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1.
利用2014-2016年高空、地面气象资料和大气环境监测资料,对开封市空气重污染日持续时间和发生月份特征、 500 hPa高空环流和地面气压场形势、污染物浓度与气象要素的相关性和分布特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:开封市重污染日主要发生在11月至次年1月,重污染日的首要污染物为PM_(2.5)和PM_(10),出现频率分别为97%和3%;秋冬季重污染常具有连续性,连续1～2天的重污染累计频率为44%,连续3～6天的累计频率达到56%。发生重污染时500 hPa形势主要分为平直纬向环流型、低槽型和西北气流型,出现频率分别为47%、43%和10%;地面气压场形势主要分为高压前部型、均压场型、低压南部型、倒槽型和东高西低型,其中高压前部型出现频率最高,达63.4%,其次均压场型占18.3%,其他3种类型出现频率都在5%～7%。重污染日逆温层高度主要分布在925-1000 hPa,但当逆温层高度达到850 hPa时,其发生重污染的概率达到40%;重污染日850-925 hPa风速多在10m·s~(-1)以下,1000 hPa风速多在5 m·s~(-1)以下,地面早晚间风速多为1～3 m·s~(-1);地面早晚间相对湿度主要分布在60%～90%。根据统计结果,选取低层风速、逆温、地面风速、地面相对湿度、云量等作为预报因子,应用"配料"法,建立6个空气重污染潜势预报模型。经检验评估,24-72 h模型预测准确率达到85%以上。 相似文献
2.
利用常规气象观测资料、机场自动站资料、NECP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料对长沙黄花机场2015年1月14—16日出现的一次持续性大雾的天气背景、地面气象要素和逆温层特征进行诊断分析。结果表明:该次过程为在地面冷高压缓慢变性配合高空弱脊转多波动形势下形成的辐射雾。偏西北路径弱冷空气受地形影响带来下层逆温,有利于大雾形成;边界层干湿对比越剧烈、地面小风速的小幅度震荡、强烈的晴空辐射和起雾后气温进一步降低以及高空处于干性短波槽后形势都对雾的维持和发展有利;逆温层有无及逆温层强度影响大雾期间跑道视程(RVR)变化;起雾前,边界层中低层的弱上升运动配合着其上层的弱辐散下沉运动引起(本场)水汽辐合和地面弱冷空气向上扩散促进逆温层的形成,利于形成浓雾。雾后期,逆温层由高到低逐层被破坏,水汽由辐合转为辐散,加快了雾的消亡。 相似文献
3.
乌鲁木齐冬季大雾与低空逆温的关系 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为了找出雾与逆温之间的联系和规律,为大雾预报提供参考依据,利用乌鲁木齐市2000年1月—2006年4月的地面、探空资料,对210个大雾日和1221个逆温日进行了统计特征分析。分析表明,乌鲁木齐市区逆温年发生频率为82%。一年中冬半年(10—3月)平均月发生频率为92%,夏半年(4—9月)平均月发生频率为68%。大雾只出现在10月至次年4月,雾日平均每年32.7d。冬季强逆温是形成大雾的重要条件之一,各月大雾日数与逆温日数及逆温层的厚度值、温差值之间呈正相关;与逆温层的底高呈反相关;在同一个月中,当逆温层底高低、温差大和强度强的情况下,出现雾的几率大;从7a雾日逆温平均特征值与无雾日逆温平均特征值比较分析表明:雾日逆温存在底高低、顶高低、厚度厚、温差大、强度强的特点。 相似文献
4.
地面倒槽、华北地形槽和地面弱高压是天津冬季雾日多见的地面气压系统。为了解雾事件在上述三种天气系统下近地面层气象要素的演变规律,利用天津市250m气象铁塔梯度观测和常规气象观测资料,分别选取2002、2003和2004年相应气压场下的雾个例,比较分析了冬季雾天近地面层结构及低层水汽分布特征。结果表明:(1)三种天气系统条件下,均存在近地层逆位温层结和增湿现象,近地面40m以下高度为弱风。(2)地面倒槽形势下的平流雾过程中,逆温层结稳定且厚达千米,近地层呈多层逆温或弱逆位温层结;80m以上,雾前风力较强,雾中风力较弱;低空各层水汽显著上升时间提前于起雾时间约15h,且日夜增速持续均匀,雾中呈现出逆湿特征,雾顶超过250m。(3)华北地形槽和地面弱高压下的辐射雾过程中,日落后近地面浅薄逆温层结生成并于05时(北京时间,下同)左右达最强,日出后减弱,于11时左右消散;仅夜间近地层水汽显著增加,且塔层250m逆温强度达到3.0℃时才开始出现,距起雾时间约2～9h;雾形成后,逆温层底抬升,雾体中逐渐演变呈不稳定层结;雾中呈现下湿上干特征,雾厚分别为80m和60m左右。(4)华北地形槽和地面弱高压下的风廓线演变规律有显著差异,即前者80m以上6m.s-1左右南风和北风呈规律性日变化转换特征,而后者250m低层大气恒为弱风控制。 相似文献
5.
利用黄河源地区达日国家基准气象站2008～2017a近10a的探空、地面观测资料,分析黄河源地区近地面逆温层特征及形成原因,结果表明:(1)黄河源地区逆温层的出现频率、厚度、强度在不同时次随季节有明显的变化;(2)云量的多少、低空风速的大小对逆温的产生及强弱直接有关,逆温层下常伴有露、霜、雾等天气现象出现,逆温层上下空气湿度存在着明显的差别;(3)黄河源地区的逆温是在气候背景、地理条件、天气条件共同影响下,地面辐射作用的结果。 相似文献
6.
近年来,雾霾天气频发,加剧了空气质量的恶化。研究雾霾天气的成因,加强雾霾的预报能力,对指导公众出行和保护身体健康有着重要的意义。本文利用辽宁62个国家级自动站观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2015年11月7—14日辽宁一次持续性雾霾天气过程的环流背景、形成条件和持续原因进行分析,结果表明:(1)高层西南偏西气流,低层暖脊及地面倒槽和弱气压场的环流背景为雾霾天气的发生提供了有利的天气形势。(2)逆温是这次雾霾天气持续的重要原因。雾和霾天气逆温表现形式不同,大雾过程中,逆温层高度低,厚度小;霾过程中,逆温层高度高,厚度大,且表现为多个逆温层同时存在。(3)水汽条件是雾和霾转换的关键因素。当近地层空气相对湿度大于95%时,有利于雾的生成;而相对湿度在60%~70%时,有利于霾的形成。雾向霾转换时,比湿增大;霾向雾转换时,比湿下降。(4)近地面弱的上升运动、中高层弱的下沉运动是此次雾霾加强的动力机制。(5)雾霾出现前后气象要素特征差异明显,可为雾霾天气的预报提供重要参考。 相似文献
7.
利用常规观测资料、探空资料和NCEP再分析资料对江苏秋冬季重度霾的环流背景、边界层特征、热力条件、动力条件及气流轨迹进行了分析,探讨重度霾的形成机制。结果表明,2014年秋冬季纬向环流较常年显著增强,500 hPa转西北气流对重度霾缓解有6-12 h的提前指示意义。重度霾发生时的地面形势可分为3类:均压区型、冷锋前部型和低压倒槽型。东路冷空气驱霾效果优于西路冷空气。重度霾发生时主要是贴地逆温,风速在4 m/s以下,霾消散前一致转北风,日变化明显,下午霾常有所减轻。逆温强度方面,低压倒槽型强于西路冷锋前部型,强于均压区型;逆温持续时间方面,低压倒槽型长于西路冷锋前部型,长于均压区型;逆温厚度方面,3种类型基本相当;东路冷空气影响时逆温消失。不同类型逆温强度不同可能与925 hPa和近地面的风向风速、锋前升温及气团源地有关。逆温层多在300 m以下,逆温强度为1-5℃/(100 m),近地层有浅薄湿区,相对湿度为40%-90%。动力条件方面,低层辐合下沉区域霾常加重,并伴有明显气流停滞区,区域过程累积风矢量和很小,在100-500 m/s范围内,不利于污染物的水平扩散。冷锋前部型气流输送的气溶胶主要来源于西北-华北地区,低压倒槽型则主要来自华南,均压区型主要来源于本地。通过研究江苏秋冬季重度霾的天气特征得到了一些有意义的结果,可为今后预报提供更多参考依据。 相似文献
8.
乌鲁木齐重污染日的天气分型和边界层结构特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用2004年1月-2009年4月高空、地面气象观测资料和逐日空气污染指数,对乌鲁木齐空气污染≥Ⅳ级的重污染日持续时间特征、500hPa高空环流形势、地面气压场及相应的边界层结构特征进行了统计分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐重污染过程发生1天和持续2,3和4天的比例分别是32.2%,23.3%,18.5%和11.0%;发生重污染时500hPa以纬向环流型居多,占重污染总日数的84.2%,经向环流型为15.8%。从地面气压场来看,高压后部型出现重污染的频率最高,达86.3%;高压底部型次之,为9.6%;高压前部型和南高北低型出现重污染的几率较小。乌鲁木齐冬季Ⅲ级污染日对应的温度、湿度及风等要素廓线的垂直结构与冬季平均状况几乎一致,而重污染出现时,边界层逆温较强、风速较低且低空伴随有较厚的偏东风或东南风气流;重污染日和雾的关系密切,伴随有雾或轻雾的频率高达81.3%;前一日20:00(北京时)上干下湿并伴有逆温的边界层结构极易导致空气质量恶化。 相似文献
9.
雾霾天气个例气象条件对比分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
应用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和L波段探空资料从环流形势、扩散条件和边界层特征3个方面对2013年两次雾、霾天气个例进行对比分析,结果表明:500hPa西北气流冷平流、地面弱风场、垂直速度呈弱上升-下沉的垂直分层特点和逆温是两次雾、霾天气出现和维持的共同特征。地面西北风、850hPa弱冷平流、近地层浅薄的接地逆温(100~200m)和湿层与霾天气对应,地面偏东风、850hPa暖平流、925hPa以下深厚的悬浮逆温(400m)和湿层与雾天气对应,霾过程较雾过程逆温强度强,上升运动高度高。消散时雾较霾下沉运动中心高度低,强度弱;霾消散时接地逆温特征变化不大,雾消散时悬浮逆温有底部抬升和大气稳定层结向中性层结转变的变化特征;但均有下沉气流接地、垂直风切变较强和高层低露点干空气下传到地面的特点。 相似文献
10.
《气象科学进展》2014,(4)
选取2007年12月13—14日南京一次辐射雾的外场观测资料及NCEP的2.5°×2.5°NC再分析资料和GDAS全球1°×1°气象资料,从天气形势背景、气象要素以及物理量场等方面,探讨雾形成和持续的主要边界层物理和天气学成因;并利用HYSPLIT-4轨迹模式对此次雾过程进行后向轨迹分析。分析表明:(1)此次雾过程期间始终存在逆温层,甚至出现多层逆温。逆温层的存在,使大气层结更加稳定,利于雾的形成和发展。(2)此次辐射雾过程水汽输送较平流辐射雾小,水汽来源主要来自本地辐射降温后的水汽凝结。(3)此次雾过程地面受高压控制,低层水汽通量散度为正值,近地面有弱辐散,利于辐射降温水汽凝结,而持续的水汽辐散造成的水汽流出以及雾后期随着北部干冷空气南下使得这次辐射雾寿命较短。 相似文献
11.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
12.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
13.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration. 相似文献
14.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o. 相似文献
15.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
16.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
17.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
19.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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