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以重庆松藻矿区在打通的一综采工作面缓倾斜地层中掘进时发生的两次顶板水灾为例,对其顶板突水原因进行了探讨。通过分析该矿区的矿井地质及水文地质条件,认为矿井充水水源为上覆地层的离层水。该矿井的M7-3煤层开采后,导水裂隙切穿了上覆地层长兴组灰岩,贯通了玉龙山一段灰岩隔水层,进入玉龙岩二段岩溶裂隙含水层。由于含水层的上覆岩层在采掘过程中,因岩性差异发生不均衡沉降,形成了大量的离层空间。离层空间吸收、储存的大量地表降雨在采掘工作面推进到一定位置时,就会发生突水。据估算,S1821工作面上覆岩体离层、裂隙储水空间按三分之一计算为2.064×105m^2,与该工作面抢险救灾期间排出的涌水量基本吻合。根据该矿离层水的赋存特点,提出了保证排水系统畅通,加强采煤设备管理,提高采面设计水平的防治水对策。 相似文献
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鱼田堡煤矿水文地质特征及深部突水模式分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
通过对鱼田堡煤矿各生产水平、开采区域、开采煤层涌水观测资料,以及水质化验、连通试验等资料的分析与研究,查明了该矿深部煤层开采的突水水源及突水通道——浅部与采空区融为一体的“地下水库”及深部K3（4#煤层）开采时在煤层顶板以上发育的采动离层裂隙带,为防治矿井深部突水提供了较为切合实际的水文地质依据。 相似文献
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红柳煤矿属宁夏东部大型国有煤矿,投产仅半年,矿井首采工作面就发生较大规模的涌水4次,最大涌水量达3000m3／h,造成了较大的经济损失。在分析矿区水文地质条件和涌水特征的基础上,对矿井水文地质条件进行了评价,总结了工作面涌水特征。研究发现,直罗组砂岩裂隙孔隙承压含水层地下水是井下突水的主要水源．顶板导水裂隙带是矿井的主要充水通道;工作面突水呈现周期性特征,并与老顶周期性垮塌步距基本一致;涌出水总量与工作面推进距离及开采面积呈正相关;随着工作面开采面积的增大,工作面稳定涌水量也随之增大;顶板的岩性及其组合特征为离层储水空间的形成提供了条件;离层水的形成是矿井涌水量较大的主要原因。研究成果对该矿乃至宁东地区煤矿安全生产和矿井防治水措施的确定具有一定的指导作用。 相似文献
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曹丁涛 《水文地质工程地质》2013,40(2):9-13
煤层开采后,上覆岩层下沉过程中,上下层状岩层挠曲不同步而形成的离层空间即离层.离层空间中积存的地下水即为离层水.结合济宁二号煤矿离层水突出实例,阐述了离层水的形成条件、影响因素和离层静水压突水机理,提出了离层静水压突水的危险性判别方法和离层静水压突水的防治措施.离层静水压突水的突水机理,是离层静水压力大于离层下位隔水层的承受能力,导致离层水突出.离层积水能否突出,可借用底板突水危险性评价中底板突水系数公式判断.通过超前在工作面顺槽斜向上方积水离层施工疏水钻孔,人为破坏离层的封闭性,可有效避免离层大量积水,进而避免大量离层积水突然溃出的水害事故的发生.实践证明,离层静水压突水可以预测和防治. 相似文献
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陕西铜川玉华煤矿一盘区1418工作面,回采期间发生多次突水事故,对煤矿的正常生产和人员的生命安全构成严重威胁。从本井田地质和水文地质资料入手,分析了工作面突水的背景、水源、通道等,得出洛河组下段砂岩裂隙含水层水为离层空间充水的主要水源,煤层采动后形成的导水裂隙带为主要的导水通道。通过理论分析和模拟研究覆岩移动破坏规律,分析确定导水裂隙带发育过程和离层空间可能发育的位置,离层水形成、发展及突水过程,从而总结出玉华井田1418工作面顶板离层水突水机理,为矿井后期实现安全高效生产提出切实有效的防治水措施打好基础。 相似文献
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2005年5月21日淮北矿业集团海孜煤矿745工作面发生了瞬时水量达3887m^3/h的特大溃水事故.经分析发现,此次溃水事故的水源来自7煤层顶板砂岩离层积水,是在复杂水文工程地质条件下,采煤工作面顶板产生的一种动态突水水源.针对离层突水的动力特点,在工作面回采影响以外的下山方向布置钻孔,并采取在工作面采前、采中和采后持续放水的措施,有效地阻止了离层水源的产生,保证了工作面安全生产. 相似文献
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煤矿突水溃砂灾害的发生与煤层上履含水层性质、岩性特征及破坏程度等诸多因素有关。通过研究己15煤层顶板基岩与第四系底部的含、隔水性能及顶板覆岩岩性组合特征,计算出一次全部开采3．6m煤层时,其导水裂缝带最小发育高度为38．46m,最大为47．95m,确定了采煤活动导致的上覆顶板含水层发生水力联系的范围,认为己15—13030工作面煤层开采时发生顶板突水的可能性不大;计算一次全部开采3．6m煤层时,防砂安全垂高最大为23．5m．防塌安全煤岩柱最大垂高为12．5m,结合煤层顶板基岩及第四系底部岩层的水文地质特征,认为工作面回采时顶板溃砂的可能性也不大。强调在生产过程中,要加强顶板涌水的观测,同时增加现有排水系统的排水能力,从而为工作面安全回采提供支持。 相似文献
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陕西黄陇煤田是我国主要产煤基地之一,煤层开采主要受顶板巨厚洛河组砂岩水威胁,水害防控形势严峻,分析顶板涌水特征、研究水害防控关键技术对于煤矿安全生产具有重大意义。在收集该区域典型煤矿工作面涌水量资料的基础上,分析顶板水害类型及其主控因素,总结工作面涌水量变化规律,并研究顶板巨厚砂岩含水层水害形成机理,进而提出顶板水害防控关键技术。结果表明:(1)黄陇煤田顶板含水层充水可分为持续涌水式、非持续涌水式和泥砂溃涌式3类,持续涌水式包括可控持续型和高强度持续型,非持续涌水式分为离层涌水型(包括偶发离层涌水型和频发离层涌水型)和脉冲式涌水型,以及泥砂溃涌型共6型。(2)关键隔水层厚度、煤层与洛河组砂岩间距、洛河组砂岩的富水性共同决定顶板涌水形式:当关键隔水层厚度较小甚至缺失,洛河组砂岩富水性弱且与煤层间距较小时,发生脉冲式涌水;当关键隔水层厚度较大且分布稳定,洛河组砂岩富水性中等至强且与煤层间距较小时发生持续涌水;当关键隔水层巨厚,洛河组砂岩富水性弱且与煤层间距巨大时发生离层涌水;当煤层顶板导水裂隙带范围内的侏罗系地层发育胶结不良地质体或煤层出现冒顶现象,容易形成水砂溃涌灾害。(3)地下水位监测预警技术、地面钻孔疏放离层积水技术、井下泄水巷集中排水技术、排水系统建设与维护技术、减水开采技术等是黄陇煤田水害防治的关键技术;工作面精细管理制度、工作面水情日分析制度、专家会诊及对标学习制度等是做好水害防治工作的配套管理对策。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献
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Marta L. PATINO-DOUCE Alberto PATINO-DOUCE Mazhar QAYYUM Roger L. NIELSEN 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1994,18(2):195-198
We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献