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热带西太平洋定点海域降水的化学特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对热带西太平洋定点（４°Ｓ，１５６°Ｅ）海域长达４个月的降水化学调查，研究了降水中化学成分的变化特征、连续性与断续性降水过程和西风暴发事件（ＷＷＢＥ）及大风暴降雨过程中降水的化学成分。结果表明：定点海域（４°Ｓ，１５６°Ｅ）纯“海洋性”降水的ｐＨ为５．５５，其Ｍｎ／Ｆｅ比值为０．５４，Ｃｌ－与ＳＯ２－４是降水中最大量的离子；连续性降水ｐＨ呈“∨”型分布，Ｅｈ呈“∧”分布，总－２价硫的浓度Ｓ（－Ⅱ）呈降低分布，且最后趋于稳定，ＳＯ２－４，ＮＨ＋４，ＰＯ３－４等在降雨开始后一段时间出现最大值，呈现与其它组分相反的行为；断续性降水ｐＨ，Ｅｈ趋于升高。西风暴发事件（ＷＷＢＥ）期间，绝大多数组分在降水中浓度高于ＷＷＢＥ发生前、后的浓度，而ＮＨ＋４低于ＷＷＢＥ发生前、后的浓度，ＰＯ３－４，ＳｉＯ２－３则是低于ＷＷＢＥ发生前的浓度，而高于发生后的浓度，大风暴降雨Ｃｌ－，ＳＯ２－４的浓度比正常降雨时可高达数倍，说明海上大风暴使大量海水滴被卷入空中，又随降雨落下，这时的降水ｐＨ也有显著增高。 相似文献
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针对上海柴油机股份有限公司生产的各类型柴油机,按十三工况法采集颗粒物样品．采用离子色谱法对１０种常规无机离子（Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、ＮＨ４＋、ＳＯ４２－、ＮＯ２－、ＮＯ３－、Ｆ－、Ｃｌ－）的含量进行了检测．检测结果表明,硫酸根离子的质量分数普遍偏高,为９２５２％ ～１３９８９％．Ｎ系阴离子的排放变化趋势与气体污染物ＮＯｘ的比排放趋势基本相同．利用气质联用中的全扫描方式分别检测了柴油机排气微粒ＳＯＦ（ＳｏｌｕｂｌｅＯｒ ｇａｎｉｃＦｒａｃｔｉｏｎ）组分,对照柴油组分分析了颗粒物组分的来源．柴油机排气颗粒物中ＳＯＦ的最大组分为烷烃,质量分数为６０５％且大部分为直链烷烃;其次是酚类、酯类、醇类及其衍生物,质量分数为２５２％,此外还有部分芳香烃,质量分数为１４３％,主要为萘族和菲族芳香烃,来源于未燃柴油． 相似文献
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分析了１９８５－１９９１年冬季雨雪的酸度及化学组份资料。结果表明，降雪的酸雪频率各年均有不同，但都比同季中降雨的酸雨频率低；降雪酸度也比降雨纸；降雪中弱酸性的酸雪出现次数最多，占总次数的４成；在酸雪中酸度值与电导率呈现显著的负相关。分析降雪的化学组份发现，降雪中ＳＯ４＾２－含量越来越高，Ｃｌ＾－含量呈下降趋势。阳离子中以ＮＨ４＾＋为主。 相似文献
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两广大陆地区酸雨的时空分布规律和化学特点 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
自１９８８年１月至１９８９年１２月，建立了一个包括７０个监测点的酸沉降测网，进行了常规的干，湿沉降同步观测，获得了大量的监测数据，结果表明：两广地区大面积出现酸雨，酸雨污染较严重地区是广东省粤北和珠江三角洲及广西的“汀桂走廊”。这些地区经济发展迅速，又是ＳＯ２，ＮＯｘ排放量较多的地区。降水酸度季节分布明显，即：春季＞冬季＞秋季＞夏季。降水中主要离子是Ｃａ＾２＋，ＮＨ＾＋４和ＳＯ＾２－４，化学组成以 相似文献
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绿洲的气候状况、地形特征、土壤地理特点以及农业耕作与灌溉措施,是影响其景观地球化学特征与土壤水盐关系的重要因素．绿洲土壤水盐关系又与
ＭＯＤＳ关系密切相关．人类活动也自然成为影响干旱区内陆河流域绿洲农田景观地球化学特征与土壤水盐耦合关系的重要因素．土壤水盐耦合类型盐化土主要以Ｃｌ ＳＯ４型为主,其次是ＳＯ４ Ｃｌ型．就阳离子地球化学特征来看,多为Ｃａ Ｎａ型和Ｍｇ Ｎａ型,其次是Ｃａ Ｍｇ型．根据分析结果,可估算出盐化土壤的盐分组成是以Ｎａ２ＳＯ４,ＣａＳＯ４,ＮａＣｌ为主,特别是ＮａＣｌ水溶性极强,ＳＯ４ Ｃｌ盐土也就主要
分布在地下水埋深浅、矿化度高的盐化土壤中．绿洲土壤水盐耦合关系在一定程度上也反映了绿洲景观地球化学过程及其变化特征．从土壤化学分析来看,碱解氮、速效磷,有机质缺乏是造成绿洲土壤肥力不高的主要因素．干旱区渭干河流域绿洲土壤盐渍化类型明显受到地下水盐分及其化学类型的影响．地下水盐分是土壤盐分的重要来源,也是绿洲景观地球化学过程的重要环节． 相似文献
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利用2015—2017年夏季南京地区的雨滴谱数据,对南京在梅雨开始前、梅雨期及梅雨结束后3个不同时段降水的宏微观特征进行分析发现:梅雨开始前对流活动强度偏弱,但对流降水的雨滴平均质量加权直径、分钟级强降水频率和逐小时累积短时强降水的频率为3个时段中最高;天气尺度强迫提供的有利于降水的持续性条件、弱对流强度下充分的凝结过程及微物理相关过程对云粒子的损耗偏弱,是有利于该时段大雨滴形成和降水效率提高的重要因素。梅雨结束后,高温高湿环境易产生剧烈对流活动,导致对流降水的大尺度雨滴样本比例及分钟级极端降水发生频率位于3个时段的首位。层云降水时,梅雨期降水频率、降水率及雨滴尺度平均值均位于首位,小尺度雨滴样本比例最低;有利天气尺度强迫条件下的充分碰并作用是主要原因之一。不同时段雨滴谱谱形参数（μ）与斜率（Λ）之间的二项式关系式的差异与μ的取值有关。 相似文献
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选取成都信息工程学院气象观测场LNM激光雨滴谱仪获得的2009—2011年175次降水过程的观测资料,依据产生降水云的性质进行统计分类,基于微物理特征参量讨论了成都地区积云、积层混合云以及层状云降水雨滴谱的总体特征,同时结合3个典型个例的微结构参量进行对比分析。结果表明:成都地区积云降水和积层混合云降水的雨滴谱比层状云宽且雨滴数密度比层状云多,特别是在大雨滴和甚小雨滴部分;4种反映雨滴谱特性的特征直径从大到小依次为积云降水、积层混合云降水、层状云降水;成都地区层状云降水的雨强主要来自于小雨滴,而积云降水和积层混合云降水的雨强主要来自于大雨滴;雨强取决于大雨滴的数量,小雨滴贡献率与雨强呈负相关,中数体积直径对雨强变化有一定指示作用。对成都地区雨滴谱特征的研究,有利于进一步了解该地区降水的微物理特性及成雨机制,为降水数值预报工作积累资料和经验。 相似文献
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Qingwei ZENG Yun ZHANG Hengchi LEI Yanqiong XIE Taichang GAO Lifeng ZHANG Chunming WANG Yanbin HUANG 《大气科学进展》2019,36(10):1103-1120
Raindrop size distribution (RSD) characteristics over the South China Sea (SCS) are examined with onboard Parsivel disdrometer measurements collected during marine surveys from 2012 to 2016. The observed rainfall is divided into pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon periods based on the different large-scale circumstances. In addition to disdrometer data, sounding observation, FY-2E satellite, SPRINTARS (Spectral Radiation-Transport Model for Aerosol Species), and NCEP reanalysis datasets are used to illustrate the dynamical and microphysical characteristics associated with the rainfall in different periods. Significant variations have been observed in respect of raindrops among the three periods. Intercomparison reveals that small drops (D < 1 mm) are prevalent during pre-monsoon precipitation, whereas medium drops (1?3 mm) are predominant in monsoon precipitation. Overall, the post-monsoon precipitation is characterized by the least concentration of raindrops among the three periods. But, several large raindrops could also occur due to severe convective precipitation events in this period. Classification of the precipitation into stratiform and convective regimes shows that the lg(Nw) value of convective rainfall is the largest (smallest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period, whereas the Dm value is the smallest (largest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period. An inversion relationship between the coefficient A and the exponential b of the Z?R relationships for precipitation during the three periods is found. Empirical relations between Dm and the radar reflectivity factors at Ku and Ka bands are also derived to improve the rainfall retrieval algorithms over the SCS. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanisms for the significant RSD variability in different periods are also discussed with respect to warm and cold rain processes, raindrop evaporation, convective activities, and other meteorological factors. 相似文献
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选取海南省海口站和屯昌站对比分析台风贝碧嘉（1816）外围云系结构和降水特征。结果表明:台风贝碧嘉（1816）影响海南岛期间,随着降水云系的发展,海口地区对流性云系发展加强,屯昌地区表现为层状云降水,两个站点雨滴谱特征存在一定的差异,海口站和屯昌站的降水均以直径小于1 mm的雨滴为主,其中屯昌站直径1~3 mm的雨滴对雨强的贡献最大;海口站雨滴数浓度随雨滴直径增大而减小,但对雨强的贡献随之增大,直径大于3 mm的雨滴对总雨强的贡献达到56.61%;海口站的特征参量曲线在时间上分布不均,表现为阵性强降水,而屯昌站的特征参量曲线起伏不大,降水比海口站小且均匀、连续;在雨滴谱演变上,海口站始终保持单峰型,屯昌站以单峰为主伴随多峰出现,当雨强增大时,两站直径1 mm范围内的雨滴数浓度随之增加,谱型迅速拓宽,大粒径雨滴出现且增多,其中海口站直径3 mm以上的雨滴端增幅更明显;两个站点雨滴谱符合Gamma分布,形状参数和斜率参数满足二项式关系。 相似文献
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Rainfall is triggered and mainly dominated by atmospheric thermo-dynamics and rich water vapor.Nonetheless, turbulence is also considered as an important factor influencing the evolution of rainfall microphysical parameters. To study such an influence, the present study utilized boundary layer wind profiler radar measurements. The separation point of the radar power spectral density data was carefully selected to classify rainfall and turbulence signals;the turbulent dissipation rate ε and rainfall microphysical parameters can be retrieved to analyze the relationship betweenε and microphysical parameters. According to the retrievals of two rainfall periods in Beijing 2016, it was observed that(1) ε in the precipitation area ranged from 10~(-3.5) to 10~(-1) m~2 s~(-3) and was positively correlated with the falling velocity spectrum width;(2) interactions between turbulence and raindrops showed that small raindrops got enlarge through collision and coalescence in weak turbulence, but large raindrops broke up into small drops under strong turbulence, and the separation value of ε being weak or strong varied with rainfall attributes;(3) the variation of rainfall microphysical parameters(characteristic diameters, number concentration, rainfall intensity, and water content) in the middle stage were stronger than those in the early and the later stages of rainfall event;(4) unlike the obvious impacts on raindrop size and number concentration, turbulence impacts on rain rate and LWC were not significant because turbulence did not cause too much water vapor and heat exchange. 相似文献
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本文利用乌鲁木齐PARSIVAL激光雨滴谱仪2012-2013年观测资料，对春、夏、秋季不同雨强降雨的雨滴谱微物理特征参量及其随时间演变特征、Gamma函数拟合、 关系等进行研究。结果表明：（1）乌鲁木齐降雨以小粒子为主，大雨强降雨的6种特征直径最大，中雨强降雨次之，小雨强降雨最小。雨滴数密度主要来自于小雨滴（直径<1 mm），大雨滴（直径>3mm）是雨强的主要贡献者，中雨滴（直径1-3 mm）是含水量和雷达反射率因子的主要贡献者，雷达反射率因子受雨滴尺寸影响很大。（2）小雨强降雨各微物理参量比较稳定，变化幅度不大，大雨强降雨则变化剧烈，出现多峰型，中雨强降雨介于二者之间。大雨强降雨的谱宽和峰值浓度最大，小雨强降雨最小，中雨强降雨介于二者之间，小雨强降雨的拟合谱具有明显的季节差异性；秋季峰值浓度最大，这与秋季多大风天气有关。（3）Gamma拟合参数 关系与粒子尺寸有关，可以用二项式进行描述。拟合出的 关系系数均小于目前常用的 关系，因此，利用 关系在乌鲁木齐进行降雨定量估测研究时会造成对降雨强度的高估，回波强度越大，高估越明显。夏季大雨强降雨无法拟合出相关系数比较高的 关系，这与乌鲁木齐大雨强降雨具有强度大、时间短、随时间变化迅速的特点有关。 相似文献
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雨滴谱包含了降雨的丰富信息,不仅能反映雨滴群的微物理特性,也能反映降雨类型、降雨强度等宏观特性,并且在雷达气象领域也有重要的价值。论文对2015和2016年度南京地区32次降雨过程的雨滴谱资料进行了处理、并对多种雨滴参数进行了详细的统计和分析,拟合了层状云降雨、对流云降雨以及积层混合云降雨的雨滴谱Gamma分布参数。另外,还基于雨滴谱数据拟合了雷达反射率因子Z与降雨强度R的Z-R关系,计算了差分反射率ZDR、相位常数KDP以及衰减参数,并利用衰减参数进行了C波段雷达回波的衰减订正试验。结果表明:（1）层状云降雨的各微物理参数比较稳定,积雨云的变化剧烈;层云降雨和积层混合云降雨的中雨滴、积雨云降雨的大雨滴对雷达反射率因子的贡献最大。（2）积雨云降雨的滴谱最宽,层状云降雨的最窄。（3）利用依据雨滴谱数据拟合的三类降雨Z-R关系,可以一定程度地提高雷达估测降雨的精度。（4）利用基于雨滴谱数据拟合的衰减系数,有效地进行了C波段双偏振雷达回波强度的衰减订正,体现了统计参数和拟合参数准确性。 相似文献
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Warm-sector heavy rainfall (WR), shear-line heavy rainfall (SR), and frontal heavy rainfall (FR) are three types of rainfall that frequently occur during the pre-summer rainy season in south China. In this research, we investigated the differences in microphysical characteristics of heavy rainfall events during the period of 10-15 May 2022 based on the combined observations from 11 S-band polarimetric radars in south China. The conclusions are as follows: (1) WR has the highest radar echo top height, the strongest radar echo at all altitudes, the highest lightning density, and the most active ice-phase process, which suggests that the convection is the most vigorous in the WR, moderate in the FR, and the weakest in the SR. (2) Three types of rainfall are all marine-type precipitation, the massweighted mean diameter (Dm, mm) and the intercept parameter (Nw, mm-1 m-3 ) of the raindrops in the WR are the largest. (3) The WR possesses the highest proportion of graupel compared with the FR and SR, and stronger updrafts and more abundant water vapor supply may lead to larger raindrops during the melting and collision-coalescence processes. (4) Over all the heights, liquid and ice water content in the WR are higher than those in the SR and FR, the ratio of ice to liquid water content in the WR is as high as 27% when ZH exceeds 50 dBZ, definitely higher than that in the SR and FR, indicating that the active ice-phase process existing in the WR is conducive to the formation of heavy rainfall. 相似文献