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1.
Based on a successful simulation of Typhoon Haikui (2012) using WRF (Weather Research & Forecasting) model with the WSM6 microphysics scheme, a high-resolution model output is presented and analyzed in this study. To understand the cause of the average gridded rainfall stability and increases after Haikui’s landfall, this research examines the fields of the physical terms as well as the vapor and condensate distributions and budgets, including their respective changes during the landing process. The environmental vapor supply following the typhoon landfall has no significant difference from that before the landfall. Although Haikui’s secondary circulation weakens, this circulation is not conducive to typhoon rainfall stability or increases, although the amounts of the six kinds of water substances (vapor, cloud water, cloud ice, snow, rain, and graupel) increase in the outer region of the typhoon. This reallocation of water substances is essential to the maintenance of rainfall. The six kinds of water substances are classified as vapor, clouds (cloud water and ice) and precipitation (snow, rain, and graupel) to diagnose their budgets. This sorting reveals that the changes in the budgets of different kinds of water substances, caused by the reduced mixing ratios of snow and ice, the water consumption of clouds, and the transformation of graupel, induce increased concentrations of precipitation fallout, which occur closer to the ground after typhoon landfall. In addition, this pattern is an efficient way for Haikui’s rainfall to remain stable after its landfall. Thus, the allocation and budget analyses of water substances are meaningful when forecasting the typhoon rainfall stability and increases after landfall. 相似文献
2.
With PSU/NCAR nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5, the rainfall process of tropical storm
Fitow(0114) is simulated for 00:00 UTC 31 Aug. – 00:00 UTC 2 Sept. 2001. Mesoscale separation is performed
on the results with the filtering scheme. Analyses show that the MM5 model well reproduced the position and
intensity of heavy rain. Mesoscale characteristics of heavy rain were well represented in rainfall time scale,
rainfall area, stream field and divergence at lower and upper levels. The interaction between inverted typhoon
troughs and the mesoscale systems lead to heavy rain occurrence. The distribution of divergence fields at lower
and upper levels can have a kind of indication for the rainfall. Heavy rains are closely associated with topography
and land-sea distribution in South China. Weak instability is favorable to the generation of heavy rain. 相似文献
3.
Study was carried out on two landfall typhoons Haitang and Matsa, which affected Zhejiang province seriously in 2005. Firstly, the similarity and difference between the two typhoon-induced heavy rains were compared and it was pointed out that both of them brought strong large-scale precipitation and the maximum centers of rainfall were located on the north side of the landfall site. Making landfall on Fujian, Haitang was weaker than Matsa in intensity but surpassed it in rainfall. Then with focus on intensity, moving speed, structure of typhoon, circulation and terrain, the two typhoon-related heavy rains were compared and analyzed. Results show that the asymmetrical distribution of rainfall was closely related to the structure of typhoons themselves, moisture transportation and mesoscale terrain. In contrast to the south side, the north side was hotter and wetter and water vapor was also more abundant. The phenomenon of more rainfall induced by Haitang was in connection with the following reasons. Invading cold air led to rainfall increases, weakened dynamic field and slower movement both benefited precipitation. For the last part, the cold characteristic of air mass over Zhejiang was also a favorable factor for the rain. 相似文献
4.
An extreme monsoonal heavy rainfall event lasted for nine days and recurred in the interior of northern south China from June 13 to 21, 2022. Using regional meteorological stations and ERA5 reanalysis data, the causes of this extreme monsoonal rainfall event in south China were analyzed and diagnosed. The results are shown as follows. A dominant South Asian high tended to be stable near the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, providing favorable upper-level dispersion conditions for the occurrence of heavy rainfall in south China. A western Pacific subtropical high dominated the eastern part of the South China Sea, favoring stronger and more northward transport of water vapor to the northern part of south China at lower latitudes than normal. The continuous heavy precipitation event can be divided into two stages. The first stage (June 13-15) was the frontal heavy rainfall caused by cold air (brought by an East Asian trough) from the mid-latitudes that converged with a monsoonal airflow. The heavy rains occurred mostly in the area near a shear in front of the center of a synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ), and the jet stream and precipitation were strongest in the daytime. The second stage (June 16-21) was the warm-sector heavy rainfall caused by a South China Sea monsoonal low-level jet penetrating inland. The heavy rainfall occurred on the windward slope of the Nanling Mountains and in the northern part of a boundary layer jet (BLJ). The BLJ experienced five nighttime enhancements, corresponding well with the enhancement of the rainfall center, showing significant nighttime heavy rainfall characteristics. Finally, a conceptual diagram of inland-type warm-sector heavy rainfall in south China is summarized. 相似文献
5.
The capacity of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Satellite for measuring rainfall
was examined by using TMI-85.5 GHz microwave image data and precipitation data during a heavy rainfall
experiment in southern China. From comparisons with the distribution of rain amount in an hour with BB T of
85.5 GHz microwave, it is clear that the center of heavy rain corresponds with an area of low BB T value. The
location and shape of BB T distribution is similar to that of precipitation, and the larger the rainfall rates, the
lower the BB T . A statistic analysis shows that the correlation coefficients between BB T and rain rates is
negative and significant. Especially, when the rain rate is over 7 mm/h, the correlation degree between BB T
and rain rates is more significant. The results shows that TRMM/TMI-85.5 G has great ability to measure convective
heavy rain. 相似文献
6.
Long-Term Trend and Abrupt Change for Major Climate Variables in the Upper Yellow River Basin 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
On the basis of the mean air temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration, and pan evaporation from 23 meteorological stations in the upper Yellow River Basin from 1960 to 2001, the feasibility of using hypothesis test techniques to detect the long-term trend for major climate variables has been investigated. Parametric tests are limited by the assumptions such as the normality and constant variance of the error terms. Nonparametric tests have not these additional assumptions and are better adapted to the trend test for hydro-meteorological time series. The possible trends of annual and monthly climatic time series are detected by using a non-parametric method and the abrupt changes have been examined in terms of 5-yr moving averaged seasonal and annual series by using moving T-test (MTT) method, Yamamoto method, and Mann-Kendall method. The results show that the annual mean temperature has increased by 0.8℃in the upper Yellow River Basin during the past 42 years. The warmest center was located in the northern part of the basin. The nonlinear tendency for annual precipitation was negative during the same period. The declining center for annual precipitation was located in the eastern part and the center of the basin. The variation of annual precipitation in the upper Yellow River Basin during the past 42 years exhibited an increasing tendency from 1972 to 1989 and a decreasing tendency from 1990 to 2001. The nonlinear tendencies for annual sunshine duration and pan evaporation were also negative. They have decreased by 125.6 h and 161.3 mm during the past 42 years, respectively. The test for abrupt changes by using MTT method shows that an abrupt wanning occurred in the late 1980s. An abrupt change of the annual mean precipitation occurred in the middle 1980s and an abrupt change of the mean sunshine duration took place in the early 1980s. For the annual mean pan evaporation, two abrupt changes took place in the 1980s and the early 1990s. The test results of the Yamamoto method show that the abrupt changes mostly occurred in the 1980s, and two acute abrupt changes were tested for the spring pan evaporation in 1981 and for the annual mean temperature in 1985. According to the Mann-Kendall method, the abrupt changes of the temperature mainly occurred in the 1990s, the pan evaporation abrupt changes mostly occurred in the 1960s, and the abrupt changes of the sunshine duration primarily took place in the 1980s. Although the results obtained by using three methods are different, it is undoubted that jumps have indeed occurred in the last four decades. 相似文献
7.
Using real-time data and the WRF mesoscale model,a heavy rain event in the process of Mesoscale Convective Complex(MCC) turning into banded Mesoscale Convective Systems(MCSs) during 18-19 June 2010 is simulated and analyzed in this paper.The results indicated that the formation and maintenance of a southwest vortex and shear line at 850 h Pa was the mesoscale system that affected the production of this heavy rain.The low-vortex heavy rain mainly happened in the development stage of MCC,and the circular MCC turned into banded MCSs in the late stage with mainly shear line precipitation.In the vicinity of rainfall area,the intense horizontal vorticity due to the vertical shear of u and v caused the rotation,and in correspondence,the ascending branch of the vertical circulation triggered the formation of heavy rain.The different distributions of u and v in the vertical direction produced varying vertical circulations.The horizontal vorticity near the low-vortex and shear line had obvious differences which led to varying reasons for heavy rain formation.The low-vortex heavy rain was mainly caused by the vertical shear of v,and the shear line rainfall formed owing to the vertical shear of both u and v.In this process,the vertical shear of v constituted the EW-trending rain band along the shear line,and the latitudinal non-uniformity of the vertical shear in u caused the vertical motion,which was closely related to the generation and development of MCSs at the shear line and the formation of multiple rain clusters.There was also a similar difference in the positively-tilting term(conversion from horizontal vorticity to vertical positive vorticity) near the rainfall center between the low-vortex and the shear line.The conversion in the low vortex was mainly determined by бv/бp0,while that of the shear line by бu/бp0.The scale of the conversion from the horizontal vorticity to vertical vorticity was relatively small,and it was easily ignored in the averaged state.The twisting term was mainly conducive to the reinforcement of precipitation,whereas its contribution to the development of southwest vortex and shear line was relatively small. 相似文献
8.
IMPACTS OF TWO TROPICAL CYCLONES EXPERIENCING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION DURING NORTHWARD PROGRESSION
ON THE RAINFALL OF LIAODONG PENINSULA 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Both of Typhoon Winnie (9711) and Matsa (0509) underwent an extratropical transition (ET)
process when they moved northward after landfall and affected Liaodong Peninsula. However, Matsa
produced half as much rainfall as Winnie, although it struck Liaodong Peninsula directly while Winnie
passed through the Bohai Sea. The relations between the ET processes and the precipitation over Liaodong
Peninsula are examined. The result shows that the precipitation difference between Winnie and Matsa was
closely related to the interactions between the westerly systems and typhoons during their ET processes.
Winnie was captured by the upper westerly trough and then coupled with it when moving to the
mid-latitudes, and the positive anomaly of moist potential vorticity (MPV) was transported downward from
the upper troposphere over the remnant circulation of the tropical cyclone (TC). It was favorable to the
interaction between tropical warm and wet air and westerly cold air, causing convective cloud clusters to
form and develop. The rain belt composed of several meso-β cloud clusters over the Liaodong Peninsula,
resulting in heavy rainfall. On the other hand, Matsa did not couple with any upper trough during its ET
process and the positive anomaly of MPV in the upper troposphere and its downward transfer were weak.
Only one meso-β cloud cluster occurred in Matsa’s rain belt during its ET process that tended to lessen
rainfall over Liaodong Peninsula. 相似文献
9.
The number of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the South China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean in 2009 is significantly less than the average (27.4). However, the number of landfall TC over mainland China and its associated rainfall is more than the average. This paper focuses on the performance of numerical weather prediction (NWP) of landfall TC precipitation over China in 2009. The China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) models are compared. Although the schemes of physical processes, the data assimilation system and the dynamic frame are entirely different for the two models, the results of forecast verification are similar to each other for TC rainfall and track except for TC Goni. In this paper, a day with daily rainfall amount greater than 50 mm was selected as a storm rain day when there was a TC affecting the mainland. There are 32 storm rain days related to the landing of typhoons and tropical depressions. The rainfall forecast verification methods of National Meteorological Centre (NMC) of CMA are selected to verify the models’ rainfall forecast. Observational precipitation analyses related to TCs in 2009 indicate a U-shape spatial distribution in China. It is found that the rain belt forecasted by the two models within 60 hours shows good agreement with observations, both in the location and the maximum rainfall center. Beyond 3 days, the forecasted rainfall belt shifts northward on average, and the rainfall amount of the model forecasts becomes under-predicted. The rainfall intensity of CMA model forecast is more reasonable than that of JMA model. For heavy rain, the JMA model made more missing forecasts. The TC rainfall is verified in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Hainan where rainfall amount related to TCs is relatively larger than in other regions. The results indicate that the model forecast for Guangdong and Guangxi is more skillful than that for Hainan. The rainfall forecast for Hainan remains difficult for the models because of insufficient observation data and special tropical ocean climate. 相似文献
10.
This work examines the mechanism of rainfall associated with typhoon Molave(0906)in Guangdong province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonamous Region with rainfall observations,radar mosaics from China National Meteorological Center and the final analysis data of National Center of Environmental Prediction(FNL/NCEP,USA).The result shows that the mechanism is different for the rainfall in the these areas.The rainfall in eastern Guangdong is mainly associated with a convective line to the front-right of the typhoon.The convective line is about 200 km away from the typhoon center.The rainfall in western Guangdong and Guangxi appear ahead of or to the left of the typhoon and is very close to the typhoon center.Both rainfall moves forward with the typhoon anticlockwise.It was also found that the rainfall occurred in the boundary between unstable and low-level convergent areas and closer to the convergent area.The unstable area is located in the downstream of rainfall and ahead of the convective line.It is an important factor to the development and convection.Strong frontogenesis is observed in the backward or upstream convective area of rainfall and is thus an important lifting condition for the formation of rainfall.When the low-level convergent area moves to the unstable area ahead of it,the unstable energy is left behind and as a result the convection is strengthened. 相似文献
11.
12.
文中利用MM5模式对0108(桃芝)台风温带变性特征及暴雨的发生发展机制进行了诊断分析。分析表明0108(桃芝)台风登陆后其大风区向外扩展,中心区以外的气压仍有下降。由于锋面的斜压作用其温度场结构发生了明显变化,由对称的暖心结构演变为半暖半冷的温带气旋非对称结构,相对应的高度场、流场特征亦表现出非对称结构。通过计算变形向量、锋生函数及非地转风的分布,发现在锋生函数中变形项所起作用比散度项和倾斜项要早、要大,对台风温带变性有重要的作用。而锋生结果加强了风场的非地转性并强迫出锋面垂直次级环流,造成强烈的辐合上升运动,引起台风暴雨的增幅。 相似文献
13.
利用NCEP再分析资料、地面雨量加密自动站资料及多普勒雷达产品资料,对2013年第30号超强台风“海燕”暴雨的非对称结构及中尺度降雨的形成机制、落区特征进行分析。研究结果显示:（1）“海燕”停编前有4个MCS呈东西向带状分布在广西南部,维持时间约9~12 h;台风减弱停编后在广西东南部有1~2个呈南北向的MCS,维持时间为2~4 h,造成此次台风过程的最强降水;（2）在“海燕”影响过程中,能量锋在贵州和广西维持并明显北倾、能量低值中心南下控制桂西北,使该地暴雨骤停、而桂东南在南风急流及地形作用下暴雨维持,是台风暴雨呈现东南强西北弱的非对称结构的主要成因;（3）台风登陆广西至停编时段的中尺度降雨是在高层的位涡异常与低层的位温异常叠加所形成的大气结构下,锋面触发不稳定能量形成的,中尺度降雨集中在边界层能量锋区最大梯度中心、MPV1梯度区零值附近与MPV2正值中心叠加处;（4）台风减弱在停编后的中尺度降雨是由冷空气侵入六万大山东侧抬升暖湿气流形成初始中-γ对流回波,在南风急流及两山脉间的盆地地形作用下,逐步加强发展成中-β对流回波并以“列车效应”传播而形成的。 相似文献
14.
对2007年9月19日到20日一次台风暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,利用模式输出资料具体分析了本次台风登陆减弱后的低压结构特征和大暴雨落区。结果表明:流场上高空辐散低空辐合特征明显,台风右侧来自海洋的低空潮湿偏南气流向中纬度槽前和台风倒槽前部输送的大量水汽在鲁东南东部和山东半岛南部辐合,形成强降水区;台风中心风速较小,和东部海上强风速中心形成明显"风速偶",降水区主要发生在中、低层"风速偶"之间的强风速梯度中。由于下垫面分为海上和陆上两部分,台风低压物理量场结构存在东西不对称性质,上升运动更加强烈,降水强度更大。降水的增幅与高空东南急流及高空正涡度中心和负散度中心的明显脉动下传有关系。 相似文献
15.
纬向切变线暴雨落区的精细化分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
应用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对纬向切变线的暴雨落区进行精细化分析。结果表明:虽然低层切变线的位置对暴雨落区很重要,但不是判断暴雨落区的唯一依据。影响系统的空间结构及冷暖空气的相互作用对暴雨落区的精细化预报至关重要。当东北地区有冷空气入侵,山东省为一致东北风时,除了与切变线对应的暴雨区,还有因锋面抬升作用造成的地面东北风中的暴雨区;而当东北地区为暖低压,850 hPa冷中心盘踞山东省时,切变线南侧西南暖湿气流强盛,此时暴雨区位于切变线南侧和地面静止锋之间的鲁南地区;风场辐合中心往往和高湿舌对应,高湿舌前部和风场辐合中心附近是暴雨落区。 相似文献
16.
"99.8"山东特大暴雨形成机制的数值模拟分析 总被引：11，自引：9，他引：11
利用双重嵌套的非静力数值模式MM5V3,成功地模拟了1999年8月11~12日山东诸城发生的特大暴雨。利用模式输出的高时空分辨率资料,对这次暴雨天气及中尺度低涡的形成机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明,这次特大暴雨是在弱冷空气侵入台风低压环流,热带辐合带北伸的形势下形成的;倾斜涡度发展是特大暴雨及中尺度低涡产生、发展的重要机制,鲁东南有利的地形对中尺度低涡的形成具有重要作用;台风低压倒槽顶部的强辐合作用首先触发上升运动,产生强降水,强降水位于低层气旋性暖式切变最明显的地方;强降水释放的凝结潜热使高层气层增暖,高层辐散加强,引起低层中尺度低涡强烈发展,导致降水增幅。可见,CISK机制是特大暴雨和中尺度低涡加强的另一种机制。 相似文献
17.
华北地区台风暴雨的统计特征分析 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：12
应用1949-2000年台风、降水、历史天气图等资料，对发生在华北地区的台风暴雨进行统计研究，得到了其时空分布、登陆地点、移动路线、季节特征以及与中纬度系统相互作用的关系。结果表明：52年中，由台风引起的暴雨共51次，平均约每年1次，且主要出现在夏季(尤以7,8月最多)；影响华北的台风登陆地点以及移出或消失地点具有明显的特征，福建、浙江沿海登陆次数最多，江苏北部到山东南部没有台风登陆，而这一地区为台风移出最多区域；登陆台风强度较强时，出现较大降水的概率大，而台风强度较弱时造成较大降水的概率相对较小。 相似文献
18.
19.
利用自动气象站资料、FY-2G卫星TBB（black body temperature）产品、多普勒雷达组网资料和NCEP FNL分析资料对超强台风利奇马（1909）极端强降雨观测特征、热动力结构演变和水汽输送进行分析。结果表明:此次台风大暴雨覆盖华东大部，极端强降雨区（过程雨量超过350 mm）位于浙江东部和山东中部，21个国家级气象站突破日雨量历史极值；副热带高压、台风和西风槽相互作用以及华东沿海强劲东南风急流为台风利奇马（1909）长时间维持与强降雨发生提供了有利的环境条件。浙江东部极端强降雨主要由发展极为强盛的台风本体产生，垂直深厚涡旋系统强烈的上升运动和台风眼墙区密实的深对流系统导致雨强大且降雨集中；而山东中部极端强降雨则与台风非对称结构演变和冷空气侵入密切相关。倒槽锋生、台风北侧3条螺旋雨带北移汇入及地形迎风坡处的列车效应导致山东中部远距离暴雨发生，随着500 hPa干冷空气从低层不断侵入，在台风西侧118°E附近形成向西倾斜的假相当位温锋区，暖湿气流爬升引发第2阶段稳定性降雨。 相似文献
20.
十一运会各赛区气象灾害风险评估 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用山东省17个比赛城市1971—2007年8—10月的逐日气象资料,用统计方法对各种灾害性天气进行了风险评估。结果表明:十一运会期间有9种气象灾害,不同月份的气象灾害风险有差异,其风险等级由高到低依次为:8月雷电、暴雨、台风、大雾、冰雹、大雨、高温、大风;9月雷电、大雾、大风、暴雨、大雨、连阴雨、台风、高温和冰雹;10月大雨、大雾、大风、连阴雨、暴雨、高温、冰雹、台风。开幕式、闭幕式日发生上述气象灾害的概率很小。评估结果在十一运会气象保障中得到应用。 相似文献