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1.
西准噶尔包古图地区地层火山岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究 总被引：24，自引：11，他引：13
包古图地区位于西准噶尔东南部,区内出露地层主要为石炭系太勒古拉组、包古图组和希贝库拉斯组,为一套巨厚的半深海相-大陆坡相火山-火山碎屑沉积建造。这套地层的时代归属和地层层序长期以来一直存在争议。本文报导了包古图地区实测地层剖面,并从太勒古拉组玄武岩和包古图组及希贝库拉斯组凝灰岩中分别选出锆石,进行了LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究,获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为357.5±5.4Ma、332.1±3.0Ma和336.3±2.5Ma。由此确定这套地层属于早石炭世的杜内阶到维宪阶,由下到上依次为太勒古拉组、包古图组和希贝库拉斯组。 相似文献
2.
新疆西准噶尔包古图组凝灰岩锆石SHRIMP年龄及其地质意义 总被引：27，自引：12，他引：15
西准噶尔地区出露巨厚层的下石炭统火山-沉积岩,包括太勒古拉组、包古图组和希贝库拉斯组,前人主要通过生物化石来确定各组之间的层位关系,并存在争论。本文对包古图金矿区包古图组中3个蚀变凝灰岩样品开展的锆石SHRIMP年代学研究表明,凝灰岩的年龄分别为328.4Ma（MSWD=0.72）、342.6Ma（MSWD=0.76）和336.5Ma（MSWD=1.6）。结合太勒古拉组年代学数据和下石炭统火山-沉积地层的分布关系,确定西准噶尔下石炭统火山-沉积地层从下到上依次为：希贝库拉斯组、包古图组和太勒古拉组。 相似文献
3.
碎屑岩锆石研究是探讨碎屑岩沉积时代、源区特征和形成环境的一种有效途径。通过对西准噶尔包古图地区希贝库拉斯组砂岩样品进行碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb的年代学研究,获得了34粒锆石U-Pb年龄数据,分布在322~359Ma,4个峰值年龄分别为324.3 Ma、334.0 Ma、344.0 Ma和355.0 Ma;结合前人关于包古图组328.4~345.6Ma以及成吉思汗山组312Ma的年龄,认为本区三组地层的自下而上顺序是包古图组→希贝库拉斯组→成吉思汗山组,这与前人通过野外地质接触关系获得的认识是一致的。西准噶尔地区石炭系包古图组、希贝库拉斯组和成吉思汗山组之间的关系对揭示本区晚古生代地层格架和地质历史具有重要意义。 相似文献
4.
论西准噶尔石炭系希贝库拉斯组与包古图组的新老关系 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
新疆西准噶尔达尔布特断裂南的石炭系希贝库拉斯组与包古图组新老关系争议已久.1∶5万区域地质矿产调查新发现,包古图组呈角度不整合伏于希贝库拉斯组之下,于包古图组获LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄(345.6±6.2)Ma,与本组化石时代基本一致,确认包古图组时代为早石炭世.希贝库拉斯组灰岩砾石中发现的化石组合与包古图组中化石组合相同,且含化石的灰岩砾石之岩性与包古图组中相同,证明砾石来自包古图组,因而不能指示希贝库拉斯组的沉积时代.包古图组褶皱的强烈程度与样式复杂程度明显强于希贝库拉斯组,可肯定希贝库拉斯组新于包古图组.这一结论为正确确立本区地层层序,建立区域地层格架和大区地层对比提供了重要佐证. 相似文献
5.
《大地构造与成矿学》2015,(4)
新疆西准噶尔克拉玛依地区出露地层主要为下石炭统希贝库拉斯组、包古图组和太勒古拉组,主体为一套巨厚的半深海大陆斜坡相碎屑沉积建造。这套地层的层序及时代长期以来存在争议,本文对西准噶尔克拉玛依后山地区的希贝库拉斯组和太勒古拉组进行碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究,限定石炭纪地层时代、恢复地层层序、确定物源源区及讨论西准噶尔大地构造演化。希贝库拉斯组碎屑锆石最年轻的峰值为309.3 Ma,第二个峰值为331 Ma;太勒古拉组碎屑锆石最年轻的峰值为304 Ma,第二个峰值为318 Ma。二者最年轻的峰值与西准地区后碰撞深成岩体的活动高峰期相吻合,应为岩浆热扰动所致。该区内砂岩成熟度低、源区与未切割岩浆岛弧相关,推测样品中岩浆锆石成因的年龄与当时火山活动可能近同时,因此碎屑锆石第二峰值大致可代表地层沉积时代。碎屑锆石年龄中无前寒武纪锆石记录,反映西准噶尔地区可能不存在前寒武纪古老结晶基底,或者基底规模小、分布零散,未成为石炭纪地层的物源。 相似文献
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晚泥盆世晚期—早石炭世早期,是新疆准噶尔洋盆发育的最后阶段。西准噶尔的太勒古拉组以暗色泥质凝灰岩为主,夹红色放射虫硅质岩,覆于巨厚玄武岩层之上,是该时期洋盆宝贵的地层记录。早石炭世维宪期,东准噶尔卡拉麦里洋盆封闭,准噶尔中西部成为相对闭塞的残余洋盆。太勒古拉组之上的包古图组和希贝库拉斯组,记录了残余洋盆充填消亡的过程。包古图组以灰绿色凝灰质泥岩、粉砂岩和细砂岩的韵律层为主,属于中下扇的火山浊积岩系,时代为维宪期—巴什基尔早期。希贝库拉斯组以厚层—块状、细—粗粒凝灰质砂岩为主,上部有厚层含中酸性火山岩砾石的砾岩,是具有上扇沉积特征的火山浊积岩系,时代为晚石炭世巴什基尔晚期至莫斯科期或更晚。石炭纪洋盆充填过程中,堆积了很厚的暗色沉积岩系,提供了良好的生烃条件。东准噶尔石炭纪沉积岩相复杂,与西准噶尔有很大差别。盆地周缘的地层对比和岩相古地理研究,有助于解决盆地内部的石炭系地层问题。 相似文献
8.
西准噶尔构造带包古图地层小区白碱滩北红山梁剖面上新发现一套晚泥盆世红色“硅质岩、粉砂质硅质岩、凝灰质硅质岩”海相沉积组合,与上覆包古图组深灰色—灰黑色含碳粉砂岩呈整合接触。经区域对比确认,该套地层显著有别于研究区乃至整个西准噶尔构造带地层分区已发现的全部上泥盆统各组岩石地层,符合“野外可识别、界面可区别、区域可对比、图面可表达”的原则,据此新建红山梁组。本次于红山梁组枕状玄武岩、玄武岩、安山岩中分别获得365. 9±5. 0 Ma、370. 6±7. 4 Ma和374. 6±3. 6 Ma的LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年龄,佐证其时代为晚泥盆世。红山梁组与包古图组连续沉积之确认,消除了包古图组老于希贝库拉斯组这一存疑,建立了完整的下石统地层序列,新增了包古图地层小区泥盆纪的沉积记录,为区域沉积与构造演化研究提供了新资料。 相似文献
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10.
西准噶尔南部石炭纪地层层序及古地理演化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
西准噶尔南部石炭系希贝库拉斯组、包古图组和太勒古拉组自创名以来,其地层层序和时代已争论了近半个世纪,其主要原因在于对三个组的岩性组合特征认识不够全面,经常误用其他地质单元中的古生物或年代学证据来限定这三个组的时代,从而导致出现多种层序和时代的划分意见。此次研究在1∶25万野外地质调查的基础上,重新测制了三个组的层型剖面,并结合区域上大量的辅助剖面和路线地质调查,厘定了三个组的定义、特征及分布范围。根据在层型剖面附近组与组界线处发现的冲刷构造和粒序层理等重要的示顶沉积构造,确定了三个组的层序关系自下而上分别为希贝库拉斯组、包古图组和太勒古拉组。三个组中的“化石混杂”现象是由于人为地层划分错误造成的,误将其他地层单元中的化石认作这三个组的内容。经厘定,这三个组中只有早石炭世的化石最为可靠,结合新发现的植物化石材料,希贝库拉斯组的时代为维宪早期,包古图组为维宪晚期,太勒古拉组为维宪末期至谢尔普霍夫期。根据三个组的空间分布及其相互关系,认为西准噶尔南部在早石炭世维宪期浊流流向NE,从维宪末期开始浊流流向SW。在此基础上,讨论了西准噶尔南部石炭纪古地理演化过程,认为西准噶尔南部晚古生代残余洋盆在早石炭世接受充填,希贝库拉斯组的粗碎屑岩代表了充填作用的开始,至太勒古拉组上段粗碎屑岩的出现,表明残余洋盆已经基本填满。西准噶尔残余洋盆最终闭合是在晚石炭世晚期,以佳木河组磨拉石及陆相火山岩的出现为标志。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
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15.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
16.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
17.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
18.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献
19.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
20.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献