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1.
马里亚纳海沟具有低温、高压、永久黑暗以及营养匮乏等深海环境特征,其中的细菌多样性对深海环境具有极为重要的作用。为研究马里亚纳海沟海水中异养细菌的物种多样性,采用多种培养基、不同培养温度同步筛选,单菌落16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,邻近法系统发育树构建分析等方法,对25个海水样品进行异养细菌多样性分析。共获得细菌531株,对其中371株进行16S rRNA基因鉴定,共分布41属,97种。经系统进化分析,异养菌株分布于4门:厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)。优势菌群为Proteobacteria,占鉴定菌株数量的58%,其中γ-Proteobacteria占总菌数的52%。此外,还发现4株潜在新物种。 相似文献
2.
深海热液区的极端环境促使热液区生物形成了独特的生存机制,即与微生物的共附生关系。本文利用高通量测序技术分析了与西南印度洋龙旂热液区神盾螺（Gigantopelta aegis）共附生微生物的种类及功能。基于16S rRNA基因 V3-V4区扩增子测序结果发现：①神盾螺共附生菌中99.99%都属于细菌域,丰度最高的是变形菌门γ-,ε-,和α-变形菌纲;②神盾螺个体Ga1和Ga3的共附生菌群落中以γ-变形菌为主,个体Ga2 中以ε-变形菌为主,表明在同一热液区生活的不同个体间其共附生菌种类也存在较大差异;③宏转录组测序结果与扩增子测序结果基本一致,即神盾螺共附生细菌中变形菌门相对丰度最高,同时发现了高丰度的硫代谢、氢代谢、甲烷代谢以及环境胁迫应答基因。神盾螺共附生微生物的研究将有助于探究深海热液喷口生物的生存和适应策略,为进一步研究奠定基础。 相似文献
3.
东太平洋海隆深海热液区沉积物微生物多样性的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
提取东太平洋海隆区深海热液系统沉积物样品的总DNA,构建沉积物中的细菌16S rDNA 克隆文库,通过PCR-RFLP分析与序列测定,对沉积物中的微生物类群及其与环境的关系进行了分析.结果表明,该海区沉积物中的36个克隆代表的22种基因型分别属于7个主要类群,其中变形菌(Proteobacteria)的γ-亚群为优势菌群,α-和β-亚群也均有分布;而硫氧化相关共生菌的属(sulfur-oxidizing symbionts)为优势种属.系统发育分析表明,在该沉积物中细菌主要是跟共生有关、跟C、S代谢相关,大多还能在无氧和高温环境的条件下生存,说明采样点具有典型的深海热液生态系统的特点,甲烷代谢和硫代谢在该区域的深海物质能量循环中占据着重要地位.另外大量新的极端微生物的存在,预示着该区域的微生物资源有着非常大的开发潜力. 相似文献
4.
副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是一种嗜盐性革兰氏阴性菌, 广泛分布于海洋环境中, 能够引起肠胃炎、伤口感染以及败血症, 是人类重要的病原菌之一。宿主体内被认为是一种低铁环境, 能够激发致细菌的毒力。副溶血弧菌能够分泌弧菌素或利用外源铁载体来获取铁。在低铁条件下, 编码双组份调控系统的基因簇VPA0148-VPA0149转录上调, 使含铁肠杆菌素受体PeuA转录出有活性的蛋白。VPA0148编码产物为一个响应调节因子, 具有一个磷酸基团接收结构域和一个DNA结合结构域。本研究发现, VPA0148的缺失增强了菌株的生物膜形成能力和对斑马鱼的致死能力, 同时能够促进菌株在低铁环境中的生长, 并增强菌株的群集运动。研究结果表明含铁肠杆菌素受体调节蛋白VPA0148对副溶血弧菌致病力具有调控作用, 增进了对铁调节副溶血弧菌毒力机制的认识。 相似文献
5.
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2017,(6)
东太平洋结核区位于东北太平洋,在深海海底含有丰富的多金属结核,而微生物在多金属结核的形成过程中发挥着重要的作用。本研究通过DY29航次获得了该区域多个实验样品,包括结核、结核覆盖的沉积物、无结核覆盖的沉积物和底层海水,并对这些样品进行了细菌的分离培养和活性检测。结果表明,东太平洋结核区拥有丰富的微生物资源,共分离保藏细菌1 200株,其中402株细菌完成16SrRNA基因测序,分属于4个门,65个属和135个种。4个门分别为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,占81.59%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,占8.21%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,占8.21%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,占1.99%);优势属为盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、亚硫酸盐杆菌属(Sulfitobacter)等。两种沉积物样品中可培养放线菌门和厚壁菌门的细菌丰度较高,结核中分离得到的细菌包含较高比例的α-变形菌纲,4种样品类型中γ-变形菌纲的细菌均占最大比例。对结核样品分离得到的细菌进行酶学性质检测发现具有过氧化氢酶及酯酶(吐温20和吐温40)活性的菌株所占比例较高,并首次筛选出一些未报道的具有锰氧化能力的菌株。综合以上结果,东太平洋结核区不同样品的可培养细菌多样性较高,微生物资源丰富,而具有锰氧化能力菌株的分离鉴定对研究深海多金属结核的形成及深海矿产资源的开发都具有重要的意义。 相似文献
6.
为探索印度洋深海沉积物中纯培养细菌的多样性,本文对采自印度洋12个沉积物样品进行细菌纯培养分离,共获得343株细菌.所有细菌采用16S?rRNA基因进行比对分析,鉴定为4个门:厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroi... 相似文献
7.
借助自主研发的深海水体原位定植培养系统,在南海3 300 m的深海水体中进行了氮循环微生物的原位培养.通过向富集仓中投加缓释肥(铵盐、硝酸盐和尿素)进行了为期17个月的原位富集.结合高通量测序技术和分离培养的方法,对深海原位富集物及实验室二次富集物进行了微生物多样性分析. 16S rRNA基因高通量测序结果表明,在南海原位富集样品中,细菌以变形菌门丰度最高,富集仓内脱脂棉附着介质和仓内水样中的最优势属分别为希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)和科韦尔氏菌属(Colwellia);古菌以奇古菌门为主,其中氨氧化古菌(AOA)所占比例很高.通过平板培养分离到17株细菌,主要包括盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter)和亚硫酸盐杆菌属(Sulfitobacter)等.通过不同起始氮源(氨氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐)和培养温度(28℃和10℃),对原位富集样品进行实验室二次富集,获得了5个富集菌群.分析发现,它们均具有较好的脱氮效果,可以产生N_2O或N_2;这些菌群均以盐单胞菌属占绝对优势,其次为海源菌属(Idiomarina)或海杆菌属,其中盐单胞菌和海源菌成功获得分离.单菌功能验证表明,分离获得的盐单胞菌具有好氧反硝化能力,其在原位环境下反硝化活性尚有待确认. 相似文献
8.
嗜冷希瓦氏菌Shewanella psychrophila WP2分离自深海沉积物,其拥有目前希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)中最大的基因组,为6. 4 Mb。通过对S. psychrophila WP2的完整基因组进行系统发育和代谢潜能分析,并与相近菌株进行比较,探究WP2拥有较大基因组的生理和生态意义,深化对Shewanella菌在环境适应性方面的认识。基于串联保守蛋白对WP2基因组进行系统发育分析,根据注释结果对WP2进行代谢通路重建。系统发育进化树显示,WP2属于Group 1分支,和其它嗜冷嗜压Shewanella菌相同,非嗜冷嗜压Shewanella菌株都属于Group 2分支。WP2基因组中与DNA修复、次级代谢产物合成、转运分泌相关的基因数明显多于Shewanella piezotolerans WP3。WP2拥有较多水平转移来源的基因组岛(17个),岛内包含了与嘌呤代谢、氨基糖代谢、运动趋化、群体感应等功能相关的基因。结果表明,通过潜在的水平基因转移,WP2获得了大量的辅助功能基因,增强了它的氮源利用能力、运动和趋化能力,以及应对复杂环境的群体感应能力和抗生素合成功能,从而更加适应生活在寡营养和复杂极端的深海环境。本研究针对S. psychrophila WP2的代谢潜力进行了深入的探索和研究,为将来关于Shewanella菌和微生物的环境适应机制的研究提供了更多数据参考和理论基础。 相似文献
9.
荣成月湖是一个典型天然潟湖,潮间带沉积物中存在多种形态趋磁细菌。通过Roche454高通量测序平台,对沉积物样品(B_S)和磁收样品(B_M)进行16SrRNA基因高通量测序,认识荣成潮间带沉积物的细菌群落结构,并了解趋磁细菌多样性及系统进化地位。研究结果表明沉积物样品中主要的细菌类群为δ-变形菌纲,占总细菌数的26.4%,其次是γ-变形菌纲和α-变形菌纲;而磁收样品中细菌多样性和种类明显降低,以α-变形菌纲占绝对优势,相对比例达72.6%。在磁收样品和沉积物样品分别发现了1 612条和186条reads与趋磁细菌相关,分别占细菌总数的5.76%和0.85%,磁收样品中趋磁细菌数是沉积物样品的6.8倍。对两个样品中获得的趋磁细菌序列进行系统进化分析,发现这些序列多数属于变形菌门的α-变形菌纲,以趋磁球菌占绝对优势,少数属于δ-变形菌纲,与多细胞趋磁原核生物亲缘关系最近。海洋趋磁螺菌属仅在B_M样品中检出,趋磁弧菌属在B_M样品优势度高于B_S样品,而多细胞趋磁原核生物和趋磁螺菌属在B_S样品中优势度更高。通过分析样品间的差异OTUs,认为荣成潮间带沉积物中可能存在大量未知的趋磁细菌新类群。研究结果为下一步培养和开发趋磁细菌这一功能菌群,发现趋磁细菌新类群及趋磁细菌生态功能提供了基础资料。 相似文献
10.
深海热液活动区的微生物作用 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
深海(约2600m深)热液活动区的微生物作用是非常重要的,在此区域发现许多动物食物链的基础是由微生物作用提供,如氧化硫细菌。它的化学作用是以氧化无机化合物为能源,被认为是深海热液活动区——非学合区的初级生产力。同时深海热液活动区的微生物作用可能揭示生命起源的奥秘。因此自20世纪70年代在深海发现热液活动后不久,Alongi,D.M.1990年,Jannasch,H.W.等1985年就注意到了在此区域的微生物,并通过各种方法观察研究。其中包括:(1)用落射式荧光显微镜和核苷酸测定法证实在热液活动区有相当数量的细菌存在。(2)在热液活动区的沉积物上发… 相似文献
11.
C. Bachraty P. Legendre D. Desbruyères 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(8):1371-1378
The discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna, kilometres deep in the oceans, is a great achievement of 20th-century marine biology. The deep-sea hydrothermal food web does not directly depend on the sun's energy. Vent communities rely primarily on trophic associations between chemoautotrophic bacteria and consumers. A small number of endemic taxa are adapted to the inhospitable vent environments that are distributed along ridge crests. Where these vent communities originated and how they dispersed are among the important questions ecologists must answer. Here, by statistical analysis of the most comprehensive database ever assembled about deep-sea hydrothermal fauna, we delineate six major hydrothermal provinces in the world ocean and identify seven possible dispersal pathways between adjacent provinces. Our model suggests that the East-Pacific Rise may have played a pivotal role as a centre of dispersal for the hydrothermal fauna. Our data-driven conclusion will have to be tested by phylogenetic studies and completed by surveys of less-explored fields. 相似文献
12.
深海热液喷口生物群落的研究进展 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
深海热液喷口生物群落并不依赖光合作用获取能量,它们是一类独特的生物类型,其食物链的基础是化学合成细菌,这些细菌依靠喷口热液中的还原无机物氧化．利用CO。合成有机碳,它们共生于大个体动物的软组织或绍中,向寄主提供生存必需的有机碳。地质时期古热液喷口生物群落的研究还表明,该类生物群落在古生代（可能更早）即已出现。此外,现代热液喷口与古热液喷口生物群落的比较研究,在探索该生物群落乃至早期生命的起源、演化方面也取得了可喜进展。 相似文献
13.
R. Company H. Felícia A. Serafim A.J. Almeida M. Biscoito M.J. Bebianno 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2010,57(7):893-908
The knowledge of metal contamination in deep-sea fishes living in the surroundings of hydrothermal vents is very scarce, along with the detoxification mechanisms that allow them to live near one of the most metal contaminated marine environments. Six deep-sea fish species, although not vent endemic were collected near three Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) hydrothermal vents (Menez Gwen, Lucky Strike and Rainbow) and the gills, muscle and liver were selected for this study due to their importance in metal metabolism and storage. The concentrations of seven metals (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni) and a metal-related biomarker (metallothionein-like proteins–MTL) were assessed. Major differences in metal accumulation among fish species are related to their feeding habits and vent site of their capture. The liver and gills are in general the most important tissues for metal accumulation compared to the muscle, but tissue partitioning is very dependent on the fish species considered. Compared to other deep-sea fishes, fish capture in the vicinity of hydrothermal vents accumulates higher amounts of metals in general. However, MTL levels are not considerably different from what is found in commercial coastal fishes, and is poorly correlated with metal concentrations in the tissues. Therefore, MTL may not constitute one major detoxification system for deep-sea species living in the vicinity of three important MAR vent sites. 相似文献
14.
基因组大小(或称C值)作为生物单倍体细胞中全套染色体的DNA总量,在一定程度上是恒定的,因而C值可以作为生物物种的一个特定参数。深海热液和冷泉为更好地理解C值与不同环境之间的关系提供了一个特征性的模型。本文采用流式细胞术,测定了来自热液和冷泉环境中的10种深海无脊椎动物的C值,其分布范围从0.87 pg到12.28 pg,其中,相比于软体动物和多毛类,甲壳生物基因组大小及变异均较大。对比热液和冷泉两个群落中共有种(深海偏顶蛤Bathymodiolus platifrons、柯氏潜铠虾Shinkaia crosnieri以及长角阿尔文虾Alvinocaris longirostris)的基因组大小,发现C值差异并不显著。同时,综合已有的数据,对深海化能极端环境与其他环境条件下的物种C值进行对比分析,结果显示深海化能极端环境下生物的基因组大小并没有发现明确的变化趋势。 相似文献
15.
Abstract. Three species of Alvinellidae are found on walls of some hydrothermal chimneys at 13o N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR); numerous epibiotic bacteria were associated with two of these polychaetes, Alvinella pompejana and Alvinella caudata , but not with the third, Paralvinella grasslei. Many studies suggest that chemoautotrophic bacteria play a prominent role in deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems. Particularly important are the intracellular bacteria present in the giant pogonophores and bivalve molluscs.
The abundant epibioses observed on these Alvinella species are unusual and the relationships between these bacteria and the worms are unknown. Previous results, including13 C values, morphological insertion of the bacteria on the epidermis, presence of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, and fixation of 14 C bicarbonate in some bacteria and in the dorsal epidermis, suggest that a trophic relationship could exist between Alvinella and its epibiotic bacteria. The present study compared the incorporation area of 14 C bicarbonate in the 3 species. Paralvinella , which is devoid of epibiotic bacteria, served as a control. 相似文献
The abundant epibioses observed on these Alvinella species are unusual and the relationships between these bacteria and the worms are unknown. Previous results, including
16.
Hiroshi Miyake Mitsugu Kitada Shinji Tsuchida Yoko Okuyama & Ko-ichi Nakamura 《Marine Ecology》2007,28(1):86-92
Hydrothermal vent animals were kept and displayed at atmospheric pressure with an artificial hydrothermal vent system in Enoshima Aquarium, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan. The artificial hydrothermal vent system was composed of a main rearing tank, a heating tank, a hot water outlet with added Na2S as the source of H2S, and added CO2 for chemosynthetic bacteria and pH regulation. When the need arises, a dissolved oxygen control unit and submersible heaters can be attached. We are now rearing hydrothermal vent crabs (Austinograea yunohana), hydrothermal vent galatheid crabs (Shinkaia crosnieri), vestimentiferan tubeworms (Lamellibrachia satsuma), hydrothermal vent shrimp (Opaepele spp.), hydrothermal vent barnacles (Ashinkailepas seepiophilia and Neoverruca sp.), and tonguefish (Symphurus sp.). In the artificial hydrothermal vent tank, shrimp and crabs have been observed to cluster close to the artificial hydrothermal vent. In particular, large (adult) crabs needed a heat source to live in the aquarium over a long term. Additionally, some species (A. yunohana, S. crosnieri, Opaepele sp. and Symphurus sp.) have spawned and hatched in captivity. It is likely higher water temperatures are needed for egg and larval development compared with temperatures for adult requirements. 相似文献
17.
Shingo Kato Kurt Hara Hiroko Kasai Takashi Teramura Michinari Sunamura Jun-ichiro Ishibashi Takeshi Kakegawa Toshiro Yamanaka Hiroyuki Kimura Katsumi Marumo Tetsuro Urabe Akihiko Yamagishi 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(10):1844-1855
Spatial distribution, diversity, and composition of bacterial communities within the shallow sub-seafloor at the deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Western Pacific Ocean, were investigated. Fluids were sampled from four boreholes in this area. Each borehole was located near or away from active vents, the distance ranging 2–40 m from active vents. In addition, fluids discharging from a natural vent and ambient seawater were sampled in this area. We extracted DNA from each sample, amplified bacterial 16S rRNA genes by PCR, cloned the PCR products and sequenced. The total number of clones analyzed was 348. Most of the detected phylotypes were affiliated with the phylum Proteobacteria, of which the detection frequency in each clone library ranged from 84.6% to 100%. The bacterial community diversity and composition were different between hydrothermal fluids and seawater, between fluids from the boreholes and the vent, and even among fluids from each borehole. The relative abundances of the phylotypes related to Thiomicrospira, Methylobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly different among fluids from each borehole. The phylotypes related to Thiomicrospira and Alcanivorax were detected in all of the boreholes and vent samples. Our findings provide insights into bacterial communities in the shallow sub-seafloor environments at active deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields. 相似文献
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19.
Takeshi Naganuma Eiko Ikemoto Shunji Sukizaki Yoshito Tsuji Hiroshi Hotta 《Journal of Oceanography》1990,46(3):111-117
Hydrothermal venting and associated fauna were observed in the mid-Okinawa Trough during deep-sea diving byShinkai 2000. Water and organisms were collected there for on-board cultivation of sulfur bacteria. Sulfur bacteria capable of growing on an inorganic medium containing thiosulfate were subcultured and isolated. The isolated chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria were all rod- to beanshaped, nonsporing, and gram-negative. They could also grow on an organic medium and thus were shown to be facultative chemoautotrophs. Their facultative chemoautotrophy would result in synergetic metabolism of both inorganic and organic substrates; thus the sulfur bacteria could be highly adaptive to nutritional diversity of hydrothermal vent areas. 相似文献
20.
基于光学技术的水下气泡探测实验研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
热液/冷泉溢出含有硫化氢、甲烷、二氧化碳等化学成分的气泡。实验室模拟海底热液/冷泉资源溢出气泡环境搭建了实验平台,以甲烷气体为实验气体,在黑暗环境下用高速光电探测器对气泡后向散射光进行接收,用拉曼光谱仪实现甲烷气体气泡后向散射光的拉曼检测,并与计算拉曼光谱比较。由结果可知激光拉曼光谱可以探测到气泡后向散射光,并识别气泡中含有的气体成分。通过探测气泡成分,从而判定这些气泡是否来自海底热液/冷泉等甲烷资源溢出。这样的探测方式,探测准确率高,缓解探测深度,同时避免探测设备直接与海底资源直接接触而造成的寿命缩减,为将来的海洋探测与实际应用打下了良好的基础。 相似文献