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长江源区高寒退化湿地地表蒸散特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
青藏高原作为“亚洲水塔”,对东亚乃至全球大气水分循环都有非常显著的影响.高寒退化湿地是高原上生态多样性的保证,也是水汽循环和地表径流的重要源地,其地气之间水分交换不但可以反映气候变化,而且也对生态环境保护具有重要意义.以长江源区隆宝滩湿地连续一年、每10分钟一次的观测资料为基础,利用FAO Penman-Monteith方法分析了长江源区高寒退化湿地蒸散量的变化特征及其与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明：1）牧草生长期,潜在蒸散量日、月变化特征显著;实际蒸散量整体表现为冬小、夏大,夏季蒸散贡献最大.2）观测期间,蒸散量远大于降水量,水分亏损严重,局地蒸散对降水的贡献较高.3）土壤温度对蒸散发过程影响显著,尤其是表层5 cm地温与蒸散发相关性较好,土壤湿度变化表明其为蒸散发过程提供了充足的水分.4）全年变化中,气温是影响蒸散的主要因素.晴天中,高寒退化湿地实际蒸散量与辐射具有几乎相同的变化趋势,气温对蒸散量影响较小,蒸散量与相对湿度呈现显著的反相关. 相似文献
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青藏高原作为“亚洲水塔”对气候变化极为敏感,研究气候变化下青藏高原多年冻土退化对蒸散发的影响有助于理解多年冻土地区水文过程对气候变化的响应情况。基于Budyko-Fu假设,构建了考虑多年冻土活动层厚度变化的水热耦合模型,建立了符合青藏高原多年冻土区的模型参数化方案,通过设置情景假设探讨了多年冻土退化对蒸散发的影响。模拟结果表明:1982—2018年青藏高原多年冻土区平均年蒸散发为275.6 mm,空间分布由东南向西北递减;研究区年蒸散发整体上以3.57 mm/a的速率上升。多年冻土活动层加深会引起蒸散发的增大,忽略冻土退化因素将导致约2.2%的蒸散发低估。冻土退化对蒸散发的影响呈现显著的空间异质性,土壤有效含水量和植被覆盖度越低的地区,蒸散发对冻土退化的响应越敏感。 相似文献
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蒸散发是水循环的关键环节, 是水量平衡的重要组成部分. 由于在高寒山区进行长期野外观测的难度较大, 导致对区域实际蒸散发的认识不清, 从而无法明确区域水资源分配与不同植被的生态水文功能. 在天山山区, 高寒草甸占其总面积近15%, 其对降水的调节作用巨大, 但目前高寒草甸的实际蒸散发量多用潜在蒸散发进行推算, 缺少实际观测数据. 2012年10月-2013年9月, 利用3个小型蒸渗仪观测了阿克苏河上游科其喀尔冰川综合考察站附近山区的高寒草甸的实际蒸散量, 并尝试利用最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)估算实际蒸散发. 结果表明:研究区高寒草甸全年内实测蒸散量511.3 mm, 日均蒸散量为1.4 mm·d-1; 在不同时期, 蒸散量变化剧烈, 冻结期、生长前期、生长期和生长后期的蒸散量分别为53.9、41.0、363.8和52.6 mm, 分别占全年蒸散量的10.5%、8.0%、71.2%和10.3%. 最小二乘支持向量机对实际蒸散发的估算精度较高, 对观测资料相对缺乏的高寒山区来说, 不失为一种较好的估算蒸散发方法. 相似文献
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多年冻土区冻土生态系统对气候变化极其敏感,利用在长江黄河源区实测的高寒草甸和高寒草原植被生物量数据以及青藏高原降水、气温以及地温等的空间分布规律,建立了长江黄河源区高寒草甸与高寒草原等主要高寒生态系统地上与地下现存生物量对气候要素变化的多元回归模型.预测分析表明：如果未来10 a气温增加0.44℃.（10a）^-1,在降水量不变的情况下,高寒草甸和高寒草原地上生物量分别递减2.7%和2.4%,如果同时降水量小幅度增加8 mm.（10a）^-1,则地上生物量可基本保持现状水平略有减少;在气温增加2.2℃.（10a）^-1,在降水量不变的情况下,高寒草甸和高寒草原地上生物量年分别平均减少达6.8%和4.6%,如果同期降水量增加12 mm.（10a）^-1,高寒草甸地上生物量可基本维持现状水平略有增加,而高寒草原地上生物量则递增5.2%.高寒草原植被地上生物量对气候增暖的响应幅度显著小于高寒草甸,而对降水增加的响应程度大于高寒草甸.明确高寒草地植被生物量随气候变化的演变趋势,对于青藏高原生态环境保护和研究气候变化对青藏高原生态系统碳循环和河源区水循环的影响具有重要意义. 相似文献
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利用GLEAM V3.3a实际蒸散发资料,评估了中国科学院地球系统模式(CAS-ESM2)对青藏高原蒸散发的模拟性能,并给出了模式对未来气候变化情景下高原蒸散发变化的预估.结果 表明:CAS-ESM2可以较好地模拟出青藏高原蒸散发的空间分布与季节循环特征,以及1981-2014年蒸散发的增加趋势,但趋势的幅值相对观测偏弱.未来预估试验结果显示,4种不同未来共享社会经济路径(SSPs)情景下青藏高原蒸散发均普遍增加,其中SSP585情景下的增加最为显著,且喜马拉雅山脉地区蒸散发的增加量值最大.相较于1995-2014年历史时期,年均蒸散发在2041-2060年增加46.3～65.8 mm,增幅为13.4％～19.0％;2081-2100年,年均蒸散发增加75.7～151.1 mm,增幅为21.7％～43.6％.影响蒸散发未来变化的因素具有区域性差异,高原中部和南部受气温变化影响更大,而柴达木盆地、羌塘高原中部受降水变化影响更大. 相似文献
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蒸散发是地表水文循环和能量交换过程的重要组成部分,且在高寒山区有极强的时空异质性,准确模拟蒸散发对于研究高寒山区水文循环过程有着重要的意义。CLM5.0(Community Land Model5.0)是CLM模式的最新版本,具有较为完善的水文循环机制,是目前国际上发展最为完善的陆面过程模式之一。基于典型高寒山区黑河上游五个观测站的观测数据,对CLM5.0的蒸散发模拟性能进行评估。结果表明:CLM5.0在模拟蒸散发时结果总体上可信,其R值的范围在0.601~0.839之间,RSR值的范围在0.964~1.145之间,BIAS值的范围在^(-1).220~-0.597 mm·d^(-1)之间。说明CLM5.0在高寒山区可以较好地捕捉观测到蒸散发的时间趋势,但仍存在一定的低估。非生长季的BIAS值的范围在-0.904~-0.367 mm·d^(-1)之间,生长季的BIAS值的范围在-2.094~-0.794 mm·d^(-1)之间,这表明蒸散发模拟值的低估主要来自生长季的模拟。高寒草甸上R值的范围在0.299~0.651之间,RSR值的范围在1.135~1.332之间,高寒草地上R值为0.209,RSR值为1.450,因此,CLM5.0在草甸的模拟性能优于草地。CLM5.0白天R值的范围在0.605~0.840之间,RSR值的范围在0.252~1.193之间,夜晚R值的范围在0.344~0.651之间,RSR值的范围在0.482~2.966之间,对比可知CLM5.0在白天模拟蒸散发的性能优于夜晚。这些结论可为CLM5.0的应用和改进提供科学依据。 相似文献
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区域蒸散发量的气候学计算方法 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文介绍了一种计算区域蒸散发量的气候学方法。本法应用Ｂｏｕｃｈｅｔ区域蒸散发互补关系概念，以陕西省５５个流域或区间的常规地面气候观测资料为基本输入，建立了区域蒸散发互补关系模型。该模型具有计算成果合理，精度较高，适应性广等特点。 相似文献
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典型岩溶区潜在蒸散发变化及其影响因素 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
蒸散发过程是联系大气过程和陆面水文过程的关键环节,对区域/流域水循环过程和水量平衡具有重要影响。岩溶区,地表生态环境脆弱,对气候变化响应敏感,蒸散发可能是联系大气、水、热交换和碳循环的关键生态水文过程。准确地估算蒸散发对于深入研究岩溶水循环响应气候变化、碳循环、生态修复等具有重要作用。本文选择典型岩溶区桂林市为研究对象,基于1951~2015年桂林市气象站逐日气象数据,采用Penman- Monterith方法计算了潜在蒸散发量,利用Mann- Kendall非参数检验法和相关性分析研究桂林市潜在蒸散发的变化趋势及其影响因素。研究结果表明,桂林市潜在蒸散发具有明显的年、年际和季节尺度变化特征。1951~2015年桂林市潜在蒸散发呈显著的减小趋势,变化速率为-8. 02 mm/10a;夏季、秋季和冬季潜在蒸散发呈下降趋势,而春季呈微弱的上升趋势;夏季潜在蒸散发的显著减小是影响年蒸散发下降的主要原因;桂林市潜在蒸散发在1967和2003年左右发生突变;通过Mann- Kendall趋势检验和相关性分析得出,桂林市平均气温、最高、最低气温呈显著的上升趋势,而风速、相对湿度、日照时数呈显著的下降趋势;日照时数是影响桂林市潜在蒸散发变化的主要因素,其次是风速。 相似文献
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青藏高原多年冻土区典型高寒草地生物量对气候变化的响应 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12
多年冻土区冻土生态系统对气候变化极其敏感,利用在长江黄河源区实测的高寒草甸和高寒草原植被生物量数据以及青藏高原降水、气温以及地温等的空间分布规律,建立了长江黄河源区高寒草甸与高寒草原等主要高寒生态系统地上与地下现存生物量对气候要素变化的多元回归模型.预测分析表明:如果未来10 a气温增加0.44℃·(10a)-1,在降水量不变的情况下,高寒草甸和高寒草原地上生物量分别递减2.7%和2.4%,如果同时降水量小幅度增加8 mm·(10a)-1,则地上生物量可基本保持现状水平略有减少;在气温增加2.2℃·(10a)-1,在降水量不变的情况下,高寒草甸和高寒草原地上生物量年分别平均减少达6.8%和4.6%,如果同期降水量增加12 mm·(10a)-1,高寒草甸地上生物量可基本维持现状水平略有增加,而高寒草原地上生物量则递增5.2%.高寒草原植被地上生物量对气候增暖的响应幅度显著小于高寒草甸,而对降水增加的响应程度大于高寒草甸.明确高寒草地植被生物量随气候变化的演变趋势,对于青藏高原生态环境保护和研究气候变化对青藏高原生态系统碳循环和河源区水循环的影响具有重要意义. 相似文献
11.
Guboglo M. N. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):53-58
International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen. 相似文献
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Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated. 相似文献
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Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth
B. P. Kondratyev 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(8):709-714
It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T 3 = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″. 相似文献
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位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。 相似文献
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摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。 相似文献
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某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。 相似文献
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The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Clemente Irigaray Francisco Lamas Rachid El Hamdouni Tomás Fernández José Chacón 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):65-81
In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning. 相似文献
20.
The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time. 相似文献