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1.
对流天气系统自动站雨量资料同化对降雨预报的影响 总被引：14，自引：7，他引：7
利用GRAPES(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System,全球/区域同化预报系统)三维变分同化系统,针对对流天气系统特点,用改进的郭晓岚对流参数化方案作为观测算子,同化广东省自动站记录的对流天气系统的雨量资料,并且与同化探空资料进行了比较.在雨带有明显改进的区域,分别同化这两种资料都可以调整大气低层水汽辐合增加(或辐散),对流层中下层增暖增湿(或变冷变干),从而增加(或减少)降水,表明降水的同化方案对初始场的调整在一定 相似文献
2.
有云条件下HIRS/3资料的同化及其对“珍珠”台风的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
卫星红外辐射资料汽接同化容易受到云的影响,大量卫星资料在有云情况下无法直接同化,其原因之一就是初始云结构难以获取.而云结构是同化系统观测算子的重要输入参数,缺乏云的结构信息,观测算子尤法模拟有云环境下的亮温.热带地区以及台风、暴雨等极端天气系统与云密不可分,要改进卫星辐射资料特别是红外资料直接同化的效果,需要获得较高精度的云三维结构.在GRAPES-3DVAR(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System,全球/区域同化预报系统)基础上,结合WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,天气研究和预报模式)对"珍珠"台风云结构的模拟,增加模拟的云参数作为GRAPES-3DVAR同化系统中RTTOV模式(fast radiative transfer model for TOVS,快速辐射传输模式)的输入参数,改进了有云环境下卫星资料直接同化的观测算子,研究了红外辐射资料直接同化的方法,并分析其对"珍珠"台风预报的影响.针对NOAAl6(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,美国国家海洋和大气管理局)的HIRS/3(High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder,高分辨率红外辐射探测仪3型)第4-8、10、13 19通道辐射亮温的同化试验表明,结合初始云结构信息改进同化系统观测算子,可以将红外辎射资料的观测信息同化到模式之中,改进台风温度、湿度结构,对短时降水预报有正面影响. 相似文献
3.
GRAPES_3Dvar中雷达径向风同化改进观测算子的应用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在GRAPES_3Dvar系统中添加雷达径向风预处理模块以及雷达径向风同化模块(包含传统观测算子与改进算子)。对GRAPES_3Dvar系统中雷达同化算子进行正确性检验后,利用该系统对2014年6月6日03时(UTC)北京南郊多普勒雷达径向风资料进行同化试验,分析不同观测算子对于初始场以及降水模拟的影响。研究结果表明,同化雷达径向风资料加强了对流系统低层中小尺度辐合辐散信息,同时综合分析风场的径向分量与切向分量,改进算子对于初始场的调整效果优于传统观测算子。对比分析累计降水模拟,采用改进算子的结果在能够准确模拟出降水雨带的位置和量级的同时极大程度地抑制了虚假降水的范围,降水评分也较好地验证了改进观测算子的优越性。 相似文献
4.
GRAPES地面风场同化方案研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
随着预报准确度要求以及同化分析循环周期的缩短,具有高时空分辨率的地面观测资料在同化系统中也越来越受到重视,而且一个好的资料同化系统应该能够给出模式近地面动力、热力和湿度状况的合理分析。利用GRAPES区域同化预报系统(GRAPES——Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System),在近地层Monin_Obukhov相似理论的基础上,考虑了边界层的动力和湿热力约束,建立新的地面风场观测算子。将此新方案与目前GRAPES系统使用的三次样条插值的地面同化方案进行高度场预报试验、统计试验以及降水预报的TS评分比较,结果表明,加入新方案地面风场资料同化后,预报效果和对降水的预报能力都比旧方案有所提高。 相似文献
5.
选取2009年3月28日广东省广州市大暴雨过程,考察了变分校准前后Z-I关系估算雷达降水率的区别。变分校准后的降水率资料具有较高的单点精度与合理的梯度分布。降水率资料能够反映大气动力特征和水汽分布等重要信息,是模拟中小尺度系统的关键因子。基于GRAPES (Global/Regional Analysis and Prediction System) 区域三维变分系统,将FSU (Florida State University) 对流参数化方案作为观测算子的同化试验指出,同化降水率资料后同时增强了低层大气的辐合和高层大气的辐散,从而使整层气柱的不稳定能量增加。沙氏指数和K指数诊断分析也表明,同化降水率资料后有利于触发强对流天气。此外,低空辐合有利于水汽垂直输送,维持对流发展,改进降水模拟。逐小时数值模拟结果表明:同化校准后的雷达估算降水率不仅可以改进降水分布,而且使中尺度对流系统的发展和消亡清晰地表现出来。 相似文献
6.
7.
地面观测资料在西南地区数值预报中的敏感性试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用3.0版的GRAPES同化系统,针对西南地区2005年7月的夏季降水,开展地面观测资料的同化敏感性试验,对整月天气进行了每日一次的48小时预报,并对该月发生在川渝地区"7.8"大暴雨过程进行对比分析.试验结果表明,在地形复杂的西南地区,利用等压面的GRAPES 3DVAR同化系统同化地面观测资料对降水预报的影响随进入同化系统的地面观测资料疏密程度和同化内容的不同而不同;当模式采用较高分辨率时,同化的地面观测资料越多,对降水预报的改善作用越明显;同化地面观测资料的风速信息可以降低降水预报的空报率,但对漏报率和TS评分改善作用不明显;在几种同化方案中,利用GRAPES 3DVAR同化系统同化地面观测资料的相对湿度和位势高度信息,对降水预报的改善效果最明显. 相似文献
8.
采用不同样本集合同化地面观测对一次飑线过程的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
针对夏季黄淮地区一次飑线过程,利用WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式及其Hybrid ETKF-3DVAR同化系统,考察不同生成方案的样本对同化地面观测的影响。集合样本创建方式包括3类:扰动初始背景场的方案 (RCV)、使用不同的物理参数化方案 (PPMP) 以及前两者集成方案 (BLE)。基于增量场分析,同化地面观测主要调整850 hPa以下水平风和水汽混合比的空间结构,其中RCV方案侧重于改变水平风的空间分布,PPMP方案侧重于改变水汽混合比的空间结构,BLE方案兼具二者特征。同化地面观测可以间接改善6 h降水预报,其中PPMP试验的降水预报最好,尤其是对降水位置和强度的预报。对比雷达回波观测,RCV试验和BLE试验对弓状回波模拟得较好,BLE试验的模拟较多体现RCV特征。PPMP试验和RCV试验还可改变冷池的位置和强度,同时影响飑线出现和消亡时间,相对而言,PPMP试验影响更大。 相似文献
9.
为了探索全球定位卫星观测系统无线电掩星技术(Global Positioning System/Radio Occulta-tion,简称GPSRO)在业务数值预报模式中的应用效果,以美国NCEP(National Centers for Environ-mental Prediction)业务同化系统为平台,对有/无COSMIC(Constellation Observing System for Meteor-ology,Ionosphere and Climate)GPS无线电掩星观测资料进行了一次降水过程的详细的同化对比试验。试验中GPSRO观测算子主要采用了相对简单但计算省时的局地(Local)同化技术。该个例试验表明:COSMICGPS掩星观测对分析影响较大的地区是常规观测资料较稀缺地区(如洋面),因此在这些地区GPSRO资料可以被看作是对常规观测很好的补充。同时还注意到COSMIC GPS RO资料在对流层下层对湿度场分析和预报的影响显著,在对流层中上层对风场分析也产生正面影响。这证实GPS RO资料在业务数值天气预报中应用的有效性,为我国数值预报未来开展业务GPS掩星观测资料同化提供了有益的科学参考依据。 相似文献
10.
基于WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式及其3Dvar(3-Dimentional Variational)资料同化系统,采用36、12、4 km嵌套网格进行快速更新循环同化和不同的微物理及积云对流参数化方案对比试验,对2011年5月8日鲁中一次局地大暴雨过程进行了研究。结果表明,快速更新循环同化地面观测资料是影响模式降水落区预报准确性的关键因素,不同的微物理和积云对流参数化方案主要影响降水强度预报。采用不同的微物理参数化方案和积云对流参数化方案进行降水预报对比试验表明,LIN方案和WSM6(WRF Single-Moment 6-class)微物理参数化方案对降水预报均较好,LIN方案降水预报较WSM6方案略强。4 km网格预报使用K-F (Kain-Fritsch)积云对流参数化方案或不使用积云对流参数化方案,预报的降水均较好。4 km网格使用旧的K-F积云对流参数化方案,预报的近地层大气风场偏弱,导致大气动力抬升作用偏弱,从而造成模式降水预报偏弱。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
13.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
14.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
15.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
16.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
17.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
18.
基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
19.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
20.
Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed. 相似文献