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1.
根据我国不同气候区特点对2017年9月1日—2018年8月31日的COSMIC,Metop-A和FY-3C掩星折射率进行质量控制,结果表明:3种掩星折射率的双权重平均值和标准差较接近,整体均随高度呈递减变化;4个气候区的双权重平均值和标准差有差异,亚热带季风气候区相比其他3个气候区偏大。COSMIC相对探空观测在5 km以下为负偏差,亚热带季风气候区偏差较大,FY-3C亚热带季风气候区2 km以下为正偏差,2~6 km为负偏差,6 km以上为正偏差,整体在2 N以内。利用不同气候区的质量控制标准筛选出错误数据和可疑数据,经统计确定掩星与探空折射率的相关系数阈值为0.44。1 km以下掩星自适应质量控制中错误数据占比为5%~10%,1 km以上在5%以内,3种掩星较为接近。引入探空观测参考后,Metop-A掩星在高原山地气候区的错误数据较多,其他约为6%。质量控制前,掩星折射率与探空的相关系数相对较小,质量控制后,相关系数得到提高,多在0.9以上,效果较好,掩星数据质量得到了改善。 相似文献
2.
COSMIC计划及掩星数据误差分析 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
掩星观测资料的误差特性是GPS气象学研究的热点之一,COSMIC（the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere and Climate）计划在技术上做了很多改进,包括采用“开环”跟踪技术,以改进对低对流层掩星信号的跟踪能力,从而减小掩星数据的反演误差。本文采用2006年7月29日至12月31号的COSMIC掩星数据与全球探空资料进行对比,统计了掩星数据在不同地区、不同高度层的分布以及其折射率的误差特性,结果表明：（1）与探空资料匹配后的掩星事件主要集中在中纬度地区陆地上;在垂直方向5km以上,掩星探测趋于稳定。（2）“开环”技术的应用修正了以前掩星计划中出现在低对流层的折射率负偏差,但是却引进了折射率正偏差。在低纬地区,这种正偏差最大,在地表到1km范围内达到0．6％;随着纬度增加,正偏差减小,在中纬度地区10km以下最大值为0．3％;到高纬度地区,正偏差减小到0．2％以内。 相似文献
3.
利用2007-2009年Cloud Sat卫星云廓线雷达(nadir-pointing cloud profiling radar,CPR)资料,气象、电离层和气候卫星联合观测系统(Global Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere,and Climate,COSMIC)掩星资料,分析了不同类型云内COSMIC掩星资料与欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)和美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)分析场之间的折射率偏差特征。COSMIC与ECMWF和NCEP之间的折射率偏差分别用NbiasECMWF和NbiasNCEP表示。研究发现,NbiasECMWF在积云、层积云、高积云和高层云中的最大值分别为1.2%、0.2%、0.5%和0.2%,而NbiasNC... 相似文献
4.
COSMIC是一个由6颗低轨卫星组成的用于天气、气候和电离层观测的空基GPS星座观测系统, 从2006年9月开始每天可提供覆盖全球的约2000~3000个掩星点, 掩星过程可提供从40 km高空到近地面的大气温、压、湿的廓线资料。为了有效利用这些资料, 以探空资料为基准, 对2007年1-10月我国及邻近区域的COSMIC掩星资料进行精度、可用性和全天候性的检验。结果表明: COSMIC反演的温度和折射率的精度很高, 水汽压的精度相对较差。与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料相比, 折射率和湿度廓线有更高精度。 相似文献
5.
利用青藏高原地区COSMIC掩星资料反演的大气湿廓线Wet Prf数据和8个站点的探空数据,分析了COSMIC反演大气廓线和可降水量与探空观测的偏差,并考查了偏差随高度的变化特征。结果显示:(1)COSMIC反演的温度、压强和水汽压廓线与探空观测具有很好的正相关;与探空观测相比,COSMIC的温度、压强和水汽压的偏差为-0.2℃、1.7 h Pa和0 h Pa,均方差为1.8℃、1.6 h Pa和0.4 h Pa;COSMIC反演大气廓线与探空观测的偏差基本上在大气低层较大,然后随高度增加而减小。(2)COSMIC反演的可降水量与探空观测正相关较好;COSMIC反演的可降水量低于探空观测,两者的偏差为-5.0 mm,均方差为5.7 mm;两者的负偏差在大气低层最明显。(3)探空观测在近地层的不稳定性和COSMIC反演方法中背景模式在青藏高原地区描述大气状态的能力有限,是造成COSMIC反演大气廓线和探空观测的偏差在近地层较大的主要原因;COSMIC观测的折射率偏小导致其反演的可降水量偏低。 相似文献
6.
风云三号气象卫星掩星大气产品精度的初步检验 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
风云三号气象卫星C星于北京时间2013年9月23日成功发射,其上搭载了中国第一个以掩星方式探测中性大气和电离层大气的民用新型有效载荷——全球导航卫星掩星探测仪(Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder, GNOS)。GNOS可以接收GPS(Global Positioning System)导航卫星和中国北斗导航卫星信号,进而得到全球范围内的中性大气和电离层大气的探测结果。利用常规无线电探空资料,对GNOS接收GPS信号的掩星探测大气产品(包括折射率、密度、温度以及湿度廓线)进行检验,结果表明:在近地面至25 km垂直范围内,GNOS掩星大气产品折射率廓线和干大气密度廓线的平均偏差在0.5%左右,标准偏差在2%左右;温度廓线的平均偏差约为0.5 K,标准偏差约为2 K;水汽廓线的标准偏差在6 km 以下为0.25—1.0 g/kg。对于风云卫星首次尝试的掩星观测技术,GNOS掩星产品的精度基本达到预定目标,在未来还有改进的空间。 相似文献
7.
鉴于地转风、梯度风和平衡风各自计算风场的特点,该文利用COSMIC掩星折射指数资料,根据大气折射指数与大气密度、风场之间的关系,选用梯度风方程,建立了推算20~60 km中层大气纬圈平均风场的方法,分别与ECMWF提供的ERA-interim及NASA/GMAO提供的MERRA再分析风场资料对比验证。选用2007年1,4,7月和10月的COSMIC掩星折射指数数据,按照构建的方法计算了大气纬圈平均风场,并简单分析了大气纬圈平均纬向风随纬度、高度的变化特征及规律。计算风场与ECMWF及MERRA再分析风场资料变化规律基本一致,符合效果很好, 能够正确反映出纬向平均风场特性。1月及7月不同高度标准偏差、最大偏差随高度增加而增大,标准偏差最大约为6 m/s,最大偏差不超过11 m/s,沿纬度方向相关系数有减小的趋势,但不低于0.98,4月及10月偏差稍小,最大偏差不超过8 m/s。结果表明:利用COSMIC掩星折射指数资料通过梯度风方程计算风场,是获取中层大气20~60 km纬圈平均风场的一种有效方法。 相似文献
8.
利用COSMIC掩星资料研究青藏高原地区大气边界层高度 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
以往关于青藏高原边界层的研究都是基于个别站点的常规观测,对青藏高原边界层的整体性认识受限。GPS掩星资料具有测量精度高和垂直分辨率高的特性,其廓线中含有大量有价值的边界层信息。利用2007—2013年COSMIC掩星资料,通过计算大气折射率最小梯度来确定边界层高度,并用无线电探空资料对结果进行了检验。在此基础上,对青藏高原地区边界层高度的特征及其形成机制展开了研究,比较了COSMIC掩星确定的边界层高度和ERA-Int的差别,讨论了最小梯度法用于边界层研究的不确定性。结果表明:青藏高原上COSMIC掩星和无线电探空数据检测的边界层高度相关系数为0.786,平均值偏差为0.049 km,均方根误差为0.363 km,COSMIC掩星数据检测的边界层高度和无线电探空的结果非常接近。青藏高原上边界层高度呈现西高东低的分布特征,高原中西部边界层高度主要为1.8—2.3 km,而高原东部边界层为1.4—1.8 km,最大值在高原西南部。青藏高原地区边界层有明显的季节差异,冬季高原上大部分地区边界层高度超过2.0 km;春季大部分地区高度降低,但在受印度季风影响的高原南部有明显的抬升,最大值可超过3.0 km;夏季高原上边界层高度开始升高,大部分地区超过1.8 km;秋季又开始回落。青藏高原以北塔克拉玛干沙漠和高原以南印度季风活动区是两个高值区,北部的沙漠地区边界层高度在夏季最高,南部印度季风活动区在季风爆发前（4月）达到全年最大值。青藏高原中西部地区有水平风辐合以及广泛的上升运动,为边界层的发展提供了动力条件,而东部的下沉运动对边界层的发展有抑制作用。青藏高原边界层各个季节的空间分布与地表感热通量分布一致。COSMIC掩星资料确定的边界层高度和ERA-Int相比,空间分布基本一致但ERA-Int边界层高度明显偏低。当有系统性强逆温存在的时候,或者云中液态水或冰水含量较大时,用最小梯度法检测的边界层高度不确定性增加。 相似文献
9.
一种新的COSMIC大气折射率资料观测误差估计方法及在GRAPES全球三维变分同化中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
观测误差协方差是变分同化系统中决定分析及预报效果的关键参数之一,观测误差的估计精度直接影响变分同化分析和预报效果。分析了新息增量法(H-L法)估计全球定位系统无线电掩星这类观测点不固定资料的观测误差的适用条件,并利用1年的气象、电离层及气候星座观测系统(COSMIC)折射率资料,针对局地观测算子,估计了COSMIC折射率在南、北半球高、中、低6个纬度带四季的观测误差,分析了COSMIC折射率观测误差的纬度、高度和季节变化的特点,并将估计的折射率观测误差应用于GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System)三维变分同化系统。结果表明,折射率观测误差随高度和纬度有明显变化;在中、高纬度带,折射率观测误差有显著的季节变化:夏季折射率的观测误差约为冬季2倍,春、秋两季折射率误差具有较好的南北对称性,冬、夏两季折射率观测误差南、北半球差异较大。与GRAPES原来使用的全球平均单一的折射率观测误差相比,在GRAPES全球三维变分同化系统中使用本研究估计的较高精度的随纬度变化的COSMIC折射率观测误差能够提高GRAPES全球变分同化系统的预报水平。 相似文献
10.
利用2007—2013年COSMIC(Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere,and Climate)掩星RO(Radio Occutaion)资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心ECM WF(European Centre for M ediumRange Weather Forecasts)分析资料,研究了COSM IC RO探测的大气折射率及其反演的温度和水汽在青藏高原及其周边地区的偏差特征。结果表明,在夏季和秋季,高原,西南季风区和东部平原地区,大气折射率在对流层里均存在系统性的正偏差,其中高原偏差最大,在夏季可达0. 7%。冬季和春季,大气折射率在青藏高原对流层中下部有小的正偏差,而在西南季风区和平原地区对流层中下部有明显的负偏差。温度和水汽是折射率的反演产品,折射率的正偏差对应着温度的负偏差和水汽的正偏差。因此夏季高原地区的温度和相对湿度偏差可达-0. 5℃和7%。同时,夏季在西南季风区对流层顶出现了11%的相对湿度偏差。对流层下层折射率的负偏差和低层大气多路径效应有关,折射率正偏差和大气中的云水有关。对流层顶附近的相对湿度偏差,则是由于ECMWF模式结果不精确所引入的。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
13.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
14.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
15.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
16.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
17.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
18.
基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
19.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
20.
Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed. 相似文献