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排序方式: 共有142条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
In recent earthquakes in developing countries, severe damage was observed on reinforced concrete buildings. This study focuses on exterior beam-column joints with substandard beam rebar anchorage and seismic strengthening by installing wing walls. First, a series of experiments was conducted to investigate the seismic behavior of exterior joints with substandard beam rebar anchorage representing typical Bangladeshi buildings. Two 0.7-scaled exterior joint specimens were tested, and these specimens showed beam rebar anchorage failure and/or joint shear failure. Prior to strengthening of the joint, a series of pullout tests was conducted on postinstalled bonded anchors in low-strength concrete for strengthening design. Then, an experiment was performed to apply the strengthening method by wing walls to one of the exterior joint specimens to improve the integrity, and this method was intended to prevent the failure of beam rebar anchorage. The strengthening method is proposed to extend the development length of beam longitudinal bars by considering the embedment length along the wing walls. The test results verified the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed strengthening method to upgrade exterior RC beam-column joints with deficient beam rebar anchorage. 相似文献
2.
We have elucidated the seasonal and spatial variation in the potential denitrifying activity in estuarine and coastal lagoonal
sediments in Lakes Shinji and Nakaumi, Japan. The denitrifying activity increased from summer through autumn and was positively
correlated with the temperature of the overlying water at all sites except one, where the bottom was always more reductive
than at the other sites and there was no NO3
− as a substrate for denitrification from spring to autumn. Moreover, the relationship between the denitrifying activity and
the distance from the sea showed different trends in estuarine and lagoonal sediments. These spatial differences indicate
that different factors regulate the denitrification in estuarine and lagoonal sediments. Denitrifying activity in estuarine
sediment was regulated by the discharge of freshwater containing NO3
− or organic matter, while in the lagoonal sediments the occurrence of nitrification via the intrusion of oxic seawater into
the reductive sediment appears to be a key requirement for the process of denitrification. Therefore, the denitrifying activity
in the lagoonal sediment appears to be greater near the sea. Water intrusion is one of the key factors controlling denitrification
in coastal marine ecosystems by affecting the supply of substrate available for denitrification. 相似文献
3.
Implication of Apatite and Anhydrite for Formation of an Iron‐Oxide‐Apatite (IOA) Rare Earth Element Prospect,Benjamin River,Canada 下载免费PDF全文
The Benjamin River apatite prospect in northern New Brunswick, Canada, is hosted by the Late Silurian Dickie Brook plutonic complex, which is made up of intrusive units represented by monzogranite, diorite and gabbro. The IOA ores, composed mainly of apatite, augite, and magnetite at Benjamin River form pegmatitic pods and lenses in the host igneous rocks, the largest of which is 100 m long and 10–20 m wide in the diorite and gabbro units. In this study, 28 IOA ore and rock samples were collected from the diorite and gabbro units. Mineralogical observations show that the apatite–augite–magnetite ores are variable in the amounts of apatite, augite, and magnetite and are associated with minor amounts of epidote‐group minerals (allanite, REE‐rich epidote and epidte) and trace amounts of albite, titanite, ilmenite, titanomagnetite, pyrite, chlorite, calcite, and quartz. Apatite and augite grains contain small anhydrite inclusions. This suggests that the magma that crystallized apatite and augite had high oxygen fugacity. In back scattered electron (BSE) images, apatite grains in the ores have two zones of different appearance: (i) primary REE‐rich zone; and (ii) porous REE‐poor zone. The porous REE‐poor zones mainly appear in rims and/or inside of the apatite grains, in addition to the presence of apatite grains which totally consist of a porous REE‐poor apatite. This porous REE‐poor apatite is characterized by low REE (<0.84 wt%), Si (<0.28 wt%), and Cl (<0.17 wt%) contents. Epidote‐group minerals mainly occur in grain boundary between the porous REE‐poor apatite and augite. These indicate that REE leached from primary REE‐rich apatite crystallized as allanite and REE‐rich epidote. Magnetite in the ores often occurs as veinlets that cut apatite grains or as anhedral grains that replace a part of augite. These textures suggest that magnetite crystallized in the late stage. Pyrite veins occur in the ores, including a large amount of quartz and calcite veins. Pyrite veins mainly occur with quartz veins in augite. These textures indicate pyrite veins are the latest phase. Apatite–augite–magnetite ore, gabbro–quartz diorite and feldspar dike collected from the Benjamin River prospect contain dirty pure albite (Ab98Or2–Ab100) under the microscope. The feldspar dikes mainly consist of dirty pure albite. Occurrences of the dirty pure albite suggest remarkable albitization (sodic alteration) of original plagioclase (An25.3–An60 in Pilote et al., 2012) associating with intrusion of monzogranite into gabbro and diorite. SO42? bearing magma crystallized primary REE‐rich apatite, augite and anhydrite reacted with Fe in the sodic fluids, which result in oxidation of Fe2+ and release of S2? into the sodic fluids. REE, Ca and Fe from primary REE‐rich apatite, augite and plagioclase altered by the sodic fluids were released into the fluids. Then Fe3+ in the sodic fluids precipitated as Fe oxides and epidote‐group minerals in apatite–augite–magnetite ores. Finally, residual S2? in sodic fluids crystallized as latest pyrite veins. In conclusion, mineralization in Benjamin River IOA prospect are divided into four stages: (1) oxidized magmatic stage that crystallized apatite, augite and anhydrite; (2) sodic metasomatic stage accompanying alteration of magmatic minerals; (3) oxidized fluid stage (magnetite–epidote group minerals mineralization); and (4) reduced fluid stage (pyrite mineralization). 相似文献
4.
Hajime Fukushima Akiko Higurashi Yasushi Mitomi Teruyuki Nakajima Toshimitsu Noguchi Toshio Tanaka Mitsuhiro Toratani 《Journal of Oceanography》1998,54(5):417-430
This paper first describes the atmospheric correction algorithm for OCTS visible band data used at NASDA/EOC. Sharing a basic
structure with Gordon and Wang’s Sea WiFS algorithm, it uses 10 candidate aerosol models including the “Asian dust model”
introduced in consideration of the unique feature of aerosols over the east Asian waters. Based on the observations at 670
and 865 nm bands, the algorithm selects a pair of aerosol models that account best for the observed spectral reflectances,
and synthesizes the aerosol reflectance used for the atmospheric correction. Two different schemes for determining the value
of the parameter for the aerosol model selection are presented and their anticipated estimation error is analyzed in terms
of retrieved water reflectance at 443 nm. The results of our numerical simulation show that the standard deviation of the
estimation error of the “weighted average” scheme is mostly within the permissible level of ±0.002, reducing the error by
18% on average compared to the “simple average” scheme. The paper further discusses the expected error under the old CZCS-type
atmospheric correction, which assumes constant aerosol optical properties throughout the given image. Although our algorithm
has a better performance than the CZCS algorithm, further analysis shows that the error induced by the assumption taken in
the algorithm that the water-leaving radiance at 670 nm band is negligibly small may be large in high pigment concentration
waters, indicating the necessity for future improvements. 相似文献
5.
Masanobu Shimada Hiromi Oaku Yasushi Mitomi Hiroshi Murakami Akira Mukaida Yasuhisa Nakamura Joji Ishizaka Hiroshi Kawamura Tasuku Tanaka Motoaki Kishino Hajime Fukushima 《Journal of Oceanography》1998,54(5):401-416
We present calibration and validation results of the OCTS’s ocean color version-3 product, which mainly consists of the chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) and the normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw). First, OCTS was calibrated for the inter-detector sensitivity difference, offset, and absolute sensitivity using external
calibration source. It was also vicariously calibrated using in-situ measurements for water (Chl-a andnLw) and atmosphere (optical thickness), which were acquired synchronously with OCTS under cloud-free conditions. Second, the
product was validated using selected 17 in-situ Chl-a and 11 in-situnLw measurements. We confirmed that Chl-a was estimated with an accuracy of 68% for Chl-a less than 2 mg/m3, andnLw from 94% (band 2) to 128% (band 4). Geometric accuracy was improved to 1.3 km. Stripes were significantly reduced by modifying
the detector normalization factor as a function of input radiance. 相似文献
6.
Ablation processes of snow under a thin dust cover are complicated compared with those under a thick cover, mainly owing to the effects of aggregation (redistribution) of dust particles on the conditions of surface melting. Aggregation of dust particles causes the snow surface to brighten after the initial dust configuration, thus affecting the relationship between initial dust concentration and surface albedo. In order to estimate snow ablation rate under a thin dust cover, we used a composite energy balance model in which the surface albedo is taken as a measured input variable. The estimated results of snow ablation agreed reasonably well with the observation, considering the measurement errors inherited in the snow depressions. Comparison of the two cases, that is, one considering the aggregation of dust particles (observation: albedo variable) and the other without aggregation (assumption: albedo constant), showed that the ablation rates were noticeably lower on the former case. This suggests that the aggregation of dust particles induces a reduction of snow ablation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
Bacterial degradation of the hydrocarbons of lubricating oils was investigated by mass spectrometric analysis which gives
both total amount and the composition of hydrocarbon types of residual oil. An unused lubricating oil, which mainly consisted
of hydrocarbon types with only a small percentage ofn-alkanes, was degraded by marineBacillus sp. andPseudomonas sp. with 55 % and 25 % decreases in 10 days, respectively. Susceptibility of respective hydrocarbon types to biodegradation
was in the following order: alkanes > non-condensed cycloalkanes, mono-aromatics > condensed cycloalkanes. A used lubricating
oil of different brand showed a larger decrease than the unused oil. Both species of bacteria degraded large portions of alkane
fraction of Arabian light crude oil. 相似文献
8.
Vertical profiles of total sulfur and organic carbon have been measured in two deep-sea piston cores from the southwestern Japan Sea where sulfate reduction is proceeding within the sediments. The content of total sulfur, most of which is present as pyrite, increases gradually with increasing depth, showing several peaks. The amount of diagenetically deposited sulfide-sulfur is estimated using a steady-state model that considers vertical change in the diffusion coefficient. It is suggested that two-thirds to three-fourths of the observed total sulfur content has been deposited diagenetically. 相似文献
9.
The effects of the reed,Phragmites australis (Trin.), on substratum grain-size distribution in a salt marsh 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effects of the reed,Phragmites australis (Trin.), growing in a brackish water lagoon, were studied in relation to the grain-size distribution of the substratum. At the salt marshes near the lagoon, the upper soils from the surface to a depth of 20 cm contained much silt-clay. These fine particles were found to be transferred from the river and fish ponds near the lagoon, and to be deposited when the tidal rhythm changed, that is, when the water current stopped. In addition, the fine particles, which were deposited on the bottom of the lagoon adjacent to the marshes, became resuspended as a result of wind-caused wave action, and then were transported and redeposited in the salt marshes at the flood tide. Since the reeds further reduced the water current caused by the waves and tide, the reeds were thought to promote redeposition of the resuspended matter. In other words, the reeds were considered to protect deposited and redeposited particles such as silt and clay from resuspension as a result of wave action by reducing the effects of waves and wind. These processes suggested that silt-clay will become abundant in the substratum of the salt marsh adjacent to the lagoon. 相似文献
10.