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1.
The production of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) by marine microalgae was investigated to elucidate more on the role of marine phytoplankton in ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle.Axenic laboratory cultures of four marine microalgae–Isochrysis galbana 8701,Pavlova viridis,Platymonas sp.and Chlorella were tested for DMSP production and conversion into DMS.Among these four microalgae,Isochrysis galbana 8701 and Pavlova viridis are two species of Haptophyta,while Chlorella and Platymonas sp.belong to Chlorophyta.The results demonstrate that the four algae can produce various amounts of DMS(P),and their DMS(P) production was species specific.With similar cell size,more DMS was released by Haptophyta than that by Chlorophyta.DMS and dissolved DMSP (DMSPd) concentrations in algal cultures varied significantly during their life cycles.The highest release of DMS appeared in the senescent period for all the four algae.Variations in DMSP concentrations were in strong compliance with variations in algal cell densities during the growing period.A highly significant correlation was observed between the DMS and DMSPd concentrations in algal cultures,and there was a time lag for the variation trend of the DMS concentrations as compared with that of the DMSPd.The consistency of variation patterns of DMS and DMSPd implies that the DMSPd produced by phytoplankton cells has a marked effect on the production of DMS.In the present study,the authors’ results specify the significant contribution of the marine phytoplankton to DMS(P) production and the importance of biological control of DMS concentrations in oceanic water. 相似文献
2.
The study aims to reveal phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship between aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAnPB) and their relatives, anaerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AnAnPB) and nonphototrophic bacteria (NPB, which had high homology of 16S rDNA gene with AAnPB and fell into the same genus), and validate reliability and usefulness of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) gene for the phylogenetic determination. FPPS genes with our modified primers and 16S rDNA genes with general primers, were amplified and sequenced or retrieved from GenBank database. In contrast to 16S rDNA gene phylogenetic tree, AAnPB were grouped into two clusters and one branch alone with no intermingling with NPB and AnAnPB in the tree constructed on FPPS. One branch of AAnPB, in both trees, was located closer to outgroup species than AnAnPB, which implicated that some AAnPB would be diverged earlier in FPPS evolutionary history than AnAnPB and NPB. Some AAnPB and NPB were closer located in both trees and this suggested that they were the closer relatives than AnAnPB. Combination codon usage in FPPS with phylogenetic analysis, the results indicates that FPPS gene and 16S rRNA gene have similar evolutionary pattern but the former seems to be more reliable and useful in determining the phylogenic and evolutionary relationship between AAnPB and their relatives. This is the first attempt to use a molecular marker beside 16S rRNA gene for studying the phylogeny of AAnPB, and the study may also be helpful in understanding the evolutionary relationship among phototrophic microbes and the trends of photosynthetic genes transfer. 相似文献
3.
A total of 117 agar-decomposing cultures were isolated from coastal seawater around Qingdao,China.The phenotypic and agarolytic features of an agarolytic isolate,QM38,were investigated.The strain was gram negative,strictly aerobic,curved rod and polar flagellum.On the basis of several phenotypic characters,biochemical and morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of the gene coding for the 16S rRNA,the strain was identified as Agarivorans albus strain QM38.This strain can liquefy the agar on the solid agar plate.An excellular agarase activity was determined in liquid culture.The enzyme exhibited maximal activity at 40℃,pH 7.6.Its activity was greatly affected by different concentrations of agarose.The highest activity 32 U/ml was achieved in the culture supernatant.The hydrolytic product was analyzed by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE).After complete hydrolysis of agarose,a series of agaro-oligosaccharides were produced.The main products of the enzymes were oligosaccharides in the degree of polymerization (DP) of 2,4,6 and 8.Three genes agaD01,agaD02 and agaD03,encoding β-agarases,had been cloned from genomic DNA of Agarivorans albus strain QM38.The open reading frame of agaD01,consisted of 2 988 bp,and shared 95.5%-98.9% identity to the β-agarase genes of some strains of Vibrio and Agarivorans.Gene agaD02 comprised 2 868 bp and encoded a 955-amino-acid protein.It showed 97.4% and 98.7% identity to the β-agarase genes of strain Vibrio sp.PO-303 and strain Vibrio sp.JT0107,respectively.Only partial sequence of agaD03 gene has been cloned.It showed 96.5% identity to β-agarase gene (agaB) of Pseudoalteromonas sp.CY24,and shared 96.8% identity to β-agarase-c gene of Vibrio sp.PO-303. 相似文献
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5.
Isolation and phylogenetic assignation of actinomycetes in the marine sediments from the Arctic Ocean 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Actinomycetes in five marine sediments collected from the Arctic Ocean at depths of 43 to 3 050 m were cultivated using a variety of media. A total of 61 actinomycete colonies with substrate mycelia only were observed, and no colonies with aerial mycelia were observed under aerobic conditions at 15 ℃. From these colonies, 28 were selected to represent different morphological types.Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to check the purity of isolates and select representatives for subsequent sequencing. Phylogentic analyses based on nearly full-length 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) sequences indicated that the actinomycetes isolated were accommodated within genus Rhodococcus of family Nocardiaceae, genus Dietzia of family Dietziaceae,genera Janibacter and Terrabacter of family Instrasporangiaceae and genera Kocuria and Arthrobacter of family Micrococcaceae. One of the strains (P27-24) from the deep-sea sediment at depth of 3 050 m was found to be identical in 16S rDNA sequence(1474/1474)with the radiation-resistant Kocuria rosea ATCC 187T isolated from air. More than halfofthe isolates showed the similarities ranging from 99.5% to 99.9% in 16S rDNA sequence to dibenzofran-degrading, butyl 2-ethylhexanoate-hydrolysising and nitrile-metabolizing actinomycetes. All the strains isolated were psychrotolerant bacteria and grew better on the media prepared with natural seawater than on the media prepared with deionized water. Three of them (Dietzia sp. P27-10, Rhodococcus sp. S11-3 and Rhodococcus sp.P11-5)had an obligate growth requirement for salt, confirming that these strains are indigenous marine actinomycetes. 相似文献
6.
A better understanding of bacterioplankton community shifts following change in marine environments is critical to predict the marine ecosystem function. In order to get a snapshot of the microbial taxonomy profiling of a wide range marine area, a quick, convenient and low cost method would be favorable. In this study, we developed a 16S rRNA gene-based microarray using ARB software, which contained 447 probes targeting 160 families of marine bacteria. The specificity, sensitivity and quantitative capability of this microarray were assessed by single cloned16S rRNA genes. The reliability of this microarray was tested by eight environmental samples. The results showed that the microarray was specific, only 1.16% false results were detected in five single-clone hybridization tests. The microarray could detect DNA samples as few as 1 ng/μL and the signal intensity could reflect the relative abundance of the bacteria in the range of 1 ng/μL to 100 ng/μL of DNA concentration. Hybridization with environmental samples showed that it can discriminate bacterioplankton communities by sites and time. High throughput sequencing results from the eight samples confirmed the hybridization results. It indicated that this developed microarray could be used as a convenient tool to monitor the bacterioplankton community in marine environment. 相似文献
7.
荣成月湖潮间带单细胞趋磁细菌的多样性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marine magnetotactic bacteria were collected from the intertidal sediments of Yuehu Lake(China), where their abundance reached 103–104 ind./cm3. Diverse morphotypes of magnetotactic bacteria were observed, including cocci and oval, vibrio-, spirillum-, rod-, elliptical-, handle- and bar-shaped forms. The magnetococci were the most abundant, and had flagella arranged in parallel within a bundle. The majority of magnetosomes were arranged in one, two or multiple chains, although irregular arrangements were also evident. All the results of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) analysis show that magnetosome crystals were composed of Fe3O4, and their morphology was specific to particular cell morphotypes. By the 16 S r RNA gene sequence analysis, we found fourteen operational taxonomic units(OTUs) which were related to magnetotactic bacteria. Among these, thirteen belonged to the Alphaproteobacteria and one to the Gammaproteobacteria.Compared with known axenic and uncultured marine magnetotactic bacteria, the 16 S r RNA gene sequences of most magnetotactic bacteria collected from the Yuehu Lake exhibited sequence identities ranging from 90.1% to96.2%(97%). The results indicate that microbial communities containing previously unidentified magnetotactic bacteria occur in the Yuehu Lake. 相似文献
8.
The ecology of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were investigated during five cruises in Xiamen Harbor. The results demonstrated that number of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were 2.1×102-7.5×106 cell/1 and 1.7×102-1.5×106 ceil/g dry and hetcrotrophic bacteria were 3.0× 104-5.9× 109 cell/1 and 2.53× 103-5.0× 103 cell/g dry in seawater and sediment respectively. The isolated strains which can degrade the petroleum belong to fifteen genera. Most, strains can only degsade one kind of hydro- carbon or petroleum. The results showed that the population and the species-composition of hydro carbon-degrading microorganisms were positively correlated with existing level of oil pollution and with water temperature, but independent of total microbtat count. 相似文献
9.
Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level. 相似文献
10.
As a major aldehyde pollutant widely existing in industry and our daily life, acetaldehyde is more and more harmful to human health. As characteristic habitat niche, bacteria from deep sea environments are abundant and distinctive in heredity, physiology and ecological functions. Thus, the development of acetaldehyde-degrading bacteria from deep sea provides a new method to harness acetaldehyde pollutant. Firstly, in this study,acetaldehyde-degrading bacteria in the deep sea water of the West Pacific Ocean were enriched in situ and in the laboratory respectively, and then the diversity of uncultured bacteria was studied by using 16 S r RNA genes. Then acetaldehyde-degrading strains were isolated from two samples, including enrichment in situ and enrichment in laboratory samples of deep sea water from the West Pacific Ocean using acetaldehyde as the sole carbon source,and then the ability of acetaldehyde degradation was detected. Our results showed that the main uncultured bacteria of two samples with different enrichment approaches were similar, including Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, but the structure of bacterial community were significant different.Four subgroups, α, γ, δ and ε, were found in Proteobacteria group. The γ-Proteobacteria was dominant(63.5%clones in laboratory enriched sample, 75% clones in situ enriched sample). The species belonged to γ-Proteobacteria and their proportion was nearly identical between the two enrichment samples, and Vibrio was the predominant genus(45% in laboratory enriched sample, 48.5% in situ enriched sample), followed by Halomonas(9% in situ enriched sample) and Streptococcus(6% in laboratory enriched sample). A total of 12 acetaldehyde-degrading strains were isolated from the two samples, which belonged to Vibrio, Halomonas,Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas and Bacillus of γ-Proteobacteria. Strains ACH-L-5, ACH-L-8 and ACH-S-12,belonging to Vibrio and Halomonas, have strong ability of acetaldehyde degradation, which could tolerate 1.5 g/L acetaldehyde and degrade 350 mg/L acetaldehyde within 24 hours. Our results indicated that bacteria of γ-Proteobacteria may play an important role in carbon cycle of deep sea environments, especial the bacteria belonging to Vibrio and Halomonas and these strains was suggested for their potentials in government of aldehyde pollutants. 相似文献
11.
海水中的高溶解氧浓度、低温和UV辐射导致了氧胁迫是北极海洋细菌面临的主要胁迫因素之一。本文对北极细菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.A2对H2O2导致的氧胁迫的应答特征进行了转录组测序和基因差异表达的比较分析,以期发现与氧胁迫相关的关键功能基因。研究表明,与对照组相比,1 mmol/L的H2O2可导致菌株A2转录组的很大变化,包括109个基因的显著上调与174个基因的显著下调。COG分析表明,在功能已知的基因中,与转录后修饰、蛋白质转换和分子伴侣相关的基因大部分显著上调,而与氨基酸运输和代谢等相关基因则大部分显著下调。值得指出的是,有18个与鞭毛相关的基因和4个与热激蛋白相关的基因显著上调;同时,有9个与细胞色素和细胞色素氧化酶相关的基因和5个与TonB依赖受体相关的基因显著下调。在GO分析表明具有抗氧化活性的18个基因中,只有1个基因的表达显著上调,而有2个显著下调。简言之,RNA-Seq表明,除了传统的抗氧化基因和应激蛋白外,鞭毛相关基因和功能未知基因在菌株Pseudoalteromonas sp.A2的氧胁迫适应性中起着重要作用。该转录组分析和氧胁迫相关基因的发现有助于了解北极细菌的氧胁迫适应机制。 相似文献
12.
Dissolved proteins in seawater samples collected from a coastal area of Tokyo Bay, Sagami Bay and a location off the Kuroshio
Current were investigated by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high
resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Four to nine protein bands were detected in SDS-PAGE in the apparent molecular
weight (MW) range from 12 kilo Dalton (kDa) to 49 kDa. The 2-DE technique distinguished 10 to 46 protein spots exhibiting
isoelectric point (pI)/MW ranging 4.3–9.2/12–63 kDa. The elecrophoretic patterns were similar between the coastal and pelagic samples, as well
as previously reported patterns from various pelagic areas. The close similarity of electrophoretic mobility on both SDS-PAGE
and 2-DE gels indicates the compositional homogeneity of dissolved proteins in seawater throughout a broad range of marine
environments. Proteinaceous dissolved organic matter (DOM) that was unresolved and smeared staining characteristics on both
SDS-PAGE and 2-DE gels was first observed in Tokyo Bay waters in the present study and its possible sources are discussed.
Although the two protein species, 48 kDa and 39 kDa proteins, have been identified as homologues of Porin P and low molecular
weight-alkaline phosphatase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, respectively, four strains of P. aeruginosa and two species of Pseudomonas spp. have been newly identified as the source organisms of these proteins using the N-terminal amino acid sequence data determined in previous studies. 相似文献
13.
Mangroves are coastal ecosystems, found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are found in the transitional zones between land, sea, and rivers. Petroleum hydrocarbons are the most common environmental pollutants, and oil spills pose a great hazard to mangroves forests. This research was focused on the isolation and characterization of crude oil‐degrading bacteria from mangrove ecosystems at the Persian Gulf. Sixty‐one crude oil‐degrading bacteria were isolated from mangrove samples (plant, sediment, and seawater) that enriched in ONR7a medium with crude oil as only carbon source. Some screening tests such as growth at high concentration of crude oil, bioemulsifier production, and surface hydrophobicity were done to select the most efficient strains for crude oil degradation. Molecular identification of strains was carried out by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene by PCR. The results of this study were indicated that the quantity of crude oil‐degrading bacteria was higher in the root of mangrove plants compare to other mangrove samples (sediment and seawater). Also, identification results confirmed that these isolated strains belong to Vibrio sp. strain NW4, Idiomarina sp. strain BW32, Kangiella sp. strain DP40, Marinobacter sp. strain DW44, Halomonas sp. strain BS53, and Vibrio sp. strain DS35. The application of bioremediation strategies with these bacteria can reduce crude oil pollution in this important marine environment. 相似文献
14.
Masachika Maeda 《Journal of Oceanography》1980,36(3):167-176
This article summarizes the author's current work on microbial degradation of nucleic acid. The aim of this work is to elucidate parts of the saprogenic process in the marine ecosystem through the study of the behavior of nucleic acid-hydrolyzing bacteria inhabiting seawater and sediments.Considerably large population of nucleic acid-hydrolyzing bacteria was found to occur in seawater and sediments. The main genera of these microbes areVibrio spp. in coastal seas, andPseudomonas spp. in the oceanic waters. As a result of microbial attack, nucleic acid components are released into seawater. The properties of extracellular nuclease produced by a marineVibrio sp. are well adapted to the seawater environment; consequently this enzyme has high activity and stability in seawater. By determining nuclease activity in seawater and sediments, the intensities of nucleic acid-hydrolysisin situ were evaluated.Distribution patterns of marine bacteria are also discussed in reference to the occurrence of phytoplankton in seawater. 相似文献
15.
New and important roles for DMSP in marine microbial communities 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The algal osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is recognised as the major precursor of marine dimethylsulfide (DMS), a volatile sulfur compound that affects atmospheric chemistry and global climate. Recent studies, using 35S-DMSP tracer techniques, suggest that DMSP may play additional very important roles in the microbial ecology and biogeochemistry of the surface ocean. DMSP may serve as an intracellular osmolyte in bacteria that take up phytoplankton-derived DMSP from seawater. In addition, DMSP appears to support from 1 to 13% of the bacterial carbon demand in surface waters, making it one of the most significant single substrates for bacterioplankton so far identified. Furthermore, the sulfur from DMSP is efficiently incorporated into bacterial proteins (mostly into methionine) and DMSP appears to be a major source of sulfur for marine bacterioplankton. Assimilatory metabolism of DMSP is via methanethiol (MeSH) that is produced by a demethylation/demethiolation pathway which dominates DMSP degradation in situ. Based on the linkage between assimilatory metabolism of DMSP and bacterial growth, we offer a hypothesis whereby DMSP availability to bacteria controls the production of DMS by the competing DMSP lyase pathway. Also linked with the assimilatory metabolism of DMSP is the production of excess MeSH which, if not assimilated into protein, reacts to form dissolved non-volatile compounds. These include sulfate and DOM–metal–MeSH complexes, both of which represent major short-term end-products of DMSP degradation. Because production rates of MeSH in seawater are high (3–90 nM d−1), reaction of MeSH with trace metals could affect metal availability and chemistry in seawater. Overall, results of recent studies provide evidence that DMSP plays important roles in the carbon, sulfur and perhaps metal and DOM cycles in marine microbial communities. These findings, coupled with the fact that the small fraction of DMSP converted to DMS may influence atmospheric chemistry and climate dynamics, draws attention to DMSP as a molecule of central importance to marine biogeochemical and ecological processes. 相似文献
16.
假交替单胞菌属归属于交替假单胞菌科。交替假单胞菌N289菌株分离自南极海冰,我们通过二代测序技术获得了其全基因组序列,组装后获得2条染色体和1条质粒,大小分别是3.2M、636kb和1.8kb。全基因组共包含3,589个ORF,GC含量为40.83%。基因功能分析表明,该菌酶活性高,具有很强的环境适应性。这项研究有助于了解生物多样性、该菌株的进化地位和微生物相互作用关系。 相似文献
17.
本文利用18S r RNA基因对4株经形态学初步鉴定的梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)进行了分子鉴定。结果显示,这4株分离自淡水环境(2株)和海水环境(2株)的梅尼小环藻的18S r RNA基因序列基本一致,并与已经报道的梅尼小环藻(登录号为GQ148712和AY496212)聚为一支,不同方法所构建的系统树的支持率分别为99%(邻接法)和98%(最大似然法),表明这4株来自不同环境的藻为同一物种——梅尼小环藻。随后作者利用扫描电镜技术在亚显微水平上对这4株梅尼小环藻进行了观察,结果显示:梅尼小环藻淡水株和海水株具有相当不同的亚显微结构特征。生活在海水的梅尼小环藻藻株具有更大的细胞以及更多的中央支持突。此外,本文还对造成梅尼小环藻种内高水平形态差异的原因以及18S r RNA基因序列是否可以作为小环藻属物种鉴定的分子标记做了分析和讨论。 相似文献
18.
19.
The molecular distribution of dissolved proteins in seawater from coastal marine environments in Uranouchi Bay, Kochi Prefecture, is first reported in this article. Occurrence of bacteria-derived dissolved proteins and their source bacteria were examined using a probe of the antibody (anti-Omp35La) against a porin outer membrane protein (Omp35La) of the fish pathogenic bacterium Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum. The electrophoretograms of dissolved proteins from coastal seawater showed a large number of discrete and individual proteins overlapped each other over a wide range of molecular masses indicating active processes in coastal environments in transferring proteins from organisms to the inanimate dissolved protein pool. Among the dissolved proteins, 37 kDa- and 18 kDa-proteins reacted with the Omp35La. In order to isolate the source bacteria of such dissolved proteins, bacteria from seawater and diseased fish were screened by colony Western blotting with anti-Omp35La. The reactive strains were further examined in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)/Western blotting to verify the presence of Omp35La homologues among the outer membrane proteins of such strains. Outer membrane proteins reacting with anti-Omp35La were detected in only 4 strains of the 129 strains that were positive in the colony Western blotting. The level of possible source bacteria of 37 kDa- and 18 kDa-dissolved proteins was suggested to be 5–6 orders of magnitude lower than the total bacterial count. The present study leads us to hypothesize that a minor portion of the bacterial assemblage is responsible for the dissolved proteins in the coastal waters. 相似文献