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在三亚天涯海角潮间带沉积物中发现了一定量的海洋趋磁细菌,最大丰度可达100个/cm3。透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察发现该区域趋磁细菌绝大多数为趋磁球菌。磁小体形状单一,皆为棱柱形;磁小体排列方式多样,以链状排列为主,包括单链、双链,也有少数成簇排列。高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)与X-射线能谱仪(EDXS)结果表明,磁小体成分为Fe3O4。趋磁细菌的铁含量平均为2.05%(0.70%~7.53%)。通过16S r RNA基因文库的构建与测序,在78个阳性克隆中得到了16个趋磁细菌序列,分属9个OTU。系统发育分析结果表明,其中8个OTU属于α-变形菌纲,1个OTU属于γ-变形菌纲。在全部9个OTU中,有8个OTU与已知趋磁细菌序列的相似性低于97%,有5个OTU与已知趋磁细菌序列的相似性低于93%,说明该区域存在可观的趋磁细菌资源。 相似文献
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趋磁细菌能够形成纳米级的磁小体,磁小体排列成链作为生物磁针使细菌沿氧化还原梯度在地磁线上移动。磁小体独特的晶体和磁性特征使其在生物技术、医药和地质生物学应用等领域有巨大的潜力,磁小体的细胞生物学特征也使其成为原核生物细胞器研究的理想模型。本文介绍了近年来在趋磁细菌基因组和磁小体链形成机制方面的研究进展。 相似文献
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趋磁细菌是一类能够沿着磁力线运动的革兰氏阴性细菌, 主要生活在淡水和海洋的有氧-无氧过渡区。本调查通过对青岛汇泉湾潮间带沉积物柱状样分层样品中趋磁细菌的计数和沉积物理化因子的分析, 研究了趋磁细菌的垂直分布特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示趋磁细菌以趋北型的趋磁球菌占优势, 主要分布环境的氧化还原电位为179.7～-107.0 mV, 为弱还原-还原性质, 最大丰度(94～169个/cm3)出现在氧化还原跃层(表层下5～9cm黄-黑沙界面处), 暗示有氧-无氧过渡区; 趋磁细菌的垂直变化趋势与粒径、含水率、硫酸盐的变化趋势基本一致。 相似文献
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采用正交试验的方法优化磁小体培养条件,结果使趋磁细菌OD600达到0.440(生物量为1.166×109cells/ml),同时运用磁收集传代法,使趋磁细菌Cmag值稳定在1.9—2.0。培养时用透射电镜观察磁小体形成过程,结果发现培养24h细菌体内已有较小晶体形成且沿长轴分布;48h晶体长大且形成分段链沿长轴排列;72h晶体进一步成熟仍以分段链沿长轴排列;随后细菌逐渐衰亡磁小体变小,168h可见部分自溶细菌中仍有磁小体链;192h细菌自溶磁小体链分散到环境中。还观察到磁小体在细菌分裂时采用两种分离方式,一种为磁小体分配到两个子细胞;另一种为磁小体只分配到一个子细胞。无磁小体的子细胞,一部分逐渐产生磁小体,另一部分不产生磁小体。 相似文献
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Magnetospira sp.QH-2是一株分离自黄海潮间带的海洋趋磁螺菌,该菌磁小体排列不整齐,并且磁小体链内某些区域排列疏松,推测与其磁小体岛上的mam K编码的Mam K蛋白相关。mam K开放阅读框大小为1086 bp,编码361个氨基酸,Mam K蛋白属于NBD_sugar-kinase_HSP70_actin超家族,为非跨膜蛋白;此外,还利用生物信息学工具预测Mam K蛋白二级和三级结构。系统进化分析显示Mam K蛋白的系统进化和16S r RNA基因的系统进化有一定差异,推测磁小体岛的获得可能与菌种的进化是独立的两个过程;淡水与海水中的趋磁螺菌虽然形态相似,但系统进化地位有一定差异,可能是两者不同生境下适应性演化的结果。 相似文献
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荣成月湖是一个典型天然潟湖,潮间带沉积物中存在多种形态趋磁细菌。通过Roche454高通量测序平台,对沉积物样品(B_S)和磁收样品(B_M)进行16SrRNA基因高通量测序,认识荣成潮间带沉积物的细菌群落结构,并了解趋磁细菌多样性及系统进化地位。研究结果表明沉积物样品中主要的细菌类群为δ-变形菌纲,占总细菌数的26.4%,其次是γ-变形菌纲和α-变形菌纲;而磁收样品中细菌多样性和种类明显降低,以α-变形菌纲占绝对优势,相对比例达72.6%。在磁收样品和沉积物样品分别发现了1 612条和186条reads与趋磁细菌相关,分别占细菌总数的5.76%和0.85%,磁收样品中趋磁细菌数是沉积物样品的6.8倍。对两个样品中获得的趋磁细菌序列进行系统进化分析,发现这些序列多数属于变形菌门的α-变形菌纲,以趋磁球菌占绝对优势,少数属于δ-变形菌纲,与多细胞趋磁原核生物亲缘关系最近。海洋趋磁螺菌属仅在B_M样品中检出,趋磁弧菌属在B_M样品优势度高于B_S样品,而多细胞趋磁原核生物和趋磁螺菌属在B_S样品中优势度更高。通过分析样品间的差异OTUs,认为荣成潮间带沉积物中可能存在大量未知的趋磁细菌新类群。研究结果为下一步培养和开发趋磁细菌这一功能菌群,发现趋磁细菌新类群及趋磁细菌生态功能提供了基础资料。 相似文献
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为了解香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis)精子的形态结构特点,采用扫描和透射电镜技术观察了香鱼精子的超微结构,并与鲤形目及鲑形目其他鱼类精子结构进行了比较。结果表明,香鱼精子由头部、中段和尾部组成,全长约23.5μm。头部呈弹头形,由细胞核外包质膜构成,长约1.8μm、宽约0.8μm;细胞核从后端中央向前深凹至核的近前端,形成植入窝,使核呈倒U字形,核的前端无顶体;植入窝内有中心粒复合体及小段起始的鞭毛,中心粒复合体由近端中心粒和远端中心粒(基体)组成,两者之间夹角约135o。中段为"半袖套"结构,长约0.5μm,其内部为一较大的"半套筒"形线粒体。鞭毛起始于远端中心粒,由轴丝及外包轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的"9+2"微管结构;鞭毛两侧有质膜向外突起形成侧鳍。研究显示,香鱼精子与典型的鲤形目(Cypriniformes)鱼类精子卵圆形或圆球形头部及细胞核、不对称的袖套及尾部鞭毛无侧鳍等结构特征不同,也与鲑形目(Salmoniformes)鱼类精子卵圆形或椭圆形头部及马蹄形或浅U形细胞核、两中心粒相互平行或垂直、袖套结构完整等结构特征不同。香鱼精子结构具有种的特异性。 相似文献
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为初步筛选不同基础液、保藏温度(4℃与23℃)、保存时间(0～120 h)、保护剂(5%DMSO、DMA、DMF、EG)对大珠母贝(Pinctada maxima)精子活力的影响,通过采用精子质量分析仪检测精子总运动率、直线运动速率、曲线运动速率、平均路径运动速率、头部位移距离和鞭毛摆动频率。结果表明, A、B、C三组基础液能不同程度上激活精子, D、E两组结果与之相反;精子被激活后, 5组基础液中精子活力存在显著的差异(P<0.05),其中E组基础液的精子总运动率最高,达到80.79%;与室温保藏结果相比,低温(4℃)组精子总运动率显著(P<0.05)高于室温(23℃)组,精子活力的保持时间明显优于室温组;低温(4℃)保存120 h内,精子的运动呈先平稳后下降的趋势,精子的最佳保藏时间为24 h内,精子总运动率、直线运动速率、曲线运动速率、平均路径运动速率分别为82.27%、59.62μm/s、81.95μm/s和70μm/s,头部位移距离为2.56μm,鞭毛运动频率为2.93 Hz;低温(4℃)保存12 h后,对照组精子总运动率显著(P<0.05)高于保护剂组,精... 相似文献
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荣成月湖潮间带单细胞趋磁细菌的多样性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marine magnetotactic bacteria were collected from the intertidal sediments of Yuehu Lake(China), where their abundance reached 103–104 ind./cm3. Diverse morphotypes of magnetotactic bacteria were observed, including cocci and oval, vibrio-, spirillum-, rod-, elliptical-, handle- and bar-shaped forms. The magnetococci were the most abundant, and had flagella arranged in parallel within a bundle. The majority of magnetosomes were arranged in one, two or multiple chains, although irregular arrangements were also evident. All the results of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) analysis show that magnetosome crystals were composed of Fe3O4, and their morphology was specific to particular cell morphotypes. By the 16 S r RNA gene sequence analysis, we found fourteen operational taxonomic units(OTUs) which were related to magnetotactic bacteria. Among these, thirteen belonged to the Alphaproteobacteria and one to the Gammaproteobacteria.Compared with known axenic and uncultured marine magnetotactic bacteria, the 16 S r RNA gene sequences of most magnetotactic bacteria collected from the Yuehu Lake exhibited sequence identities ranging from 90.1% to96.2%(97%). The results indicate that microbial communities containing previously unidentified magnetotactic bacteria occur in the Yuehu Lake. 相似文献
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M.J. Earnshaw S. Wilson H.B. Akberali R.D. Butler K.R.M. Marriott 《Marine environmental research》1986,20(4)
Treatment of Mytilus edulis sperm with external concentrations of copper or zinc (0-1-3-3mM) causes a decrease in motility in which zinc is more inhibitory than copper. Zinc also appeared to cause more extensive mitochondrial damage, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy, than did treatment with copper. The relationship between sperm motility and respiration in the presence of the various heavy metal concentrations used indicates that the depression of sperm motility can be explained largely on the basis of respiratory inhibition. However, zinc produces a less pronounced effect on sperm motility than on r respiration.X-ray microanalysis of thick sections of fixed treated sperm showed that copper accumulation occurs in the acrosomes, mitochondria and nuclei, whereas zinc is found in the acrosomes and in mitochondrial granules in association with calcium and phosphorus. No evidence was obtained for zinc accumulation in the nuclei. Treatment with either copper or zinc resulted in considerable reductions of bound calcium and phosphorus in both the acrosomes and mitochondria. It is suggested that the heavy metal ions cause an increase in the permeability of the organelle membranes to calcium and phosphorus.It is concluded that the less marked effect of zinc on sperm motility as compared to respiration may be due to an increase in the cytosolic free calcium concentration which, in turn, may stimulate the flagellar contractile apparatus. 相似文献
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使用透射电镜和萤光抗体染色，对处于可培养和活的非可培养状态的霍乱弧菌进行了细胞形态结构比较研究。结果表明：处于非可培养状态的霍乱菌细胞，体积明显地缩小，形态由弧形变成了球形，我们共观察了３８２个非可培养状态的细胞，发现它们的细胞壁都是完整的，即不是细菌－Ｌ型，在这些细胞中也都没发现芽孢结构 相似文献
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Gaku Tokuda Akinori Yamada Kazuma Nakano Nao O. Arita & Hideo Yamasaki 《Marine Ecology》2008,29(1):106-114
Deep‐sea hydrothermal vents are unique light‐independent ecosystems that are sustained by chemosynthetic bacteria. For many of the invertebrates inhabiting in such environments, bacteria play essential roles in both energy acquisition and detoxification of potentially toxic gases such as H2S. In this study, the bacterial flora present on the gills of Alvinocaris longirostris (Bresiliidae: Caridea), a shrimp inhabiting hydrothermal vents (1532 m depth) at the Hatoma Knoll of the Okinawa Trough, was investigated. Bacterial 16S rDNA fragments were successfully amplified from the gills and 70% of these fragments showed an identical pattern in the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. These fragments were assigned to the ribotype AL‐1. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that AL‐1 forms a monophyletic clade with Sulfurovum spp. (ε‐Proteobacteria). Fluorescence in situ hybridization for AL‐1 and electron microscopy showed the presence of short‐rod bacteria lining up on the cuticular layer of the surface of the gill filaments. These results suggest that bacterial association with gills also occurs in bresiliid shrimps. 相似文献
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Baoju Yang Zhigang Zeng Haiyan Qi Xiaoyuan Wang Yao Ma Kunbo Rong 《Ocean Science Journal》2015,50(4):751-761
Fe-Si oxide deposits were recovered from the PACMANUS (Papua New Guinea-Australia-Canada-Manus) hydrothermal field in Eastern Manus basin. Samples were loose and fragile. Optical and scanning electron microscopy showed that the samples had abundant rod-like or twisted filamentous and granular structures. Electron probe microanalysis revealed that these filaments and grains were mainly composed of Fe and Si. The presence of spherical grains on the surface of the filaments suggests the intergrowth of biotic and abiotic reactions. Biotic and abiotic kinetics competition always exists in the redox gradient. Based on the physico-chemical conditions of PACMANUS hydrothermal fluids, we calculated a strict abiotic oxidation rate of Fe2+ to Fe3+, which is approximately 0.0123 g/min. If the fluids had been erupting consistently and the concentration of Fe2+ was constant, 3.232 kg per year of Fe would be deposited in this vent. The amount of Fe oxides around the studied vent was larger than the amount determined by strict abiotic kinetic calculation. Bacteria may also play an important role in Fe oxidation. A mesh-like microenvironment constructed by biogenic filaments ensured adequate Fe2+ and low oxygen content for the growth of bacteria. Moreover, this structure promoted the deposition of abiotic Fe-Si oxides. 相似文献
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为深入挖掘和利用海洋蛭弧菌及其基因资源, 本研究利用Illumina HiSeq测序平台对一株属于嗜盐噬菌弧菌(Halobacteriovorax)的海洋蛭弧菌DA5进行了全基因组测序, 对基因组进行组装、基因预测和功能注释, 并与其他8株蛭弧菌进行了比较基因组分析。结果显示: DA5基因组大小为3.27Mb, GC含量为36.5%, 预测编码基因3175个。在DA5基因组中注释到303个基因具有直系同源蛋白簇分类, 与代谢通路相关基因1239个。比较基因组分析表明: DA5符合海洋蛭弧菌基因组的基本特征, 与其他8株蛭弧菌共有467个同源基因家族, 而DA5特有基因为266个。DA5中与细胞运动相关基因62个, 其中编码甲基受体趋化蛋白、鞭毛蛋白、鞭毛马达及其开关蛋白基因均与嗜盐噬菌弧菌BAL6_X的对应基因亲缘关系最近。对DA5全基因组序列的注释和功能分析, 为深入研究其捕食特性和作用机制, 并更有效地利用其防控海水养殖细菌病害提供了基础。 相似文献
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James P. Cowen Miriam A. Bertram Edward T. Baker Richard A. Feely Gary J. Massoth Melanie Summit 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1998,45(12):2713-2737
Event plumes form as episodic discharges of large volumes of hydrothermal solutions in response to magmatic diking/eruptive events. In consequence, event plumes represent the sudden injection of exploitable reduced chemical substrates, as well as inhibitory constituents, and likely induce successional changes in the microbial community structure and activity within event plume waters. In response to a major seismic event detected beginning 28 February 1996 at the northern Gorda Ridge, a series of three rapid response and follow-up cruises (GREAT 1, 2 and 3) were mounted over a period of three months. This report focuses on time-series measurements of manganese geomicrobial parameters in the two event plumes found in association with this seismic event.Scanning transmission electron microscopy, elemental microanalysis, and radioisotope (54Mn) uptake experiments were employed on samples collected from vertical and tow-yo casts from the three cruises. Numbers of bacteria and ratios of metal precipitating capsuled bacteria to total bacteria were greatest in the youngest (days old) plume, EP96A, found during GREAT 1; however, when normalized to the hydrothermal temperature anomaly, the greatest values were found in a second event plume, EP96B, discovered during GREAT 2 (up to 1 month old). Early capsule bacteria and particulate Mn distributions may have been influenced by entrainment of resuspended sediment, while those of the oldest (2–3 months) plume sample may have been subjected to preferential aggregation and particle settling. 相似文献