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1.
2006年超强台风“桑美”强度突变的动能特征分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
应用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2006年超强台风“桑美”（Saomai）强度突变过程的动能特征进行分析,结果表明：“桑美”突然增强时刻其低层总动能和旋转风动能突然增加,辐散风动能也有所增加,总动能的增加主要是由旋转风动能增加所引起的;其高层总动能和旋转风动能突然减小,而辐散风动能突然增加,高层动能下传是导致“桑美”突然增强的重要原因;“桑美”突然增强时刻高层辐散风动能向旋转风动能的转换达到最大,低层辐散风与旋转风相互作用动能项达到最大;“桑美”突然减弱时刻的高低层能量变化趋势与突然增强时刻相反,并存在着低层动能的上传;“桑美”强度突变时对总动能（K）、旋转风动能（KR）、辐散风动能（KD）变化的响应时间为6～18 h。 相似文献
2.
利用辐散风和旋转风的动能收支方程,对北方一次北上台风倒槽暴雨过程暴雨区内的涡散场能量收支和转换进行了计算.结果表明:暴雨区内动能的增加是暴雨增幅的一个主要原因.暴雨发展时,就旋转风动能(KR)而言,旋转风动能通量(HFR)辐合是主要能源,而旋转风的动能产生项(GR)是主要能汇;就辐散风动能(KD)而言,辐散风的动能产生项(GD)是主要能源,辐散风动能通量(HFD)辐散是主要能汇;总动能水平通量(HF)提供的辐合主要表现于对流层中、低层,这就使得低层辐合加强,上升运动加强,有利于暴雨的增幅.在暴雨过程中次网格尺度效应由能源转变为能汇,在暴雨发展之时能汇减小;能量的转换项C(KD,KR)总为正值,在转换项中,地转效应项的贡献很大.说明暴雨过程能量均由KD向KR转换,也就是说有效位能经KD向KR转换,充分说明了在整个暴雨过程中,尽管辐散风动能变化(∂KD/∂t)很小,但是它在其中充当“桥梁”作用,C(KD,KR)在暴雨发展时达到最大,此时能量转换最为旺盛;对流层低层辐散风动能向旋转风动能的转换是暴雨产生和发展的重要条件.此次暴雨过程,在暴雨区内表现为斜压不稳定和正压稳定共存的特征,其发展过程是系统斜压不稳定增长,正压稳定性减弱的过程,暴雨增幅的另一个重要原因就是暴雨区内低层斜压的发展. 相似文献
3.
用ＦＳＵ区域模式讨论台风涡旋结构及其与运动的关系，台风涡旋的运动在无基本环流和β平面条件下取决于轴不对称环流。而不对称环流的发展源自于从对称环流动能的转换。其率取决对称环流，不对称环流和地球涡度经向梯度三者的相互作用。由于不对称环流动能产生率随高度不变，故台风作为一个统一体以相同的移速移动。不对称环流的径向结构取决于对称环流的径向结构。 相似文献
4.
The energetics process of offehore typhoon in three kinds of explosive enhancement (TEE) are ana lyzed using ECMWF data. The results are as follows: (a) During the explosive development process,the enhancement of the rotational kinetic enersy (KW) is mainly in the lower troposphere while that ofthe potential energy (PE) is in the upper troposphere. The magnitude of rotational kinetic energy islargely bigger than that of divergent enersy (KΧ). (b) The environmental energy advected into the typhoon was about 30% of the internal increment of typhoon energy. The magnitude of energy was an order larger than increment of typhoon energy. (c) Among those three kinds of explosively developed typhoon, the enersy transformation mechanisms are different. (d) The influence of environment fields onabrupt intensification of typhoons couldn't be overestimated. 相似文献
5.
利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析格点资料和浙江省自动站降水资料,分析了2007年"罗莎"台风能量频散的波动特征与浙江省远距离台风降水之间的关系。结果表明:1)由于浙江省所处纬度相对较低,其远距离台风降水的形成过程与北方(西北和华北)典型的远距离台风暴雨存在本质区别,浙江省远距离台风降水主要是台风能量频散的波动效应所引起,而北方远距离台风暴雨的形成过程主要是西风槽和台风外围环流相互作用的结果。2)影响浙江省远距离降水的台风在整个台风环流登陆前有向降水区的能量频散过程,这种能量频散过程在对流层中低层波动特征不明显,因而能量频散的距离相对较小;在对流层中高层,台风能量频散表现出清楚的波动特征,能够影响到较远距离外的天气系统,从而引起局地降水的增加。3)台风能量频散的波动效应在远距离降水区的上空形成一个正涡量区,之后该正涡量区以波动的形式向下传播,导致降水区对流层中下层气旋性涡旋形成,造成局地降水或降水增加。 相似文献
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7.
人造台风模型中三维风场的改进及敏感性模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对MM5的人造台风风场方案进行了分析,并引入台风移速、移向、摩擦等客观因素构造非对称切向风场,尝试选择合理的径向风方案,并考虑风场垂直结构,改进出三维非对称台风风场模型.通过对"云娜"台风模式初始场的对比发现,径向风及高空反气旋环流的引入突出了台风的基本特征,与观测事实相接近.最后进行敏感性数值模拟,通过比较台风路径及移速、海平面气压、最大风速等模拟要素,结果表明:改进后的台风模型通过订正初始场,对台风路径及强度预报效果的提高也有正效应. 相似文献
8.
本文通过对一次长江中游中尺度低涡的分析发现,在这类斜压性低涡发展时,低涡西侧冷区对流顶明显下降,在低涡区发生折叠现象.与大位涡值相联系的平流层空气从该处下沉至对流层,对流顶下陷比对流活动区对流顶高度变化要早且明显.中尺度涡旋发展所需要之动能主要取自辐散风动能,在对流层高层和低层这种正向转换最为清晰,而整个气柱中位能向辐散风动能转换,以支持它在涡旋发展过程中之消耗.但高层与低层的情况不同.在100hPa高空辐散风动能既支持了涡旋动能,又向总位能转换.分析表明,高层对流层流场在中尺度系统发展过程中是十分活跃的,必须引起足够的重视. 相似文献
9.
登陆台风Matsa (麦莎) 中尺度扰动特征分析 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
地面中尺度自动站和多普勒雷达资料的分析都表明, 台风Matsa登陆后的低层螺旋云带中活跃着中尺度气旋性涡旋系统。本文使用新一代中尺度WRF模式对台风Matsa登陆后的变化特征进行了数值模拟, 使用四维变分多普勒雷达分析系统 (4D-VDRAS) 对台风Matsa多普勒雷达径向风进行了风场反演。在此基础上对台风Matsa登陆后中尺度扰动特性进行了初步探讨; 对台风Matsa与其螺旋云带的中尺度系统之间动能和涡度的相互转换进行了诊断分析。分析表明: (1) 数值模拟和雷达风场反演结果表明, 登陆台风Matsa的低层螺旋云带中活跃着中尺度气旋式涡旋系统, 与之相伴随的为较强的中尺度上升区, 而且, 中尺度垂直上升运动的强弱与雷达对流回波强度成正相关, 中尺度垂直上升运动越强, 雷达对流回波发展越旺盛。 (2) 台风Matsa与其中尺度系统动能转换的诊断分析说明, 低层中尺度系统从台风Matsa环流中获得动能而发展; Matsa在陆地上长久维持主要是从高层获得动能。 (3) 台风Matsa与其中尺度系统涡度转换的诊断分析说明, 低层中尺度系统向Matsa输送正涡度主要依靠中尺度垂直运动来完成; 高层正涡度的转换通过水平输送和垂直输送共同来完成。所以, 中尺度系统所产生的正涡度源源不断地向Matsa输送, 使Matsa的气旋性环流可以在陆地上长久维持。 相似文献
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一次北方台风暴雨(9406)能量特征分析 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：9
从能量角度分析了9406号台风在我国北方造成大范围暴雨过程,定量讨论了台风变性过程中显热能、潜热能和动能的时空分布特征、北方暴雨区远距离降水突然增幅过程中能量的变化、以及动能的补充来源.发现:(1)虽然潜热能比显热能小1个量级,但潜热能平流大于显热能平流.热带气旋在获得西风带斜压能量之前,其总能量的维持主要来自潜热能的贡献,潜热能的贡献约是显热能的两倍.(2)台风远距离降水的突然增幅是中低纬度系统相互作用的结果.来自热带气旋的显热能平流与西风带显热能平流非线性叠加,导致槽前显热能明显增加,西风带槽迅速加深,降水突然增幅.同时,暴雨区高空动能下传的突然增强对暴雨突然增幅有贡献,而该高空动能下传的增加与6小时之前台风环流区大量潜热能量释放相对应.(3)台风进入影响区之前,在整个对流层有潜热能、显热能和动能直接从台风区输入暴雨区;在台风进入影响区之后,只有低空显热能平流保持继续向暴雨区输送能量.(4)台风进入影响区之后,北方暴雨区动能的补充主要来自对流层上层动能的下传、斜压不稳定能量向动能的转化和北方暴雨区西边界动能的输入.5个类似台风的合成分析支持了以上主要结论.得出的暴雨增幅模型可对预报台风远距离降水有指示作用. 相似文献
11.
高分辨率GRAPES-GFS的动能谱及其转折特征分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
大量观测数据的计算表明,在对流层高层和平流层低层,大气动能谱在大尺度的斜率近似为k-3,到中尺度转换为近似k-5/3,动能谱的斜率及其转折特征可作为大气运动的基本规律检验数值模式。利用这一特征对GRAPES-GFS全球中期数值预报模式产品进行了检验评估。采用0.25°分辨率GRAPES-GFS模式2013年5月的预报场,分析了模式动能谱的垂直分布及动能谱的辐散分量和旋转分量。结果表明:在对流层高层和平流层低层(225—10 hPa),模式的动能谱曲线能较好地再现大气动能谱从大尺度过渡到中尺度的斜率转折特征,特别是在100 hPa附近动能谱的转折特征比较明显,但是动能谱斜率的绝对值较通常的观测结果(k-3和k-5/3)偏大;在大尺度范围,旋转分量在总动能谱中占优,随着波数的增大(尺度的减小)辐散分量逐渐与旋转分量相当甚至超过旋转分量。基于条件极值的思想提出一种计算转折点(拐点)的新方法,该方法能够较准确地计算出动能谱曲线拐点的位置,而且拐点位置随高度的变化与辐散和旋转分量谱交点位置随高度的变化一致。此外,还计算了辐散分量谱的斜率,发现其在中尺度范围内非常接近k-5/3, 验证了其对总动能谱转折过程中的关键作用。综上,GRAPES-GFS模式能够准确地再现大气动能谱由大尺度到中尺度的斜率转折特征;与旋转分量相比,模式对动能谱辐散分量的描述更为准确,而且模式对旋转分量的较大误差导致了总动能谱的斜率绝对值偏大。 相似文献
12.
一次西南低涡形成过程的数值试验和诊断——Ⅱ:涡度方程和能量转换函数的诊断分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文是对第一部分的数值试验结果进行涡度方程以及位能、散度风动能和旋转风动能之间的能量转换函数诊断分析,并讨论了地形动力作用和潜热加热影响西南低涡形成和发展的物理过程.结果表明:从涡度收支上看,地形和潜热加热通过增大辐合使涡度增加.从能量转换上看,在低层地形和潜热加热加强位能向散度风动能转换以及散度风动能向旋转风动能转换;在高层,地形通过加强旋转风动能向散度风动能转换,使高空辐散增强,而潜热加热通过加强位能向散度风动能转换亦使高空辐散增强. 相似文献
13.
The influence of intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) on TC genesis over the northwestern Pacific is studied through comparing analyses of the more and less TC years from 1979 to 2006. It is indicated that the ISO strongly affects the TC genesis. In the years for more TC genesis, the ISO is weak and propagates insignificantly in the area to the west of the Philippines, but the ISO is strong in the area to the east of the Philippines and propagates significantly northwestward. In this situation, the Walker cell shifts gradually westward from the tropical western Pacific to the tropical eastern Indian Ocean. Convergent winds appear in the lower atmosphere while divergent winds in the upper atmosphere, suggesting the presence of enhanced ascending flow over the 140-160°E region and a favorable condition for TC genesis. Moreover, in the years for less TC genesis, the ISO gradually becomes stronger in the area to the west of the Philippines and significant eastward propagation prevails from the eastern Indian Ocean to the area around 120°E; the ISO is weak in the area to the east of the Philippines. During these years, the Walker circulation gradually moved eastward, with convergent winds in the upper troposphere and divergent winds in the lower troposphere. Sinking motion was significant, unfavorable for the TC genesis over the Northwestern Pacific. 相似文献
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本文用准拉格朗日方法计算了两例夏季江淮气旋各个阶段的动能收支及旋转风、辐散风对动能制造项的贡献，并讨论了它们与大尺度环流的关系。主要结论有:（1）气旋区域动能平衡的特点随大尺度环流改变；（2）动能的水平输送取决于气旋和高空急流中心的相对位置；（3）稳定少动的高空急流入（出）口区有较强的旋转风动能制造（消耗），与水平输送项反号，移动快的急流附近，此项数值较小；（4）发展的气旋波，高层和低层有较强的辐散风动能制造；（5）夏季江淮气旋波转化为温带气旋时，高层表现为动能输入，高空急流转为气旋式弯曲。 相似文献
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文中利用MM5模式对0108(桃芝)台风温带变性特征及暴雨的发生发展机制进行了诊断分析。分析表明0108(桃芝)台风登陆后其大风区向外扩展,中心区以外的气压仍有下降。由于锋面的斜压作用其温度场结构发生了明显变化,由对称的暖心结构演变为半暖半冷的温带气旋非对称结构,相对应的高度场、流场特征亦表现出非对称结构。通过计算变形向量、锋生函数及非地转风的分布,发现在锋生函数中变形项所起作用比散度项和倾斜项要早、要大,对台风温带变性有重要的作用。而锋生结果加强了风场的非地转性并强迫出锋面垂直次级环流,造成强烈的辐合上升运动,引起台风暴雨的增幅。 相似文献
16.
IMPACTS OF UPPER-LEVEL COLD VORTEX ON THE RAPID CHANGE OF INTENSITY AND MOTION OF TYPHOON MERANTI (2010) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Typhoon Meranti originated over the western North Pacific off the south tip of the Taiwan Island in 2010.It moved westward entering the South China Sea,then abruptly turned north into the Taiwan Strait,got intensified on its way northward,and eventually made landfall on Fujian province.In its evolution,there was a northwest-moving cold vortex in upper troposphere to the south of the Subtropical High over the western North Pacific(hereafter referred to as the Subtropical High).In this paper,the possible impacts of this cold vortex on Meranti in terms of its track and intensity variation is investigated using typhoon best track data from China Meteorological Administration,analyses data of 0.5×0.5 degree provided by the global forecasting system of National Centers for Environmental Prediction,GMS satellite imagery and Taiwan radar data.Results show as follows:(1)The upper-level cold vortex was revolving around the typhoon anticlockwise from its east to its north.In the early stage,due to the blocking of the cold vortex,the role of the Subtropical High to steer Meranti was weakened,which results in the looping of the west-moving typhoon.However,when Meranti was coupled with the cold vortex in meridional direction,the northerly wind changed to the southerly at the upper level of the typhoon;at the same time the Subtropical High protruded westward and its southbound steering flow gained strength,and eventually created an environment in which the southerly winds in both upper and lower troposphere suddenly steered Meranti to the north;(2)The change of airflow direction above the typhoon led to a weak vertical wind shear,which in return facilitated the development of Meranti.Meanwhile,to the east of typhoon Meranti,the overlapped southwesterly jets in upper and lower atmosphere accelerated its tangential wind and contributed to its cyclonic development;(3)The cold vortex not only supplied positive vorticity to the typhoon,but also transported cold advection to its outer bands.In conjunction with the warm and moist air masses at the lower levels,the cold vortex increased the vertical instability in the atmosphere,which was favorable for convection development within the typhoon circulation,and its warmer center was enhanced through latent heat release;(4)Vertical vorticity budget averaged over the typhoon area further shows that the intensification of a typhoon vorticity column mainly depends on horizontal advection of its high-level vorticity,low-level convergence,uneven wind field distribution and its convective activities. 相似文献
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利用多年逐月海温距平和区风应力距平观测资料,运用线性回归和ＥＯＦ分析方法,分析了ＥＮＳＯ相联系的热带太平洋典型风应力异常场结构。结果显示,与ＥＮＳＯ线性相关的风应力异常场在时间尺度上表现为低频变化,在水平结构上主要表现为四个典型分布。 相似文献
18.
By using the data from observation on the Chinese research vessel Xiang Yang Hong No.5 and other sources during AMEX phase II, the kinetic energy budget and circulation characteristics of the tropical storm Irma were analyzed.Irma formed on the ITCZ of the Southern Hemisphere. During the formative stage of the storm, the SE trades and monsoon westerlies on both sides of the ITCZ strengthened, and more importantly, there was a strong divergent flow in upper troposphere. These contributed to the intensification of Irma. At the time when Irma formed, the Richardson number (Ri) in middle and lower troposphere was much smaller than that prior to and post the formation.When Irma intensified rapidly, the area-averaged kinetic energy in the general flow increased in the whole troposphere . The largest contribution came from kinetic energy generation term, -[v.(?)(?)] .indicates that there existed a strong ageostrophic accetration. As to the generation term , the conversion of available potential energy to kinetic energy, - |ωα|, made the largest contribution. This illustrates the importance of internal sources and of the ensemble effect of cumulus convection to the kinetic energy.To the increase of area-averaged eddy kinetic energy during the rapid intensification of Irma, the most impor tant source in the whole troposphere was the dissipation term - [E'], that should be interpreted as the. feeding of eddy kinetic energy from smaller to larger scale disturbances. Another important source was generation term, - [v' (?)(?)'], in the lower troposphere. Rather small contribution came from the energy conversion from the kinetic energy of area-mean flow to eddy kinetic energy. Therefore, the eddy kinetic energy of the developing tropical disturbance extracted both from smaller an, .arger scale motions. The former was much more important than the latter In addition, the disturbance acting as a generator and exporter, generated and exported eddy kinetic energy to the environmental atmosphere. 相似文献
19.
Changes in the normal mode energetics of the general atmospheric circulation are assessed for the northern winter season (DJF) in a warmer climate, using the outputs of four climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 3. The energetics changes are characterized by significant increases in both the zonal mean and eddy components for the barotropic and the deeper baroclinic modes, whereas for the shallower baroclinic modes both the zonal mean and eddy components decrease. Significant increases are predominant in the large-scale eddies, both barotropic and baroclinic, while the opposite is found in eddies of smaller scales. While the generation rate of zonal mean available potential energy has globally increased in the barotropic component, leading to an overall strengthening in the barotropic energetics terms, it has decreased in the baroclinic component, leading to a general weakening in the baroclinic energetics counterpart. These global changes, which indicate a strengthening of the energetics in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), sustained by enhanced baroclinic eddies of large horizontal scales, and a weakening below, mostly driven by weaker baroclinic eddies of intermediate to small scales, appear together with an increased transfer rate of kinetic energy from the eddies to the zonal mean flow and a significant increase in the barotropic zonal mean kinetic energy. The conversion rates between available potential energy and kinetic energy, C, were further decomposed into the contributions by the rotational (Rossby) and divergent (gravity) components of the circulation field. The eddy component of C is due to the conversion of potential energy of the rotational adjusted mass field into kinetic energy by the work realized in the eddy divergent motion. The zonal mean component of C is accomplished by two terms which nearly cancel each other out. One is related to the Hadley cell and involves the divergent component of both wind and geopotential, while the other is associated to the Ferrel cell and incorporates the divergent wind with the rotationally adjusted mass field. Global magnitude increases were found in the zonal mean components of these two terms for the warmer climate, which could be the result of a strengthening and/or widening of both meridional cells. On the other hand, the results suggest a strengthening of these conversion rates in the UTLS and a weakening below, that is consistent with the rising of the tropopause in response to global warming. 相似文献
20.
A diagnostic study of the asymmetric distribution of rainfall during the landfall of typhoon Haitang (2005) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The precipitation during landfall of typhoon Haitang (2005) showed asymmetric structures (left side/right side of the track). Analysis of Weather Research and Forecasting model simulation data showed that rainfall on the right side was more than 15 times stronger than on the left side. The causes were analyzed by focusing on comparing the water vapor flux, stability and upward motion between the two sides. The major results were as follows: (2) Relative humidity on both sides was over 80%, whereas the convergence of water vapor flux in the lower troposphere was about 10 times larger on the right side than on the left side. (5) Both sides featured conditional symmetric instability [MPV (moist potential vorticity) <0], but the right side was more unstable than the left side. (6) Strong (weak) upward motion occurred throughout the troposphere on the right (left) side. The Q vector diagnosis suggested that large-scale and mesoscale forcing accounted for the difference in vertical velocity. Orographic lift and surface friction forced the development of the asymmetric precipitation pattern. On the right side, strong upward motion from the forcing of different scale weather systems and topography caused a substantial release of unstable energy and the transportation of water vapor from the lower to the upper troposphere, which produced torrential rainfall. However, the above conditions on the left side were all much weaker, which led to weaker rainfall. This may have been the cause of the asymmetric distribution of rainfall during the landfall of typhoon Haitang. 相似文献