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1.
土体水分蒸发是土体-大气物质和能量交换的主要过程之一,对土体的工程性质有重要影响。尤其是近些年来,受全球气候变化影响,极端干旱性气候频繁发生,与蒸发相关的岩土和地质工程问题越来越突出,逐渐成为国际研究的热点。建立土体水分蒸发模型是该课题研究的首要目标,对准确评估和预测气候作用下土体水分场信息有重要理论和现实意义。着重对国内外学者近几十年来围绕土体水分蒸发模型所取得的研究成果进行了归纳和总结,依据各种模型的理论基础进行了分类,总体上可分为表面能量平衡模型、水量平衡模型、质量传输模型、阻力模型、温度-风速模型及吸力模型等六大类别。在此基础上,分别阐述了各类模型的研究进展,并对其中一些代表性模型进行了详细介绍,对比分析了各个模型之间的联系与区别,并探讨了它们的优缺点和适应条件。总体而言,现有的模型存在重气象因素而轻土性因素的特点,对砂土和饱和土具有较好的适应性,而对黏性土和非饱和土的适应性较差。基于此,结合本学科的特色和研究背景,提出了今后该课题的研究重点,包括非饱和土的蒸发模型问题研究、黏性土水分蒸发模型研究、考虑土体裂隙参数的土体水分蒸发模型研究、构建通用型的土体水分蒸发模型等几个方面。 相似文献
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土体水分蒸发是土体-大气物质和能量交换的主要过程之一,对土体的工程性质有重要影响,是许多工程和环境问题的直接诱因,但长期被本学科所忽视。基于国内外近些年来其他学科领域围绕土体水分蒸发问题所取得的研究成果,分别从土体蒸发量确定方法、试验方法、蒸发过程、影响因素及理论模型等几个重要方面总结了该课题的研究现状及进展,取得如下主要认识：（1）准确确定土体的实际蒸发量是土体水分蒸发研究的核心课题,目前主要有理论计算法和直接测量法两种途径;（2）开展蒸发试验是掌握土体水分蒸发过程和研究土体水分蒸发机制的重要途径,目前主要有室内试验和原位试验两种。相比而言,基于环境箱的室内蒸发试验方法具有较好的应用前景;（3）土体水分的蒸发过程可划分为3个阶段：常速率、减速率和残余阶段;（4）影响土体水分蒸发的因素归纳起来可分为内部土性和外部环境因素两类,前者主要影响土体水分的传输能力,后者主要影响蒸发能量的供应强度;（5）当前关于土体水分蒸发量的计算和预测模型较多,但往往存在误差大、适应范围窄或参数难于获取等不足。基于上述认识,并结合本学科的研究背景,提出了今后该课题的研究重点和方向,包括减速率阶段的蒸发机制、土性参数与蒸发速率之间的量化关系、黏性土尤其是膨胀土中水分的蒸发和迁移机制、高精度原位土体水分蒸发试验设备的研发和构建通用型的土体水分蒸发理论模型等。 相似文献
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与广泛分布于干旱河谷的宽级配砾石土体特征不同,冰碛土广泛分布在青藏高原地区,属粗大颗粒多、粘粒含量少、摩擦阻力大、粘滞阻力小的宽级配砾石土体。在冰川融雪与降雨的共同作用下冰碛土体可失稳并起动泥石流,形成灾害。针对冰碛土体起动泥石流机理研究薄弱的现状,本文选取波密县帕隆藏布流域的支流嘎弄沟一冰碛土堆积坡面,通过模拟降水与冰雪融水起动冰川泥石流实验,比较不同颗粒组成、不同实验条件下的土体起动泥石流特征,分析其起动成因及力学特性,探讨冰碛土体起动泥石流的机理。研究发现冰碛土体失稳起动泥石流是粘滞阻力降低、孔隙水压力升高、拖曳力与渗流侵蚀共同作用的结果,起动过程受粘土颗粒含量和径流类型的影响。当粘粒含量较高时(>3%),土体通过铲蚀与面蚀形成泥石流;粘粒含量中低时(不高于3%),大部分坡面土体主要经掏蚀与坍塌起动泥石流;粘粒含量过低时(<0.32%),土体难以起动泥石流。在降水作用下土体孔隙水压力迅速增加,易造成土体破坏,起动泥石流;而在冰雪融水的作用下,土体孔隙水压力波动幅度不大时,土体同样可能发生失稳破坏起动泥石流。 相似文献
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矿物成分对软黏土流变性质影响的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用改进的直剪蠕变仪,对矿物成分及其含量对软黏土流变性质影响进行试验研究,在相同试验条件下完成了3组含高岭土、膨润土不同百分比试样流变性质的测试。测试结果表明,矿物成分及其含量是影响软黏土流变性质的重要因素之一,土体的黏滞系数随黏土矿物含量的增加而减小,即流变变形阻力随黏土矿物含量的增多而减小。试验结果分析认为,黏土矿物通过颗粒表面的结合水影响土的流变性质,其中强结合水是土体产生流变的主要因素,而弱结合水则是相对次要因素。试验结果有助于进一步认清土体流变的起因,对改进和完善现有流变变形计算理论有一定指导意义。 相似文献
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通过室内试验,考察了去离子水及不同浓度总氮溶液对土体物理力学性能的影响,并通过土体矿物成分含量及微观形貌分析,对总氮溶液与土体作用机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明,总氮对土体物理力学性能影响明显：（1）土体塑性指数、相对密度和有效黏聚力随总氮溶液浓度增大而减小,有效内摩擦角随溶液浓度的增大而增大;（2）各浸泡条件下,土体应力-应变关系曲线变化规律基本一致,均呈应变硬化现象,土体剪切峰值随总氮溶液浓度的增大先减小后增大;（3）孔隙水压力随轴向应变的增加先增加,然后缓慢降低,最后曲线逐渐趋于水平,表现出较大的剪胀性;（4）总氮溶液与土体间相互作用主要包括离子交换作用、微生物分解作用和溶蚀及胶结作用,这些作用通过改变土体的矿物成分含量,使其微观形貌及孔隙特征发生明显变化,最终导致土体的宏观力学特性改变。 相似文献
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喀斯特地区的水文地质条件是生态环境保护和水土保持的物质基础。笔者等针对贵州典型喀斯特地区的第四系覆盖层进行相关水文地质研究,在普定陈旗堡村南的山坳坡地上,选择典型地质剖面,通过现场水文地质试验、室内渗透试验、物理性质试验以及矿物成分分析,测定土体的物理性质、矿物成分和渗透性,研究了喀斯特地区表层土体粘土矿物的环境指示意义。研究结果表明,喀斯特地区土体渗透系数受土体结构、粒度成分、矿物成分以及植物根系影响。同时土体中的蒙脱石遇水膨胀减弱了粘性土的粘聚力,并导致土粒易被冲蚀,不利于水土的保持,这也说明生态植被的保护和恢复对于水土保持非常重要。 相似文献
7.
通过室内试验,考察了去离子水及不同浓度总磷溶液对黏土物理力学性质的影响,并通过土体矿物成分含量及微观形貌分析,对总磷溶液与黏土作用机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明,总磷对土体物理力学性质影响明显：黏土塑性指数随着总磷溶液浓度的增大而减小,有效黏聚力先增大后减小,有效内摩擦角则随着溶液浓度的增大而增大;各浸泡条件下,黏土应力-应变关系曲线变化规律基本一致,均呈应变硬化现象,土体剪切峰值随总磷溶液浓度的增大先增大后减小;总磷溶液与土体间相互作用主要包括离子交换作用、胶结作用及微生物分解作用,并同时受到孔隙液介电常数及黏滞性的影响,这些作用通过改变黏土的矿物成分含量,使其微观形貌及孔隙特征发生明显变化,最终导致土体的宏观力学特性改变。 相似文献
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土体几何因素（粒径比、细粒含量、相对密实度等）不仅影响土体内部稳定性,同时对侵蚀进程有着重要影响。基于离散单元法（discrete element method,简称DEM）与计算流体动力学（computational fluid dynamics,简称CFD）耦合方法,建立了内部不稳定土渗流-侵蚀三维计算模型。考虑细粒含量及相对密实度对内部侵蚀过程的耦合影响,对细观变量：土体孔径分布曲线、颗粒接触数目以及内部传力机制进行分析,以揭示细粒含量与相对密实度的影响的细观机制。研究结果表明：相对密实度的增加降低了侵蚀质量比,且该影响程度与细粒含量相关,细粒含量越高,相对密实度的影响更加明显;内部不稳定土体渗蚀后沿渗流方向可分为上游侵蚀区、中部稳定区及下游侵蚀区。土体渗透性在侵蚀过程中的增长幅度随相对密实度的降低而逐渐增加,随细粒含量的增加而增加;相对密实度对渗蚀过程的影响可归因于三方面：相同水力梯度下渗流流量不同,内部孔隙尺寸分布存在差异,以及细颗粒对土体内部应力传递的贡献不同。研究结果加深了土体几何因素对内部渗蚀过程影响的理解,并为宏观侵蚀本构的建立提供了参考。 相似文献
9.
在季节冻土区,反复冻融作用能够导致土体中水分迁移和重分布;对土体施加静荷载时,土体内部应力场发生变化,水分场也发生变化。通过对EC-5土壤水分传感器进行标定发现,相同密度条件下,含水量低于26.2%时,测试结果误差较小,高于26.2%时,则误差较大;不同密度时,密度越大,所测得的电压值越大。通过模型试验,研究冻融循环作用和冻融与静荷载双重作用下土体中水分场的变化规律,试验结果表明:两种情况下,土体内部水分含量都随冻融循环次数的增加而逐渐增大;无荷载时,在距表层0~20 cm范围内有含水量较高区域;施加静荷载时,在荷载下方和距离荷载最远的土体表层有三个水分集中区域,而在荷载两侧则有两个低含水量区域。 相似文献
10.
季节冻土区水盐迁移及土体变形特性模型试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究盐渍化冻土水分、盐分迁移规律以及变形特性,探索寒区旱区土壤盐渍化机制,配制了不同含盐量的粉质黏土进行模型试验。试验结果表明,温度、水分、盐分和土体变形之间相互耦合。温度降低有利于盐晶体析出和未冻水结冰;反之,温度升高易于晶体溶解和冰融化。水盐相变过程中伴随能量的释放或吸收,影响土体温度。盐分改变了流体的动力黏度和土体冻结温度,并且盐分结晶使土体产生较大的吸力,加剧了未冻水含量的变化。水分是盐分迁移的介质,盐分以离子形式随未冻水迁移。降温期水分盐分向上迁移,升温期迁移方向相反。迁移速率与吸力有关,冻结缘附近吸力最大,速率最快。盐渍化冻土的变形是盐分和水分共同作用的结果,含盐量较低时冻胀和融沉是土体变形的主要因素;当含盐量较高时盐胀和溶陷占主导作用。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
12.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献
19.
Marta L. PATINO-DOUCE Alberto PATINO-DOUCE Mazhar QAYYUM Roger L. NIELSEN 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1994,18(2):195-198
We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses. 相似文献
20.
Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献