共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
减缓城市“热岛效应” 调节城市生态系统 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对城市“热岛效应”现象的形成及其对城市生态系统的影响进行初步探讨，得出结论：(1)城市的发展加强了“热岛效应”。(2)城市“热岛效应”对城市生态系统产生不良影响，使系统自我词节功能下降。(3)合理规划城市布局，发展城市绿化，可有效减缓“热岛效应”，改良城市生态系统。 相似文献
2.
黄土高原山地城市延安的热岛效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用延安城市站与延长农村站1969—2008年气温资料,分析了热岛效应对延安气温的影响。结果表明:延安城市发展对年平均气温的影响可分为三个阶段,1992年以前,延安站温度未受影响,1993—2002年,城市影响较轻,年平均气温的热岛效应增温贡献率为38.1%,2003年以后,热岛效应明显,增温在1℃以上,与大城市的热岛增温接近。热岛效应增温对四季温度的影响基本一致,热岛效应增温与自然增温贡献率相等。城市热岛效应对最低气温的影响开始时间早,影响程度高,对年平均最高气温基本无影响。受热岛效应影响,不但提高了城市的温度同时也改变城市的增温率,使得城市气温增温率加大。 相似文献
3.
哈尔滨市城市发展与热岛效应的定量研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用1986-2005年哈尔滨市区、郊区的年均气温资料以及哈尔滨市发展强度资料,分析了哈尔滨近20 a来城市发展与热岛效应的关系。结果表明：哈尔滨市发展强度指标与热岛效应之间具有显著的正相关关系,工业生产总值、建成区面积、全年用电量、公共交通实有车辆、年末实有道路面积、全年供水量是使哈尔滨市产生热岛效应的主要因子。综合城市发展指数与哈尔滨市年热岛强度指数的相关系数为0.72,二者拟合曲线初具环境库兹涅茨曲线特征。 相似文献
4.
利用1986-2005年哈尔滨市区、郊区的年均气温资料以及哈尔滨市发展强度资料,分析了哈尔滨近20 a来城市发展与热岛效应的关系。结果表明：哈尔滨市发展强度指标与热岛效应之间具有显著的正相关关系,工业生产总值、建成区面积、全年用电量、公共交通实有车辆、年末实有道路面积、全年供水量是使哈尔滨市产生热岛效应的主要因子。综合城市发展指数与哈尔滨市年热岛强度指数的相关系数为0.72,二者拟合曲线初具环境库兹涅茨曲线特征。 相似文献
5.
采用北京及市郊地区共16个标准国家气候站的1961～2000年40年温度资料对北京及周边地区的城市尺度热岛特征及其演变进行了研究.研究表明北京城区与郊区温度是同位相升降,且郊区温度一直低于城区.其温差维持并同位向振荡,温度逐年升高,城区与郊区温差逐年增大,表明北京热岛效应一直稳定存在,而且北京的热岛效应在随时间加剧.以海淀为代表的北京城区大部热岛效应显著,门头沟、石景山、丰台、房山和通县等地是局地升温的显著区域.因此,北京具有城市、卫星城市"热岛"多中心的复杂特征.分析热岛效应增强的趋势表明世纪末的10年与80年代的10年相比,北京城区与郊区的热岛效应增强趋势显著.特别是以海淀为代表的北京城区大部,热岛效应进一步明显增强;北京的东南部的局地升温效应加剧,通县也是一个明显的升温区域,并有一个从河北省伸向北京东南部的"暖脊". 尺度滤波分析表明,北京城市热岛效应10年变化的增强区域与城市位置十分吻合.北京城市热岛效应还具有中尺度特征.以海淀为代表的北京城区大部是热岛的主要中心,主中心内还有几个更小的高中心嵌套其中,分别位于三环路以内的西部和北部.北京城郊热岛效应发展趋势仍是严峻的,须进一步努力进行北京及周边地区环境的改善. 相似文献
6.
7.
根据位于珠江三角洲的江门地区1962—2010年的国家气象观测站逐日平均、最高和最低气温资料,采用直线趋势差值法,对不同"乡村站"江门地区城市热岛强度的计算进行比较分析。研究结果表明:采用上川海岛站作为"乡村站"计算的城市热岛强度指标更能够反映江门地区城市的热岛效应差异;由此计算得到的江门地区城市的平均热岛效应在冬季和秋季表现强些,春季最弱;热岛效应使得最低气温平均增温约每10年0.2℃。在20世纪80年代以后,热岛效应表现更为明显,平均增温幅度约为每10年0.3℃。 相似文献
8.
9.
2007年城市极端天气事件及其危害分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对2007年国内一些主要城市发生的极端天气事件分析,以及与城市建设历史发展过程中的比较,表明城市气象灾害对城市安全运行的威胁日趋严重.由于极端降水天气事件的日益增多以及城市本身扩大发展、人口密度不断增加、城市的热岛效应更加明显等原因,客观上存在易产生剧烈的天气现象和城市承灾能力越来越脆弱等问题.在深入分析致灾因素、致灾结果中,提出需要解决的城市建设规划、应急管理体制等科学问题,同时给出了城市防灾减灾的决策建议. 相似文献
10.
现代城市总是与分布稠密的人口、兴旺发达的工商业、高耸密集的建筑群以及错综复杂的交通设施分不开的。人类在创造城市的同时,也创造了城市特定的环境和特定的气候（如噪音、热岛效应等）。作为环境气象因子之一的城市里的风,也有着许多不同于乡村和其他地方的特点。由于热岛效应的影响,城市中的空气受热上升,郊区较冷的空气流向城市,因此在城市和郊区之间就形成了一个小型的局地环流,由此产生的风称作城市地面风（也称作“乡村风”）。这种风一般出现在大范围的风系较弱的晴朗天气条件下,风速一般不会超过2米每秒,风向则表现为城… 相似文献
11.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
12.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
13.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration. 相似文献
14.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o. 相似文献
15.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
16.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
17.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
18.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
19.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
20.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献