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1.
利用GPM卫星探测两个时次的资料,以1808号超强台风"玛利亚"为研究对象,分析了台风降水率、降水类型及台风高度水平分布,降水率垂直廓线变化特征,以及降水率三维结构分布特征。得出以下主要结论:两个时刻"玛利亚"均处在超强台风级,A时刻台风眼区为深厚对流区,B时刻眼区对流有所减弱,但是有强螺旋雨带出现。A、B时刻的降水率最大值与风暴顶高度并非一一对应,还与降水云系中微物理过程有关。GMI低频18.7 GHz探测的水粒子含量的大值区与强降水率对应较好,高频183.31±3 GHz探测的冰粒子信号与风暴顶高度分布一致。不同降水率对应的垂直廓线表明,降水率在5 km高度出现急剧变化,这是由于在该高度上雨滴碰并增长或者蒸发减小。从A时刻到B时刻,云墙区大于10 mm·h~(-1)的云墙半径内缩,B时刻眼壁与螺旋雨带之间存在着弱降水区及无降水区。 相似文献
2.
利用FY-2C静止卫星、TRMM卫星和Cloudsat卫星分析了台风"艾云尼"的发展演变过程以及台风眼区、外围雨带降水和云的宏、微观结构特征。结果表明,台风发展的不同阶段、不同位置及台风降水的垂直廓线具有不同特征,台风降水云系的5 km高度存在不连续的亮带结构并且亮带以上云系发展较为旺盛,台风云系中的冰水含量和冰粒子数浓度等微观物理参量分布特征对分析台风降水具有一定的帮助。多个卫星的共同观测可以为深入研究台风内部结构、发展演变及降水提供重要的观测实事。 相似文献
3.
利用 CloudSat卫星和TRMM 卫星数据,对比分析2013年5个不同强度的热带气旋过程中气旋眼壁及周围螺旋云带的云宏微观结构特征、热力结构和降水特征。结果表明：发展成熟的气旋,冰相云主要分布在5 km 以上的高度。冰粒子有效半径随高度增加减小,冰水含量随高度整体呈现先增长后减小的趋势,冰粒子数浓度随高度增加而增加。热力结构及降水方面,在眼区上空,除了一个众所周知的暖心区外,在眼区外部附近也可能出现一个暖区,高度约8～15 km。降水率水平分布表现为大范围的层云降水中夹杂着独立的对流性降水,垂直降水一般从地面延伸到7.5 km,其大值区主要集中在5 km以下。在距离气旋中心较远的外围云系上层,也可能会有较多冰粒子存在,这主要是由于气旋眼壁云墙生成的冰粒子被带到外围对流云系后二次抬升所致。 相似文献
4.
2021年第6号台风“烟花”于7月18日生成,7月30日变性为温带气旋,生命史长达13 d,先后对中国东部14个省市造成影响,其主要特点是移动速度慢、陆上滞留时间长和累积雨量大。基于静止气象卫星、极轨气象卫星和全球降水测量卫星的多通道观测和产品,对“烟花”的影响过程进行分析。结果表明：“烟花”空间尺度较大（最大半径约为350 km）,登陆前对流深厚、云系螺旋特征显著,登陆后云系结构遭到破坏、中等对流分布密集但没有组织性;“烟花”在洋面上时液态水和冰态水含量丰富并表现出非对称分布,登陆后液态水和冰态水主要集中在台风前进方向的右侧。基于微波成像仪的降水反演结果显示：降水主要分布在台风外围螺旋雨带位置,且在位置和形态上与实况较吻合;虽然雨量估计值与实况存在一定偏差,但对降水预报,特别是常规资料稀少区域的降水预报仍具有参考意义。 相似文献
5.
台风“桑美”（0608）登陆前后降水结构的时空演变特征 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
利用雷达－雨量计联合测量降水技术得到的1小时雨量分布资料, 分析了台风“桑美”登陆前后距台风中心111 km以内的降水结构及其时空演变特征, 尤其是登陆前双眼墙循环过程中, 降水结构的变化特征。研究发现: 在登陆前“桑美”经历了双眼墙循环过程, 在此期间, 其内、外眼墙和雨带降水均以强降水为主, 内、外眼墙平均降水率均随时间增强, 而外眼墙增长幅度更大, 且平均降水率始终大于内眼墙, 但并没有伴随外眼半径减小的过程。而雨带平均降水率随时间变化很小, 略有下降。在登陆后,“桑美”内核和外围区仍是以强降水为主, 登陆前三小时左右内核区平均降水率有一个迅速增长的趋势, 登陆后随着台风强度的减弱, 其平均降水率迅速下降。“桑美”降水的空间分布特征显示, 其登陆前后降水结构有明显的非对称性, 在登陆前内、外眼墙和雨带最大降水均出现在台风移动路径的右侧, 且雨带的最大降水率始终位于内、外眼墙的右方; 登陆后, 内核区和外围降水更多地出现在移动路径的后方, 而不是登陆前的右侧。 相似文献
6.
有些南海弱台风在登陆广东时,由于路径复杂、移动缓慢,会对广东地区造成较长时间和较大范围的风雨灾害。使用双偏振雷达对2018—2020年登陆广东的南海弱台风分析,发现南海弱台风在登陆前强降水区主要有两个:一个是位于海上的台风中心南侧眼墙的降水区,另外一个是在台风移动方向的右前方,台风螺旋雨带上岸的区域。在眼墙中,ZH和KDP的大值区在低层同位相,ZDR大值区位于偏上风方向,降水粒子在移动的右侧开始激发,移动的右侧至右前侧为浓度较大的小粒子降水,而右侧和右后侧为大粒子降水。而且台风降水粒子在海洋和陆地有明显差异,陆地由于地形摩擦和抬升作用,降水粒子浓度较大,但水汽和能量供应不足,降水粒子直径较小;海面由于水汽和能量供应充足,对流发展较高,主要为大雨滴的对流降水,但降水粒子浓度不及陆地。 相似文献
7.
浙江沿海登陆台风结构特性的多普勒雷达资料分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用浙江省新一代多普勒雷达组网资料,选取在浙江东南沿海近乎同一地点登陆的3个台风进行研究。从登陆前6 h到登陆后7 h,对比分析3个台风在登陆前后的雷达回波和降水结构时空变化特征。利用单多普勒雷达四维变分风场反演技术,对温州多普勒雷达探测资料进行了风场反演。结合利用雷达回波强度资料,对3个台风登陆前后1 h在云岩、昌禅等地造成特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的三维结构及其演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明,台风强度与其螺旋云带中的对流单体密切相关。台风强度愈强,其中低层环状平均回波强度就愈强,对流活动也就愈旺盛,降水强度也愈大。台风登陆前,回波(雨带)从眼墙向外围传播。台风登陆后,随着台风外围回波(雨带)明显减弱,台风眼墙回波(雨带)则明显增强,台风眼区逐渐被强回波所取代,使台风登陆后眼墙的平均雨强比登陆前增大。台风登陆后1 h,由于低(高)层水平辐合(散)增强,强对流回波中倾斜的上升(下沉)气流明显增大,使对流运动更加活跃,造成登陆后1 h的降雨量显著增强。台风强度与登陆后1 h降雨量的增强幅度成正比。台风强度越强,垂直风切变就越大,垂直切变风速大值区与最大降雨区有较好的对应关系。台风登陆后1 h,垂直切变风速的明显增加对登陆台风螺旋雨带中的中小尺度对流的加强和维持起到了非常重要的作用。 相似文献
8.
利用TRMM卫星LIS, PR和TMI资料,对2000—2007年41个登陆我国的台风中闪电活动和降水特征进行分析。结果表明:台风中的闪电活动整体较弱,相对而言,外雨带中的闪电活动最强,其次是眼壁,内雨带最弱,而眼壁的闪电密度最大。闪电活动沿台风径向有两个明显的高值区,主峰出现在距台风眼375 km的外雨带,次峰出现在距台风眼55 km的眼壁和内雨带相交的边界附近。台风中对流云降水面积远小于层云降水面积,其中外雨带中的对流云降水面积最大,其次是眼壁,内雨带最小;但对流降水对总降水量的贡献与层云相当。眼壁和内雨带中的对流云和层云的降水回波平均高度都小于外雨带。分析表明:TMI观测到的85.5 GHz极化修正亮温 (TPC85.5) 越低,闪电发生概率越大,外雨带具有最低的TPC85.5。有、无闪电发生区域的平均6 km高度雷达反射率因子和TPC85.5差异明显。台风区域内,闪电活动位置对应的平均6 km雷达回波强度普遍大于20 dBZ,而无闪电发生位置普遍低于30 dBZ。 相似文献
9.
热带测雨卫星综合探测结果之"云娜"台风降水云与非降水云特征 总被引：18，自引：4，他引：18
为了解降水云与非降水云相应的微波信号、云水、雨水及潜热特征,文中利用热带测雨卫星搭载的测雨雷达、微波成像仪及红外辐射计探测的匹配融合结果,就2004年8月“云娜”台风进行了个例分析研究。结果表明:“云娜”台风过程中深厚降水云占79%,中云和低云降水仅分别占10.6%和10.4%;非降水低云所占比例最大(45.5%),高云其次(34.1%)。降水云中大粒子居多,非降水云粒子有效半径分布宽。深厚降水云中冰、水含量成正比;中等厚度降水云中的冰含量相对稳定,但液态水含量变化大;深厚和中等厚度非降水云中的冰、水含量皆成反比。对降水率、气柱潜热、气柱云水和云冰沿台风径向分布的分析结果发现,台风生成前的低压中心附近降水率和气柱总潜热比随后时次均大,表明降水释放潜热对“云娜”台风的形成起到了非常重要的作用;在台风形成后,降水率和气柱总潜热自台风云墙向外减小;随着台风的成熟,降水率和气柱总潜热沿台风径向分布趋于稳定。潜热廓线分析表明,深厚降水云潜热释放在对流层中上部(3 km以上),最大潜热高度约4.5 km。对降水云和非降水云的冰、水含量平均垂直廓线分析表明,深厚和中等厚度的降水云中水粒子含量具有相似的平均廓线,最大值(约0.03 g/m3)位于4—5 km高度,降水低云中的水粒子含量最大值(约0.07 g/m3)位于4 km高度;对于非降水云,3种不同高度的潜热廓线、水和冰粒子含量廓线相似,反映了TRMM反演算法对这些参数的反演仍存在缺陷。 相似文献
10.
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY-4A静止卫星资料对“利奇马”生命过程的大气环流特征、云宏观特征进行了分析。针对“利奇马”超强台风期间的一次降水过程,利用GPM卫星的双频降水雷达(Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar,DPR)资料对其进行了宏微观特征分析。结果表明:在“利奇马”生命过程中,西太平洋副热带高压、40°N以北的高空槽脊、(35°N,80°E)的高压以及“罗莎”台风对“利奇马”的发展、移动均产生了重要的影响;其云系分布先后表现为螺旋状、逗点状、中心对称结构以及不规则形状,其南北两侧的云区范围、云顶高度也不断变化;在“利奇马”超强台风期间的一次降水过程中,近地表降水率大致呈环状分布,降水粒子浓度以及降水粒子半径的南北分布与东西分布相差较大,除了云墙降水为对流降水外,其他部分的降水以层云降水为主,层云降水对应的雨顶高度在4.5~12 km,主要集中在5.5~10 km;对流降水对应的雨顶高度在1~12 km,主要集中在2~5 km和6~11 km。 相似文献
11.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
12.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
13.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration. 相似文献
14.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o. 相似文献
15.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
16.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
17.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
18.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
19.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
20.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献