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1.
本篇讨论大陆岩石圈拆沉、伸展与裂解作用过程。由于大陆岩石圈厚度大而且很不均匀,产生裂谷的机制比较复杂。大陆碰撞远程效应的触发,岩石圈拆沉,以及板块运动的不规则性和地球应力场方向转折,都可能产生岩石圈断裂和大陆裂谷。岩石圈拆沉为在重力作用下"去陆根"的作用过程,演化过程可分为大陆根拆离、地壳伸展和岩石圈地幔整体破裂三个阶段。大陆碰撞带、俯冲的大陆和大洋板块、克拉通区域岩石圈,都可能产生岩石圈拆沉。大陆岩石圈调查表明,拉张区可见地壳伸展、岩石圈拆离、软流圈上拱和热沉降;它们是大陆岩石圈伸展与裂解早期的主要表现。从初始拉张的盆岭省到成熟的张裂省,拆离后地壳伸展成复式地堑,下地壳幔源玄武岩浆侵位,断裂带贯通并切穿整个岩石圈,表明地壳伸展进入成熟阶段。中国东北松辽盆地和西欧北海盆地曾处于成熟的张裂省。岩石圈破裂为岩浆侵位提供了阻力很小的通道网。岩浆侵位作用伴随岩石圈破裂和热流体上涌,成熟的张裂省可发展成大陆裂谷。多数的大陆裂谷带并没有发展成威尔逊裂谷带和洋中脊,普通的大陆裂谷要演化为威尔逊裂谷带,必须有来自软流圈的长期和持续的热流和玄武质岩浆的供应。威尔逊裂谷带岩石圈地幔和软流圈为地震低速带,其根源可能与来自地幔底部的地幔热羽流有关。 相似文献
2.
盆地演化与地球动力学旋回 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
盆地演化受地球演化节律所制约，节律由多层次构成。地球动力学旋回主要有３个级序：（１）超级大陆旋回，主要由羽柱构造的地幔对流动力学所控制，产生超级大陆的裂解和拼合，形成全球性同步隆升与沉降的克拉通盆地；（２）地槽旋回或造山旋回，主要由板块构造的岩石圈运动学所控制，按威尔逊旋回进展，发育各类盆地和造山带，形成“区域性”穿时开合与“非对称”互补；（３）褶皱幕或裂陷幕，主要由地体构造与拆层作用几何学所控制，产生盆地内各种构造样式和沉积样式，形成地方性的穿时递进变形，发育幕式变形和幕式沉积作用等。 相似文献
3.
A general mathematical model of balanced global isostasy is presented that describes the geometrical relationships among atmospheric, oceanic, lithospheric, and asthenospheric components relative to a fixed, external frame of reference in terms of 19 parameters of mass, density, area, and thickness in five basic equations and various corollaries. The model is applicable and necessary for evaluating lithospheric processes that operate on a global scale or that affect globally oriented parameters such as sea level, freeboard, and ocean basin depth. It also provides a means of testing the internal consistency of a given set of mass, density, volume, and area parameters relative to present crustal geometry by showing how well they combine to predict present continental free-board. With modification, the basic model can be used to examine more complex questions involving glacially induced sea level fluctuations and long-term crustal evolution resulting from differential energy flux to Earth, short-term modulation of heat flux from the asthenosphere, and long-term monotonic cooling. 相似文献
4.
M. SANDIFORD 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2010,28(6):569-577
Variations in gravitational potential energy contribute to the intraplate stress field thereby providing the means by which lithospheric density structure is communicated at the plate scale. In this light, the near equivalence in the gravitational potential energy of typical continental lithosphere with the mid‐ocean ridges is particularly intriguing. Assuming this equivalence is not simply a chance outcome of continental growth, it then probably involves long‐term modulation of the density configuration of the continents via stress regimes that are able to induce significant strains over geological time. Following this notion, this work explores the possibility that the emergence of a chemically, thermally and mechanically structured continental lithosphere reflects a set of thermally sensitive feedback mechanisms in response to Wilson cycle oscillatory forcing about an ambient stress state set by the mid‐ocean ridge system. Such a hypothesis requires the continents are weak enough to sustain long‐term (108 years) strain rates of the order of ～10?17 s?1 as suggested by observations that continental lithosphere is almost everywhere critically stressed, by estimates of seismogenic strain rates in stable continental interiors such as Australia and by the low‐temperature thermochronological record of the continents that requires significant relief generation on the 108 year time‐scale. Furthermore, this notion provides a mechanism that helps explain interpretations of recently published heat flow data that imply the distribution of heat‐producing elements within the continents may be tuned to produce a characteristic thermal regime at Moho depths. 相似文献
5.
20世纪60年代提出的"威尔逊旋回"以关闭洋盆两侧板块的碰撞作为板块运动旋回的终结,然而板块构造学说"登陆"20多年来的实践说明这种认识是不全面的。大陆弥散而宽广的陆内变形说明洋盆闭合两侧板块的碰撞并未终止板内构造作用。古亚洲大陆形成后中国东部中—新生代广泛发育的板内构造变形、岩浆活动、克拉通内盆地的形成都和古亚洲大陆南、北,印度洋和北冰洋洋脊的持续扩张、西太平洋和菲律宾洋壳的俯冲相关。本文拟厘清中国东部中—新生代大陆构造形成与演化的重大事件、构造性质、形成背景及其时空展布:(1)晚海西—印支期古特提斯洋关闭陆块拼合碰撞古亚洲大陆雏形形成;(2)晚侏罗—早白垩世蒙古—鄂霍茨克海闭合,陆-陆碰撞古亚洲大陆形成,挤压逆冲推覆构造在陆内变形中形成高潮,西太平洋伊佐奈岐洋壳板块的斜俯冲叠加了自东而西的影响;(3)早白垩世晚期—古近纪加厚地壳-岩石圈减薄、转型,陆内伸展变形达到高潮,大陆克拉通泛盆地、准平原化;(4)始新世晚期—早中新世(40~23 Ma)太平洋板块运动转向对东亚大陆NWW向的挤压和印度洋脊扩张印—澳板块对古亚洲南部陆-陆碰撞挤压的叠加,形成中国东部新生的构造地貌;(5)中-上新世—早更新世受东亚—西太平洋巨型裂谷系和印度洋中脊扩张的叠加影响,中国东部岩石圈地幔隆升、地壳减薄,陆缘、陆内伸展变形相继形成边缘海、岛弧、裂谷型盆地和剥蚀高原地貌;(6)早更新世晚期(0.9~0.8 Ma)—晚更新世末(0.01 Ma)中国东部大陆构造地貌基本形成。 相似文献
6.
Felsic magmatism associated with ocean–ocean and ocean–continent subduction processes provide important evidence for distinct episodes of crust-generation and continental lithospheric evolution. Rhyolites constitute an integral component of the tholeiitic to calc-alkaline basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolite (BADR) association and contribute to crustal growth processes at convergent plate margins. The evolution of the Dharwar Craton of southern peninsular India during Meso- to Neoarchean times was marked by extensive development of greenstone belts. These granite-greenstone terranes have distinct volcano-sedimentary associations consistent with their geodynamic setting. The present study deals with geochemistry of rhyolites from the Chitradurga-Shimoga greenstone belts of western (WDC) and the Gadwal-Kadiri greenstone belts of eastern (EDC) sectors of Dharwar Craton to compare and evaluate their petrogenesis and geodynamic setting and their control on the continental lithospheric evolution of the Dharwar Craton. At a similar range of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, the rhyolites of WDC are more potassic, whereas the EDC rhyolites are more sodic and less magnesian with slight increase in TiO2. Minor increase in MgO content of WDC rhyolites reflects their ferromagnesian trace elements which are comparatively lower in the rhyolites of EDC. The relative enrichment in LILE (K, Rb) and depletion in HFSE (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf) marked by negative Nb–Ta, Zr–Hf and Ti anomalies endorse the convergent margin processes for the generation of rhyolites of both the sectors of Dharwar Craton. The high silica potassic rhyolites of Shimoga and Chitradurga greenstone belts of WDC showing prominent negative Eu and Ti anomalies, flat HREE patterns correspond to Type 3 rhyolites and clearly point towards their generation and emplacement in an active continental margin environment. The geochemical characteristics of Gadwal and Kadiri rhyolites from eastern Dharwar Craton marked by aluminous compositions with low and fractionated HREE patterns and minor negative Eu anomalies are in conformity with Type 1 rhyolites and suggest that they were erupted in an intraoceanic island arc system. The overall geochemical systematics of the rhyolites from both the sectors of Dharwar Craton suggest a change in the geodynamic conditions from intraoceanic island arc of eastern Dharwar Craton and an active continental margin of western Dharwar marked by ocean–ocean subduction and migration of oceanic arc towards a continent followed by arc-continent collision that contributed for the evolution of continental lithosphere in the Dharwar Craton. 相似文献
7.
滇川西部金沙江古特提斯洋的威尔逊旋回 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
本文对滇川西部金沙江造山带被动大陆边缘、蛇绿岩、洋盆相放射虫硅质岩、岛弧岩浆岩和造山磨拉石建造的形成时代进行了综合研究,结合古生物化石和SHRIMP年龄,论证了金沙江古特提斯洋盆的威尔逊旋回,即大陆裂解(晚泥盆世)、洋盆扩张(石炭纪)、俯冲消减(二叠纪)和碰撞造山(三叠纪)。金沙江洋是滇川西部古特提斯多岛洋中重要的支洋盆。 相似文献
8.
MAJOR SEDIMENTARY CYCLES AND BASIN EVOLUTION OF MESOZOIC IN NORTHERN HIMALAYAS, SOUTH TIBET1 LiuGH ,EinseleG .SedimentaryhistoryoftheTethyanBasinintheTibetanHimalayas[J].GeolRundschau ,1994,83(1) :32～ 6 1.
2 ShiXiaoying ,YinJiarun ,JiaCaiping .MesozoicandCenozoicsequencestratigraphyandsea levelchangesintheNorthernHimalayas ,SouthTibet ,China[J].NewslStratigr ,1996 ,33(1) :15～ 6 1.
3 LewyZ .AlateBathonian CallovianunconformityintheMiddl… 相似文献
9.
A geodynamic model for the formation and movement of marginal seas in the Pacific Ocean during lateral interaction between the Eurasian and Pacific lithospheric plates is proposed. In a transition strike-slip megazone, the continental and oceanic plates disintegrate into blocks, which are involved in rotation, thus causing formation of mantle plumes and tectonospheric funnels (ascending and descending lithospheric vortexes). The implications of the model are formulated. Three scenarios of the evolution of the marginal sea basins depending on the direction of motion of the Pacific plate are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Ultrabasic rocks in the Mianxian-Lueyang ophiolitic melange zone include harzburgite and dunite which exhibit LREE depletion with remarkable positive Eu anomaly.The diabase dike swarm shows LREE enrichment but slightly negative Eu anomaly.Metamorphosed volcanic rocks can be divided into two groups in terms of their REE geochemistry and trace element ratios of Ti/V,Th/Ta,Th/Yb and Ta/Yb.One is ths MORB-type basalt with LREE depletion,representing the fragments of oceanic crust and implying an association of the MORB-type ophiolite and an ancient ocean basin between the Qinling and Yangtze plates during the Middle Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic era.The oter comprises the island-arc volcanic rocks including tholeiitic basalt and a large amount of calc-alkaline intermediate-acic volcanic rock,which could not be the component of the ancient oceanic crust but the result of magmatism at the continental margin.This indicates that the Mianxian-Lueyang limited ocean basin had undergone a whole process of development,evolution and vanishing from Devonian-Cretaceous to Permian.And the Qinling area had becone an independent lithospheric microplate,on the southern side of which there were exhibited the tectonic characteristics of active continental margins during the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic.That is to say.the Qinling cannot be simply considered as a result of collision between the Yangtze and North China plates. 相似文献
11.
In contrast to the normal ‘Wilson cycle’ sequence of subduction leading to continental collision and associated mountain building, the evolution of the New Zealand plate boundary in the Neogene reflects the converse—initially a period of continental convergence that is followed by the emplacement of subduction. Plate reconstructions allow us to place limits on the location and timing of the continental convergence and subduction zones and the migration of the transition between the two plate boundary regimes. Relative plate motions and reconstructions since the Early to Mid-Miocene require significant continental convergence in advance of the emplacement of the southward migrating Hikurangi subduction—a sequence of tectonism seen in the present plate boundary geography of Hikurangi subduction beneath North Island and convergence in the Southern Alps along the Alpine Fault. In contrast to a transition from subduction to continental convergence where the leading edge of the upper plate is relatively thin and deformable, the transition from a continental convergent regime, with its associated crustal and lithospheric thickening, to subduction of oceanic lithosphere requires substantial thinning (removal) of upper plate continental lithosphere to make room for the slab. The simple structure of the Wadati–Benioff zone seen in the present-day geometry of the subducting Pacific plate beneath North Island indicates that this lithospheric adjustment occurs quickly. Associated with this rapid lithospheric thinning is the development of a series of ephemeral basins, younging to the south, that straddle the migrating slab edge. Based on this association between localized vertical tectonics and slab emplacement, the tectonic history of these basins records the effects of lithospheric delamination driven by the southward migrating leading edge of the subducting Pacific slab. Although the New Zealand plate boundary is often described as simply two subduction zones linked by the transpressive Alpine Fault, in actuality the present is merely a snapshot view of an ongoing and complex evolution from convergence to subduction. 相似文献
12.
聚焦新疆区内集中出露的61处蛇绿岩,据其物质组成、构造属性、形成时代、空间分布等特征,将其划分为14条蛇绿混杂岩带,其中多处发育洋岛海山、洋内弧等大洋岩石圈岩石组合,并以塔里木-敦煌地块为界,提出以北属古亚洲洋构造域、以南属特提斯洋构造域.结合俯冲增生造山过程中不同阶段的岩石学记录,确认古亚洲洋形成于新元古代末期至晚石... 相似文献
13.
M. G. Lomize 《Geotectonics》2008,42(3):206-224
Formation conditions of the peripheral orogen are expressed most fully in the Central Andes, a mountain system almost not yielding in height to the Himalayan-Tibetan system but formed at the margin of ocean without any relations to intercontinental collision. The marine transgression and rejuvenation of subduction in the Early Jurassic during the origination of foldbelt at the margin of Pangea marked the transition to a new supercontinental cycle, and the overall further evolution began and continues now in the frame of the first half of this cycle. The marginal position of this belt above the subduction zone, the rate and orientation of convergence of the lithospheric plates, the age of “absolute” movement of the continental plate, variation in slab velocity, and subduction of heterogeneities of the oceanic crust were the crucial factors that controlled the evolution of the marginal foldbelt. At the stage of initial subsidence (Jurassic-Mid-Cretaceous), during extension of the crust having a moderate thickness (30–35 km), the Andean continental margin comprises the full structural elements of an ensialic island arc that resembled the present-day Sunda system. These conditions changed with the separation and onset of the western drift of the South American continent. Being anchored in the mantle and relatively young, the slab of the Andean subduction zone served as a stop that brought about compression that controlled the subsequent evolution. Due to the contribution of deep magma sources along with marine sediments and products of tectonic erosion removed to a depth, the growth of crust above the subduction zone was favorable for heating of the crust. By the middle Eocene, when compression enhanced owing to the acceleration of subduction, the thermal evolution of the crust had already prepared the transition to the orogenic stage of evolution, i.e., to the progressive viscoplastic shortening and swelling of the mechanically weakened lower crust and the concomitant reverse faulting and thrusting of the upper crust. The general compression of the Central Andes by more than 250 km relative to the stop created by the oceanic slab accommodated up to 40% of the western continental drift over this time and increased the thickness of the crust up to 65–75 km. It is suggested that the onset of fast uplift and growth of the mountain edifice 12–10 Ma ago was predetermined by the approach of the submarine Juan Fernandez Ridge in the south and the Nazca Ridge in the north toward the continental margin and their involvement in subduction. As a result, the Central Andes were transformed into a region of advanced shortening and vigorous orogeny. 相似文献
14.
被动陆缘洋陆转换带和岩石圈伸展破裂过程分析及其对南海陆缘深水盆地研究的启示 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
作为伸展陆壳和正常洋壳之间重要的过渡和衔接,洋陆转换带(ocean-continent transition,简写为OCT)蕴含有丰富的地壳岩石圈伸展破裂过程的信息。文中通过系统的资料调研,在总结OCT研究历史、现状和发展趋势的基础上,阐明了OCT的现代概念、类型及其识别标志;详细介绍了以OCT为基础而建立的被动陆缘地壳岩石圈结构构造单元划分方案、表层沉积盆地构造地层格架及重要的构造变革界面特征;分析了大型拆离断层在地壳岩石圈薄化、地幔剥露过程中的控制作用;揭示了陆缘变形集中、迁移和叠合的规律,建立了被动陆缘岩石圈伸展、薄化、剥露和裂解模式。最后,论文对比了国际非岩浆型被动大陆边缘与我国南海OCT的研究,介绍了南海OCT和陆缘深水超深水盆地研究的新发现,提出深入研究南海OCT将为南海陆缘构造演化、洋盆扩张过程和深水超深水盆地的成因机制研究提供新的启示。 相似文献
15.
沉积大地构造相是反映陆块区、洋区、洋与陆块之间的陆缘区(活动和被动陆缘)形成演变过程中, 在各个演化阶段及其特定的大地构造环境中形成的沉积盆地及其充填序列, 是表达大陆岩石圈板块在离散、汇聚、碰撞、走滑等动力学过程中形成的不同类型沉积盆地及其综合产物, 具有恢复陆块区和造山系形成演化的功能.为从大地构造环境和沉积盆地分析角度系统剖析中国大陆新元古代以来纷繁复杂的大陆增生历程, 根据中国大陆形成演化特点, 提出一套沉积大地构造相(沉积盆地类型)划分方案, 并简述其大地构造环境鉴别标志.该划分方案分4级(相系、大相、相和亚相): 一级为陆块区(含地块)相系和造山系相系.陆块区按构造古地理位置和区域构造应力场进一步划分出二级和三级单元.造山系由弧盆系、叠接带和对接带大相构成, 是岩石圈板块大规模水平运动, 在洋陆转换过程中岛弧增生、弧-弧碰撞、弧-陆碰撞、陆-陆碰撞和陆内俯冲的产物, 常表现为复杂岩石组成、复杂褶皱和断裂构造的巨大山系; 叠接带大相主要由弧-弧碰撞和弧-陆碰撞时, 在陆缘形成的洋-陆转化增生带, 是软碰撞产物; 对接带大相由陆-陆碰撞形成, 是硬碰撞产物.在造山系的弧盆系、叠接带和对接带大相之下, 按洋盆演化-洋陆转化历程所产生的系列构造古地理环境和建造, 进一步划分出洋盆、弧前盆地、弧间盆地、弧后盆地、残余海盆、周缘前陆盆地、弧后前陆盆地等大地构造相单元. 相似文献
16.
地球系统多圈层构造观的基本内涵 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
地球系统多圈层构造观的基本点是,把地球作为一个活的天体放在宇宙系统之中,更多地考虑地球深部壳-幔-核之间的相互作用,考虑地外天体对地球运动的作用和影响。这一构造观认为:构造运动并不仅仅是岩石圈板块之间的相互作用,而是地球系统的全球动力作用过程;陆与洋是对立统一相互转化的,单纯的大陆增生说是不正确的;地幔对流说至今未被证实,陆块是活动的,但不能大规模漂移;大陆地壳不是单纯地侧向或垂向增生,而是多旋回构造-岩浆作用叠合的产物;地球的构造不是均变式向前发展,而是非均变、非线性、旋回式向前演化的;地球表层在不同地史阶段,均有其受相应深断裂体系控制的不同的构造格局,大西洋-印度洋-太平洋式大洋盆体制,只是在中生代晚期以来才出现的。 相似文献
17.
大陆岩石圈研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
从地震学、地球化学、岩石学等不同学科的角度,对大陆岩石圈研究进展做了简要介绍。不同学科的最新研究成果表明,岩石圈在热状态、化学成分和力学行为等方面具有高度非均匀性。这不仅表现为岩石圈性质和结构随深度的变化,而且还反映在不同时代、大陆与海洋以及克拉通和造山带岩石圈结构特征的显著差异上。性质和结构的差异体现了岩石圈形成和长期演化过程的复杂性。我们认为,不同岩石圈块体之间、岩石圈与深部对流地幔之间普遍存在着相互作用。这种相互作用被认为是稳定克拉通岩石圈遭受改造甚至破坏的深部机制,同时还是地球深、浅部物质交换的重要方式,因而显著影响着地球深部的对流和地表的构造过程。值得注意的是,由于岩石圈本身定义的模糊性及其厚度的不确定性,地震活动与岩石圈强度之间的关系以及大陆岩石圈演化的规律性等问题仍有待于进一步的研究和探索。 相似文献
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青藏高原新生代形成演化的整合模型——来自火成岩的约束 总被引：36，自引：8，他引：28
深部过程是青藏高原演化的主导因素,其他地质过程都可以看作是对深部过程的响应。因此,一个构造旋回(阶段)的地球动力学事件链可以概括为深部地质过程—幔源岩浆活动—壳源岩浆活动—陆壳增厚—地表隆升—表层剥蚀与沉积,其中幔源岩浆活动的研究成为追索青藏高原演化历史的关键环节。据此,青藏高原演化的关键性时间坐标为80、45、27、17、9和4Ma。青藏高原新生代火成岩具有三种展布形式:与雅鲁藏布缝合带平行的岩浆带、沿深大断裂展布的岩浆带和藏北离散性岩浆分布区,它们分别受控于大陆碰撞、大规模走滑和岩石圈拆沉构造体制,且都受控于印度—亚洲软流圈汇聚过程。据此,文中提出了一个描述青藏高原演化的整合模型:南北向地幔对流汇聚控制了岩石圈块体的相对运动,并最终导致印度—亚洲大陆的碰撞和沿碰撞带的大规模岩浆活动;碰撞之初(白垩纪末期),大陆岩石圈块体的刚性属性有利于应力的远程传递和块体旋转,沿块体边界分布的大型走滑断裂控制了岩浆活动的发生;随着挤压过程的持续进行,岩石圈块体的受热和变形,高原岩石圈的重力不稳定性增加,最终导致拆沉作用和软流圈物质的大规模上涌以及藏北高原的离散性岩浆活动。在高原演化中,岩石圈拆沉作用具有重要意义,许多地质事件的发生都与此有关。同时,软流圈的汇聚还导致软流圈物质的向东挤出,并因此造成青藏高原岩石圈的向东挤出和晚新生代的伸展构造。 相似文献
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根据分形理论和各板块的面积以及现代大陆各地块面积资料 ,分别进行了全球岩石圈板块和全球大陆地块自相似性特征尺度与频度关系的研究讨论。结果表明 ,现代全球岩石圈板块在特征线度r =30 0～ 180 0km的无标度空间范围内具有分形分布特征 ,其分维数D =0 72 ;现代全球大陆地块在特征线度r =30 0～ 150 0km的无标度空间范围内具有分形分布特征 ,其分维数D =1 16 ,比现代全球板块 0 72的分形值高出 6 1%。进一步讨论认为 :传统的“板块构造动力”应区分为岩石圈破裂形成板块动力的“板块构造动力Ⅰ”和板块水平运动驱动力的“板块构造动力Ⅱ”两个方面 ;全球板块总数为 18个左右、最小板块面积在 3× 10 5 km2 左右的板块分布 ,可能与板块的形成、演化有密切关系 ;原始岩石圈板块的分形分布 ,在地球构造演化过程中有一个降维演化趋势 ,其降维演化的速率约为 4 34× 10 -10 a-1;根据分维数反映分形客体复杂与不规则程度的物理意义 ,岩石圈破碎地块的降维演化意味着岩石圈地块的破碎状况及其分布 ,具有在总体上随时间演化而逐渐向简单、规则方向演化的趋势 ;原始岩石圈的破裂以及岩石圈破碎地块从古老大陆地块向现代板块的降维演化可能源于地球的膨胀 ,膨胀使各岩石圈块体面积以及地球总面积共同增长并从 相似文献