氮含量的净效应达到极显著水平,但全磷含量和有机碳含量的总效应与净效应均未达到显著水平.研究表明,积水条件和土壤氮含量是巴音布鲁克天鹅湖沼泽湿地植物群落物种组成和分布的主要环境驱动因子. 相似文献
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近200 a来云南阳宗海摇蚊群落多样性及稳定性变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
云南省拥有丰富的生物多样性,其生态系统稳定性对于发挥生态系统服务功能十分重要,但近几十年以来的人类活动以及气候变化带来的干扰削弱了该区域的生态系统功能.本文以阳宗海为研究对象,探讨了1820s—2006年间人类活动背景下摇蚊群落多样性和稳定性的变化过程,并进一步探讨阳宗海摇蚊群落多样性与稳定性之间的关系.利用沉积物中的营养指标(总有机碳(TOC)含量、总氮(TN)含量和TOC/TN摩尔比)及摇蚊分别重建了湖泊营养变化及摇蚊群落物种丰富度、均匀度、相似度和稳定性(ar1),利用PCA第1轴代表摇蚊群落以检测突变点.研究发现摇蚊群落组成与湖泊营养变化有较好的一致性,二者在1990年左右发生突变,物种丰富度、均匀度和相似度指数分别在1950s、1990s初以及1970s初升高,说明摇蚊群落组成逐渐多样化,种属分布更加均匀.通过检测发现摇蚊群落稳定性在1960s初开始降低,比湖泊系统突变提前30 a左右.摇蚊群落的物种丰富度、均匀度以及稳定性指标伴随着湖泊外源营养物质输入比例增加而升高,群落多样性与稳定性之间的相关性分析表明群落稳定性随物种丰富度的升高而降低. 相似文献
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根据2014-2015年在呼伦湖进行的鱼类资源拖网调查,结合历年渔业捕捞资料,分析该水域的鱼类群落结构及渔业资源发展趋势.结果表明:本次调查共采获鱼类21种,隶属4目6科21属,其中鲤形目种类最多,占总数的81.0%;群落优势种为贝氏(Hemiculter bleekeri)、红鳍原鲌(Cultrichthys erythropterus)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)和瓦氏雅罗鱼(Leuciscus waleckii),鱼类群落的丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数均偏低.东部、西部湖区间的鱼类群落组成存在一定差异,其中西部湖区的鱼类物种数量较少,但大中型鱼类比例及生物多样性较高.与历史资料相比,呼伦湖鱼类的物种数量下降,优势种组成发生较大变化,鱼类个体小型化趋势明显,而捕捞强度过大、湖泊富营养化加剧及气候水文条件变化是导致呼伦湖渔业资源衰退的主要因素. 相似文献
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本文采用波函数展开法给出弹性半空间中隧道-土-隧道轴向动力相互作用的一个解析解,并通过对地表位移残差的收敛性分析对解析解的精度进行了验证。研究了隧道埋深、隧道质量、隧道间距、波入射频率和入射角度等参数对隧道轴向动力响应的影响。研究表明,隧道埋深越小,隧道动力响应越大;隧道质量越大,隧道动力响应越大;隧道间距越小,隧道动力响应越大,但隧道间距的影响并不是单调变化,与波入射频率密切相关,两个隧道情况动力响应幅值可达单隧道情况的2.7倍。当隧道间距较小时,地下隧道的抗震设计需要考虑隧道之间的影响。 相似文献
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澜沧江最大梯级水库——糯扎渡水库运行之后,消落带许多原有植被物种被淹消亡,造成大面积次生裸地以及严重水土流失现象.消落带植被亟待生态修复,但缺乏基本数据支撑和参考.2020年7月,基于轻型无人机支持下的3S技术,结合现场调研,采用神经网络模型、空间叠加分析、景观格局指数以及典型相关性分析等方法,提取了糯扎渡水库典型消落带植被分类图及地形数据,定量分析了研究区本土物种组成、面积、覆盖率、分布特征、景观空间格局及地形解释.结果显示,研究区消落带植被覆盖率达74.13%,涵盖18种植物,物种数量仅占蓄水前的18.9%,原生植物仅剩飞机草（Chromolaena odorata）存活,物种组成趋于简单,以一年生草本和多年生草本为主,分别占比55.56%、33.33%,菊科占据优势,苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum）、狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon）、牛筋草（Eleusine indica）和藿香蓟（Ageratum conyzoides）为主要优势物种,分别占比47.41%、29.39%、9.37%和4.56%,可作为生态修复备选物种.地形因子对消落带植被影响大小：高程>地表起伏度>水体距离>坡度>地形湿度指数>坡向.研究区优势植物均呈聚集分布,消落带中下部、上部分别以苍耳和狗牙根斑块为主导,苍耳和狗牙根在斑块优势度、连通性以及形状复杂性方面均远大于牛筋草和藿香蓟,表现出了较强的生存潜力.苍耳在地表起伏度0~1.26 m区段覆盖良好,狗牙根、牛筋草在地表起伏度0.78~2.07 m区段覆盖良好,当地表起伏度>2.07 m,植被生长困难.植被景观格局的破碎化程度、斑块形状复杂性分别与地表起伏度呈正相关、负相关,即地表起伏度越大导致植被景观格局越破碎和斑块形状越简单,进而导致种群生存力减弱. 相似文献
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异尾轮虫是热带亚热带地区轮虫的重要优势类群.为了解其在水库中的分布模式和潜在影响因素,于2013-2014年对广东流溪河水库河流区、过渡区及湖泊区的异尾轮虫群落及环境因子进行逐月调查.2年共采集到异尾轮虫11种,其中对棘异尾轮虫(Trichocerca similis)、圆筒异尾轮虫(T.cylindrica)、暗小异尾轮虫(T.pusilla)和刺盖异尾轮虫(T.capucina)为优势种,主要出现在丰水期,具有明显的季节分布模式.2013-2014年河流区、过渡区和湖泊区异尾轮虫丰度平均值分别为142.9、102.5和53.6 ind./L,3个水域的异尾轮虫总丰度在夏季(5-9月)较高.从水库上游到下游,异尾轮属的物种丰富度和Simpson多样性指数呈现递减趋势,体现了群落对环境的分区和稳定性变化的响应.群落丰度组成的主成分分析表明,主要优势种的丰度全年分布差异较大,而多数种类全年分布差异小.冗余分析表明,叶绿素a浓度、晶囊轮虫丰度、水温+磷酸盐浓度分别为影响河流区、过渡区和湖泊区异尾轮虫群落结构的关键变量,而降雨则是影响整个库区异尾轮虫群落结构的潜在变量. 相似文献
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目前定量研究下垫面不均匀性对大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)、涡动相关仪(ECS)观测感热通量差异的影响还比较少.本文利用黄土高原庆阳观测站2012年6、7月典型晴天两主风向范围E-SE和SW-W的陆面过程数据,在建立了下垫面不均匀性定量化指标的基础上,分析了下垫面不均匀性与地表温度变率的关系及其对LAS、ECS观测感热通量差异的影响.结果表明:庆阳站下垫面不均匀性大小η和地表温度变率г具有很好的相关性,相关系数达到0.566以上,证明了新建立指标的合理性.下垫面不均匀性大小η和LAS、ECS观测的感热通量差异HLAS-HECS具有很好的一致性,相关系数达到0.634.下垫面不均匀性对LAS和ECS的感热通量差异影响显著,下垫面越不均匀LAS和ECS测量的感热通量差异越大.对两主风向分别进行分析,在E-SE风向范围η和HLAS-HECS的相关系数为0.430,HLAS和HEC拟合的线性趋势系数为1.279,在SW-W风向范围η和HLAS-HECS的相关系数为0.680,HLAS和HEC拟合的线性趋势系数为1.297.下垫面不均匀性的影响程度越大,LAS和ECS观测的感热通量差异越大. 相似文献
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自1960s以来,抚仙湖沿岸带沉水植物群落发展迅速,而监测频率相对不足.为了解抚仙湖沉水植物群落现状及过去60年内的变化趋势,于2016年7月,对抚仙湖全湖沉水植物进行调查,并结合以往多次调查数据进行趋势分析.本次调查设置了36条样带共41个样点.在实测数据验证后,使用卫星多光谱相机数据基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)计算全湖沉水植物分布面积.此外,计算了物种在沿岸带植被区的平均生物量、优势度和群落多样性指数.结果表明:抚仙湖沉水植物2016年夏季分布面积为5.14 km2,平均生物量(鲜重)密度为9.8 kg/m2,最高48.7 kg/m2,全湖总现存量(鲜重)5.02×104t;共采集到沉水植物13种(类),隶属于5科6属.其中,生物量最高的物种是金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum),其次是黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum);出现频度最高的物种是穗花狐尾藻,其次是苦草(Vallisneria natans)和篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus);物种优势度最大的物种是穗花狐尾藻,其次是金鱼藻和黑藻;抚仙湖各样点沉水植物香农-威纳多样性指数介于0.05～1.28之间,全湖平均值为0.75;除轮藻类外,沉水植物群丛的冠层在1.5～4 m之间,其中金鱼藻群丛冠层最高.丝状附着藻大量出现,附着在高大的沉水植物冠层上的生物量远远多于附着在基质上的;丝状附着藻主要附着在群落上层沉水植物100 cm以内的植冠上.在过去的60年来,抚仙湖沉水植物分布面积、全湖总生物量和物种丰富度呈增加的趋势;低矮的草甸型物种如轮藻类、苦草等优势度下降,高大的冠层型沉水植物如穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻等成为优势种;外来物种伊乐藻在最近几年出现并成为次优势种;丝状附着藻生物量增加.以上结果表明,目前抚仙湖沉水植物群落处于生物量、分布面积和多样性最高的阶段,是维持和保护的关键时期.但相比于国外类似湖泊,抚仙湖沉水植物丰富度一直较低,目前冠层型植物占优势、外来物种快速发展和丝状附着藻增殖的态势,将会引起群落结构不稳定,如果不加以保护和管理,可能会朝着富营养化湖泊的群落结构方向发展,进而对沿岸带水质产生不利影响.除了进一步控制抚仙湖入湖营养负荷外,我们建议对群落上层高大的冠层型沉水植物进行收割,收割深度为100 cm,从而控制冠层型沉水植物以及附着在其上的丝状附着藻,为草甸型沉水植物的发展创造条件,引导抚仙湖沉水植物群落向贫营养化湖泊的群落结构方向发展,但其可行性尚需开展研究. 相似文献
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Microtopography of bare peat: a conceptual model and objective classification from high‐resolution topographic survey data 
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下载免费PDF全文 Peatlands globally are at risk of degradation through increased susceptibility to erosion as a result of climate change. Quantification of peat erosion and an understanding of the processes responsible for their degradation is required if eroded peatlands are to be protected and restored. Owing to the unique material properties of peat, fine‐scale microtopographic expressions of surface processes are especially pronounced and present a potentially rich source of geomorphological information, providing valuable insights into the stability and dominant surface process regimes. We present a new process‐form conceptual framework to rigorously describe bare peat microtopography and use Structure‐from‐Motion (SfM) surveys to quantify roughness for different peat surfaces. Through the first geomorphological application of a survey‐grade structured‐light hand‐held 3D imager (HhI), which can represent sub‐millimetre topographic variability in field conditions, we demonstrate that SfM identifies roughness signatures reliably over bare peat plots (<1 m2), although some smoothing is observed. Across 55 plots, the roughness of microtopographic types is quantified using a suite of roughness metrics and an objective classification system derived from decision tree analysis with 98% success. This objective classification requires just five roughness metrics, each of which quantifies a different aspect of the surface morphology. We show that through a combination of roughness metrics, microtopographic types can be identified objectively from high resolution survey data, providing a much‐needed geomorphological process‐perspective to observations of eroded peat volumes and earth surface change. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Evaluation of erosion and surface roughness in peatland forest ditches using pin meter measurements and terrestrial laser scanning 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Leena Stenberg Tapio Tuukkanen Leena Finér Hannu Marttila Sirpa Piirainen Bjørn Kløve Harri Koivusalo 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(10):1299-1311
Anthropogenic activities on peatlands, such as drainage, can increase sediment transport and deposition downstream resulting in harmful ecological impacts. The objective of this study was to quantify changes in erosion/deposition quantities and surface roughness in peatland forest ditches by measuring changes in ditch cross‐sections and surface microtopography with two alternative methods: manual pin meter and terrestrial laser scanning (TSL). The methods were applied to a peat ditch and a ditch with a thin peat layer overlaying erosion sensitive mineral soil within a period of two years following ditch cleaning. The results showed that erosion was greater in the ditch with exposed mineral soil than in the peat ditch. The two methods revealed rather similar estimates of erosion and deposition for the ditch with the thin peat layer where cross‐sectional changes were large, whereas the results for smaller scale erosion and deposition at the peat ditch differed. The TLS‐based erosion and deposition quantities depended on the size of the sampling window used in the estimations. Surface roughness was smaller when calculated from the pin meter data than from the TLS data. Both methods indicated that roughness increased in the banks of the ditch with a thin peat layer. TLS data showed increased roughness also in the peat ditch. The increase in surface roughness was attributed to erosion and growth of vegetation. Both methods were suitable for the measurements of surface roughness and microtopography at the ditch cross‐section scale, but the applicability, rigour, and ease of acquisition of TLS data were more evident. The main disadvantage of the TLS instrument (Leica ScanStation 2) compared with pin meter was that even a shallow layer of humic (dark brown) water prevented detection of the ditch bed. The geomorphological potential of the methods was shown to be limited to detection of surface elevation changes >~0.1 m. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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One of the basic limitations to the use of geomorphological maps is their coarse resolution relative to the needs of pure and applied geomorphological research. In response to this, attempts have been made to ‘downscale’ geomorphological information to finer spatial resolutions. However, the potential of statistical downscaling in geomorphology has been insufficiently examined. We downscaled four different periglacial features (wind deflation, palsa mire, earth hummock and sorted solifluction sheet) from a 100 ha grid to a 1 ha grid resolution utilizing two different techniques: point sampling (PSA) and direct (DA) approaches. We assessed the predictive accuracy of the models with the area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristic plot using independent evaluation data. The PSA technique yielded encouraging results with a mean accuracy of 0·81, whereas the performance of DA was poorer. The predictive performance of the palsa mire and solifluction sheet models was excellent (AUC values from 0·89 to 0·96), whereas the AUC values of deflation and earth hummock models were lower (AUC = 0·57–0·81). The application of a point sampling approach as used here provides an efficient method to translate geomorphological information to finer resolution. However, further testing of the downscaling approaches is required before they can be applied to real‐world situations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
Oscillation of the peat surface is an important mechanism for hydrological self‐regulation in bogs. As the water table rises in the wet season, the peat body expands, raising the bog surface and increasing water storage. With seasonal drying, the water table declines, the peat loses volume, and the bog surface drops, thereby keeping Sphagnum mosses in close contact with the water table. The oscillation of surface elevation in a Pacific coastal temperate raised bog was monitored at multiple sites for 4–12 years in 8 different plant communities of both peat‐harvested and unharvested sites to determine how bog surface oscillation relates to site conditions. The multiyear averages of bog surface oscillation for the different sites ranged from 2 to 34 cm (mean: 10.8 cm). In harvested sites, surface oscillation was linked to a larger water level amplitude and a shallower water table. In unharvested sites, a shallow water table was also a strong predictor of surface oscillation, but water level amplitude was negatively correlated to surface oscillation. This discrepancy was attributed to rewetting and regeneration of harvested sites, as well as historic drainage in many of the unharvested sites that reduced the elasticity of the peat. Surface oscillation differed significantly between some of the plant communities, generally between drier and wetter sites. In disturbed bogs, regeneration of a more elastic surface peat can increase the magnitude of peat volume change and bring about the return of self‐regulating mechanisms. Bog surface oscillation may be an important metric for assessing the restoration success or storage capacity of raised bogs in similar climatic settings. 相似文献
16.
A water budget was established for the open, undisturbed bog Stormossen, central Sweden, for the growing seasons of 1996 and 1997 as a part of the NOPEX project. The water budget was complemented with data on the spatial variation of groundwater levels and water contents in different microrelief elements (ridge, hollow and ridge margin). The seasonal (24 May to 4 October) rainfall, evaporation and runoff were 200, 256, and 43 mm in 1996, respectively, and 310, 286 and 74 mm in 1997, giving negative budgets of ?99 mm in 1996 and ?50 mm in 1997. Approximately 60% of the total budget was caused by storage changes in the upper 40 cm of the bog and 40% by swelling/shrinking in the layers below. This ‘mire breathing’ must be incorporated in future models of mire‐water dynamics. The water content varied diversely among the different microrelief elements, much depending on the properties of moss and peat together with distance to water table. There also was a strong hysteresis in the relationships between groundwater level and measured volumetric water content, depending partly on pore‐throat effects and partly on swelling/shrinking of the peat matrix. A seasonal variation of volumetric water content in a layer beneath water table was found to be larger than what could be justified by compression alone. We think that probable causes could be methane gas expansion together with temperature effects. The main conclusions of this study were: (i) water‐transport and storage characteristics are distinctly different among hummocks, ridges and hollows, (ii) mire wetness cannot be deduced from groundwater levels only, and (iii) an important part of the total water storage was caused by swelling/shrinking of the peat, not by changes in unsaturated water content. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Reclamation of peat bogs for agriculture changes the physical and chemical characteristics of the peat matrix, for example, drainage and tillage accelerate decomposition, altering peat porosity, pore size distribution, and hydraulic properties. This study investigated changes in near-saturated hydraulic conductivity over time after drainage of peat soil for agricultural use by conducting tension infiltrometer measurements in a mire that has been gradually drained and reclaimed for agriculture during the past 80 years (with fields drained 2, 12, 40, and 80 years before the measurements). At pore water pressure closest to saturation (pressure head −1 cm), hydraulic conductivity in the newest field was approximately nine times larger than that in the oldest field, and a decreasing trend with field age was observed. A similar (but weaker) trend was observed with −3 cm pressure head (approximately four times larger in the newest field in comparison to the oldest), but at −6 cm head, there were no significant differences. These results indicate that peat degradation reduces the amount of millimetre-sized pores in particular. They also indicate that changes in peat macroporosity continue for several decades before a new steady state is reached. 相似文献
18.
Hummock corridors in the south‐central sector of the Fennoscandian ice sheet,morphometry and pattern 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Subglacial conditions strongly influence the flow of ice‐sheets, in part due to the availability of melt water. Contemporary ice sheets are retreating and are affected by increased melting as climate warms. The south Swedish uplands (SSU) were deglaciated during the relatively warm Bølling‐Allerød interval, and by studying the glacial landforms there it is possible to increase the understanding of the subglacial environment during this period of warming. Across the study area, vast tracts of hummocks have long been recognized. However, recent mapping shows a pattern of elongated zones of hummocks radially oriented, hereafter referred to as ‘hummock corridors’. Morphometric parameters were measured on the hummock corridors using a 2 m horizontal resolution digital elevation model. Corridor width varies between 0.2 and 4.9 km and their length between 1.5 and 11.8 km. A majority of hummock corridors are incised in drumlinised till surfaces. The pattern of hummock corridors shows a clear relation to the overall ice‐flow. Further, hummock corridors do not follow topographic gradients, and in at least one place an esker overlies hummocks on the corridor floor. The lateral spacing of hummock corridors and corridor morphology are similar to tunnel valleys, eskers and glaciofluvial corridors reported elsewhere. Such relationships support a subglacial genesis of the corridors in the SSU by water driven by the subglacial hydraulic gradient and that hummock corridors are forms that can be identified as tunnel valleys and glaciofluvial corridors (GFC). Ages were assigned to hummock‐corridor cross‐sections from a deglacial reconstruction of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. By comparing the frequency of corridors per age interval with climate variations from a Greenland ice core, we hypothesize that an increase in the number of corridors is related to the Bølling‐Allerød warming, indicating a higher rate of delivery of surface melt water to the bed at this time. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2007,253(3-4):439-444
Initial findings from high-latitude ice-cores implied a relatively unvarying Holocene climate, in contrast to the major climate swings in the preceding late-Pleistocene. However, several climate archives from low latitudes imply a less than equable Holocene climate, as do recent studies on peat bogs in mainland north-west Europe, which indicate an abrupt climate cooling 2800 years ago, with parallels claimed in a range of climate archives elsewhere. A hypothesis that this claimed climate shift was global, and caused by reduced solar activity, has recently been disputed. Until now, no directly comparable data were available from the southern hemisphere to help resolve the dispute. Building on investigations of the vegetation history of an extensive mire in the Valle de Andorra, Tierra del Fuego, we took a further peat core from the bog to generate a high-resolution climate history through the use of determination of peat humification and quantitative leaf-count plant macrofossil analysis. Here, we present the new proxy-climate data from the bog in South America. The data are directly comparable with those in Europe, as they were produced using identical laboratory methods. They show that there was a major climate perturbation at the same time as in northwest European bogs. Its timing, nature and apparent global synchronicity lend support to the notion of solar forcing of past climate change, amplified by oceanic circulation. This finding of a similar response simultaneously in both hemispheres may help validate and improve global climate models. That reduced solar activity might cause a global climatic change suggests that attention be paid also to consideration of any global climate response to increases in solar activity. This has implications for interpreting the relative contribution of climate drivers of recent ‘global warming’. 相似文献
20.
Little is known about the spatial and temporal variability of peat erosion nor some of its topographic and weather-related drivers. We present field and laboratory observations of peat erosion using Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry. Over a 12 month period, 11 repeated SfM surveys were conducted on four geomorphological sites of 18–28 m2 (peat hagg, gully wall, riparian area and gully head) in a blanket peatland in northern England. A net topographic change of –14 to +30 mm yr–1 for the four sites was observed during the whole monitoring period. Cold conditions in the winter of 2016 resulted in highly variable volume change (net surface topographic rise first and lowering afterwards) via freeze–thaw processes. Long periods of dry conditions in the summer of 2017 led to desiccation and drying and cracking of the peat surface and a corresponding surface lowering. Topographic changes were mainly observed over short-term intervals when intense rainfall, flow wash, needle-ice production or surface desiccation was observed. In the laboratory, we applied rainfall simulations on peat blocks and compared the peat losses quantified by traditional sediment flux measurements with SfM derived topographic data. The magnitude of topographic change determined by SfM (mean value: 0.7 mm, SD: 4.3 mm) was very different to the areal average determined by the sediment yield from the blocks (mean value: –0.1 mm, SD: 0.1 mm). Topographic controls on spatial patterns of topographic change were illustrated from both field and laboratory surveys. Roughness was positively correlated to positive topographic change and was negatively correlated to negative topographic change at field plot scale and laboratory macroscale. Overall, the importance of event-scale change and the direct relationship between surface roughness and the rate of topographic change are important characteristics which we suggest are generalizable to other environments. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献