共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
分析珠江三角洲顺德区208个蔬菜地表层土样、114个蔬菜样Pb的全量和38个表层土样Pb的形态含量,结果表明,土壤Pb平均值为44.3mg/kg,77.5%的土壤Pb含量超过广东省土壤背景值,蔬菜Pb超标率为74.6%。用2007年蔬菜土壤Pb的累积速率(1.02mg/kg),预测未来10年土壤Pb含量变化趋势,并分别以150、270、300和8580(mg/kg)为阈值对土壤中Pb进行预警,2007—2017年超过150mg/kg的土壤面积比例有所增加,而超过270mg/kg、300mg/kg的土壤面积比例不变。蔬菜Pb与土壤Pb的全量或有效量之间均存在“高原模式”。蔬菜Pb的空间分布表明,3种蔬菜Pb的高浓度主要位于工业比较发达的城镇,这与土壤Pb的空间分布大体一致。经蔬菜途径吸收Pb的THQ靶标危害系数不超过0.4。不同区域、家庭经济收入水平的THQ排序：THQ高>THQ城市>THQ中>THQ农村>THQ低,表明经济收入水平高的家庭经蔬菜途径摄入Pb的健康风险最高。 相似文献
2.
以广东省揭阳市土壤为研究对象,采集了表层土壤(0~20 cm)样1 330个和深层土壤(>150 cm)样331个,测定了土壤Pb含量。利用GIS空间分析技术、半变异函数拟合和方差分析等方法研究土壤Pb含量的空间结构、特征和影响因素。结果显示: 揭阳市不存在明显的土壤Pb污染,表层土壤Pb含量平均值39.26 mg/kg,低于揭阳市土壤Pb背景值(43.71 mg/kg),略高于广东省土壤Pb背景值(36.00 mg/kg);富集因子表明研究区表层土壤Pb富集程度主要为无富集和轻微富集,分别占52.11%和42.63%,Pb富集不明显;研究区表层土壤Pb空间分布呈中等自相关性;表层土壤Pb高值区主要分布在人类活动影响强烈的东部和南部地区。按土地利用、成土母质、土壤类型及其理化性质的分类统计表明,林地及未利用地表层土壤Pb含量最高;页岩风化形成的土壤Pb含量显著高于其他成土母质区土壤;黄壤Pb含量相对较高;有机碳和pH值均与土壤Pb含量呈显著正相关。 相似文献
3.
对长江三角洲地区表层土壤Sn含量的空间分布特征进行分析,发现土壤平均含Sn量为8.35mg/kg,远远高于全国A层土壤Sn的背景值2.6mg/kg,表层土壤中Sn空间分布不均匀,呈现由苏锡常、宁镇扬、杭嘉湖、宁绍等经济带增高的趋势。各种沉积环境、土壤类型中Sn的含量也较全国类似或同类沉积环境、土壤类型中Sn的含量高,显示了高背景的特点。人类活动影响强烈区表层土壤中Sn元素富集明显,90.39%的面积区表现出富集的特征,富集系数大于2的强富集区面积占44.03%。另外,Ag、Bi、Hg、P、Pb、Sb、Se、TOC等也与土壤Sn呈相关性,可能与土壤Sn的富集有成因联系。 相似文献
4.
《现代地质》2020,(4)
通过对安徽再生铅工业园周边0～20 cm深度的表层土壤及0～300 cm深度的剖面土壤中重金属含量、分布特征、赋存形态的研究及来源解析,发现土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni及Zn含量平均值分别为300.4 ng/g、39.45 ng/g、12.22 mg/kg、42.5 mg/kg、75.4 mg/kg、28.5 mg/kg、33.5 mg/kg、74.1 mg/kg,富集元素主要有Cd、Pb及Hg,其中土壤Cd、Pb富集明显受工业活动影响,Hg富集与工业活动无关。土壤Cd明显富集面积为21 km~2,影响深度为65 cm。土壤Pb明显富集面积为12 km~2,影响深度为20 cm。土壤Hg普遍为中度富集,富集深度为0～65 cm。土壤中Cd以碳酸盐结合态为主,其次为铁锰氧化物结合态,Pb以残渣态、铁锰氧化物结合态为主。Cd的碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态、Pb的残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态均与其全量呈显著正相关。研究区土壤环境质量较好,仅有9.5%样点Cd含量与5.4%样点Pb含量超过了《GB 15618—2018土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》规定的污染风险筛选值。 相似文献
5.
广西三江县土壤硒含量分布特征及其影响因素研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以广西三江县土壤为研究对象,采集了表层土壤样2 751件和土壤垂向剖面样180件,测定了土壤中硒的含量。利用多元统计分析、地统计学法、GIS空间分析技术和Pearson相关性分析法研究了土壤硒的含量特征和影响因素。结果表明:研究区表层土壤硒平均含量为0.63 mg/kg,变化范围为0.10~14.41 mg/kg。研究区土壤硒资源丰富,足硒和富硒土壤面积为95.87%。土壤硒含量的分布主要受到地质背景的控制,不同成土母岩形成的表层土壤硒含量存在较大差异,寒武系以黑色岩系为母质的土壤硒含量最高,平均含量达2.58 mg/kg,变化范围为0.31~14.41 mg/kg。不同土壤类型中,黄壤硒含量最高,平均含量达0.75 mg/kg,变化范围为0.24~2.07 mg/kg,水稻土硒含量最低,平均含量为0.51 mg/kg;不同土地利用类型土壤硒含量差异较大,除水田为基本自然状态以外,其余地类均呈现富集。研究区表层土壤硒含量总体上受控于深层土壤硒含量,成土过程中表层土壤硒含量发生了次生富集。同时土壤pH、Corg、P、S、Al2O3、TFe2O3含量和CIA等对土壤硒含量的分布也有一定的影响。 相似文献
6.
以广东省揭阳市土壤为研究对象,测定了1 330个表层土壤样(0~20 cm)和331个深层土壤样(150~200 cm)的Cu含量,据此研究土壤Cu的分布特征和影响因素。利用富集因子、GIS空间分析和方差分析等方法,综合分析了研究区土壤铜富集特征、空间分布特征及其影响因素,遵循国家标准评价了土壤铜污染风险。结果表明:表层土壤铜含量均值为9.49 mg/kg,远低于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB15618—2018)中Cu风险筛选值(50 mg/kg);表层土壤铜的富集程度处于未富集和轻微富集水平,不存在明显的铜富集情况;表层土壤铜高值区主要分布在榕城区中部、揭西县东南部以及惠来县西部和北部;成土母质和土地利用方式是研究区表层土壤铜含量的主要影响因素,土壤类型对其也有一定影响,不同成土母质中,第四纪沉积物土壤铜含量最高;不同土地利用方式下,建筑用地土壤铜含量显著高于其他土地利用方式;不同土壤类型中,水稻土土壤铜含量最高。 相似文献
7.
《现代地质》2020,(5)
地学统计及多元分析是判断土壤中重金属元素来源和影响因素的有效方法。区域尺度上不同岩性地区表层及深层土壤中重金属元素含量和空间分布的对比分析,也可以为区分重金属元素来源提供有价值的信息。本研究在海南岛共采集了8 713件表层土壤样品和2 197件深层土壤样品,分别测定了其中8种重金属元素和Sc等元素含量。结果表明,表层和深层土壤中As、Co、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg的平均含量分别为5.29 mg/kg、11.95 mg/kg、60.79 mg/kg、17.24 mg/kg、26.18 mg/kg、51.22 mg/kg、0.081 mg/kg、0.043 mg/kg和5.53 mg/kg、12.89 mg/kg、65.24 mg/kg、19.97 mg/kg、29.15 mg/kg、58.87 mg/kg、0.065 mg/kg、0.029 mg/kg。通过Pearson相关性分析和多元成分数据分析,发现影响海南岛表层和深层土壤中重金属元素分布的主要因素为成土母岩的岩性、成土过程以及人类活动。分析结果表明,As、Co、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn元素主要继承于土壤母质并受成土过程影响,而Cd和Hg元素受到人为活动输入影响较大。 相似文献
8.
甘肃嘉峪关市表层土壤重金属空间分布与评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究嘉峪关市重金属分布对环境的影响,分析了嘉峪关市表层土壤重金属分布和含量变化,并评价其富集程度,判断其来源和影响因素。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测量嘉峪关市134个表层土壤样品中六种重金属元素（Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn）的含量,其平均含量分别为281.6 mg/kg、0.35 mg/kg、60.68 mg/kg、51.39 mg/kg、108.65 mg/kg、161.0 mg/kg。在土壤重金属含量空间分布的基础上,用内梅罗指数法和地累积指数法对研究区土壤重金属富集程度进行了评价,六种元素地累积指数排序依次为: Cr > Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni,各功能区重金属元素整体富集程度依次为工业区 > 戈壁 > 生活区 > 农业区。戈壁采样点重金属元素含量（除Ni外）高于农业区,除工业因素外,地表植被的缺失加剧了戈壁地区重金属元素的富集。结合主成分分析,重金属元素空间展布,及内梅罗指数评价和地累积指数评价,分析了各元素可能的来源,认为Cr、Zn主要来自以钢铁生产加工为主的工业源,Cd、Cu、Pb来自于交通源,Ni可能与钢铁生产或当地背景值有关。通过分析嘉峪关市土壤重金属分布情况,以期为改善当地土壤质量提供科学依据,为我国西北地区土壤重金属的研究提供参考。 相似文献
9.
为系统研究石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素,在浙江省常山县辉埠石煤矿山周边耕地采集了表层土壤样品144件、农产品甘蔗样20件、土壤垂向剖面土壤样6件、岩石样5件和地表水样3件。通过样品Se、有机质、As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Hg、Cr等元素含量指标测定和统计,探究了该区富硒土壤地球化学特征。结果表明:区内表层土壤硒含量主要集中于0.47~1.34 mg/kg之间,平均含量0.87 mg/kg,远高于浙江省平均值,且硒含量高值区与辉埠石煤矿的走向一致;硒含量随着土壤深度增加而逐渐下降;89.58%的土壤样品和65%的甘蔗样品达到富硒标准,但存在土壤和农产品Cd等主要重金属元素含量超标的生态风险。土壤硒含量均值在寒武系下统荷塘组最高(1.31 mg/kg),奥陶系中—下统最低(0.64 mg/kg);旱地硒均值略高于水田,但差异不显著(p>0.05);硒含量均值高低变化为粗骨土>石灰岩土>水稻土>红壤。研究认为,土壤硒含量受地质背景、土壤类型和有机质等因素的影响,含石煤层黑色岩系和碳酸盐岩等富硒地层是形成富硒土壤的主要因素,小部分与矿山开采等人类活动有关。 相似文献
10.
漳州市城市土壤重金属含量特征及控制因素 总被引：31，自引：4，他引：27
讨论了 108个取自漳州市城区公园、生活区及环城菜地等不同功能区的表层 (0～ 20 cm)土壤样品中重金属含量及分布特点,根据土壤中重金属元素与主元素间的相关分析、聚类分析,探讨了影响土壤中重金属分布和来源的因素.结果表明,漳州市城市土壤 Hg、 Cd、 Pb、 Cu、 Zn、 As、 Cr和 Ni的平均含量分别为 0.471 mg/kg、 0.353 mg/kg、 75.9 mg/kg、 32.6 mg/kg、 106.7 mg/kg、 6.86 mg/kg、 29.7 mg/kg和 12.8 mg/kg,其中相对于区域土壤背景值与国家土壤环境质量标准,污染较突出的元素是 Hg和 Cd.深受人为污染活动影响的城区土壤和菜地土壤重金属平均含量也尤为突出,城区土壤 Hg平均含量最高,菜地土壤 Cd平均含量最高.元素的相关性分析和聚类分析结果表明 Hg相对于其他元素表现较独立, S对 Hg有一定的捕获能力;As、 Cr和 Ni是受控于成土母质的元素组合;Cd和 Pb是受人为污染影响较强的元素, Cu来源于地质成因的比例较大;Zn受控于土壤中锰氧化物粘粒. 相似文献
11.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
12.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
13.
14.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
15.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
16.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
17.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
18.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献
19.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献