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应用国家气象中心模式检验方法,对华中区域中尺度业务数值预报模式WRF和中国气象局下发的GRAPES模式2013年1-12月的预报产品（包括降水、2 m温度场、850 hPa温度场、850 hPa风场和500 hPa位势高度场预报）进行统计检验。检验结果表明：所有要素24 h预报均优于48 h;对于晴雨预报,GRAPES模式TS评分高于WRF,但随着降水量级增大,WRF的TS评分基本都高于GRAPES,同时WRF降水预报范围明显偏大;分析2 m温度场的均方根误差及预报准确率发现,WRF的2 m温度场预报优于GRAPES,且暖季预报优于冷季;形势场要素分析表明,WRF对850 hPa温度场和风场预报具有相当大的优势,全年误差变化较稳定,而对500 hPa位势高度场的预报误差存在一定的季节性特征,即夏半年WRF高度场预报优于冬半年,GRAPES模式则相反。总体上,华中区域中尺度业务数值模式产品对天气预报具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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区域中尺度模式对西南地区一次强降水过程的预报分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了认识区域数值模式对西南地区降水预报能力,探索降水预报误差原因,本文应用MICAP资料,NCEP再分析资料,FY-2E辐射亮温资料,自动站资料,西南涡加密观测资料等,针对2012年7月2～5日西南地区一次强降水过程,分析了西南区域中心运行的WRF模式和GRAPES中尺度模式的预报能力,得到：（1）两模式不同程度反映了本次强降水过程.相对而言,WRF模式的预报略好于GRAPES,得益于WRF模式对对流层中低层温度、水汽、流场等演变的较好反映.（2）两模式预报对流层中低层温度偏差总体呈现正偏差,GRAPES模式呈现较大的温度偏差,正偏差特征更显著.两模式不同程度出现空报降水,特别是在高原东南坡.GRAPES模式空报雨区特征更明显.（3）两模式预报近地层湿度较实况大,都预报高原南坡,特别是高原东南坡风场辐合、水汽场辐合偏强,可能是造成虚假降水的主要原因.（4）较实况,WRF模式预报对流层高层的高压和对流层中低层的低压系统偏强,GRAPES模式预报西南低空急流偏强（可能是引起温度正偏差的原因）,两个模式预报的对流层正涡度较深厚,辐合上升运动强,这些可能是造成降水预报偏差的原因. 相似文献
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以生成GRAPES全球集合预报业务系统的控制预报初值为目的,基于GRAPES全球模式,开展了控制预报初值生成方法研究,发展了高分辨率初值动力升尺度方法,并检验了不同方法的可行性。通过对比不同方法产生的初始场形态,证实了仅仅对高分辨率初始场进行二维水平插值存在不足,基于静力学方程对Exner气压变量进行三维插值至关重要。结果表明,动力升尺度方法利用静力平衡关系,对全场的温压场进行调整,使之协调平衡,可以改善二维水平插值方法导致的初始位势高度场和温度场的噪音问题,产生适用于GRAPES全球集合预报业务系统的控制预报初值。 相似文献
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为了揭示低涡暴雨发生机制,认识高分辨率的区域数值模式对低涡暴雨类天气的预报能力,应用多种观测资料,NCEP再分析资料和区域数值模式WRF和GRAPES预报资料,分析了2012年7月20—23日西南地区一次高原涡和西南涡带来的大暴雨过程。研究结果表明:(1)高原低涡与西南低涡耦合有利于低涡发展维持,中层的正涡度平流、低层的辐合上升运动是低涡发展的重要机制。低涡强烈发展时期,对流系统发展极为强盛,-64℃云盖呈圆形。(2)对流层中低层低涡的维持和发展,使四川盆地处于辐合上升环流控制中,提供了有利于降水的动、热力条件,是盆地强降水发生的重要机制。(3)两个模式都较好地反映了低涡影响下的盆地大暴雨过程。与实况的差异主要表现在降水发生时间提前,降水落区移动偏快或偏慢,有利于降水的动、热力场更强等等。相对而言,WRF模式预报与实况更接近。模式预报的低涡位置及伴随的物理量演变决定了降水预报的差异。 相似文献
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对2006年汛期AREMS、GRAPES、WRF模式的降水预报结果作每日定量检验和2006年汛期的主要大降水过程作定性检验。结果表明：WRF模式48h的预报效果要明显好于24h;各模式的小雨预报效果基本接近;AREMS和GRAPES对中雨以上量级预报时效主要在24h之内;AREMS在24h之内对中雨、大雨的预报效果好于GRAPES、WRF模式。定性检验显示,WRF对强降水的量级和降水中心落区有较好的参考意义;AREMS模式对系统性降水的雨带走向预报较好,雨带比实况略偏北,量级比实况偏小;GRAPES模式对强降水雨带走向预报与AREMS模式类似,但对各量级的降水预报范围偏大。 相似文献
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基于CRA空间检验技术的西南地区东部强降水EC模式预报误差分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
CRA(contiguous rain area)空间检验技术是将连续雨区作为目标进行检验。通过设定降水量阈值,识别、分离及平移降水目标,将预报偏差分解为落区、强度和形态误差,该方法可避免传统TS评分的双惩罚效应。利用CRA空间检验技术对2011—2014年5—9月西南地区东部EC细网格模式36 h预报时效119个降水目标的预报误差进行分析,并按照环流形势和影响系统对强降水个例进行分型,分为西南地区东部低涡切变型、西南地区东部-江淮切变型、南风型,分别对上述三类不同类型强降水个例的落区和强度误差进行了对比。得到如下结论:西南地区东部降水预报形态误差占比最大,为60%左右,其次是落区误差,为30%左右,强度误差最小,约为10%;落区平均偏西0.7°,经向偏差不明显;模式对于水平尺度较小的降水目标漏报可能性较大,而对于天气尺度降水目标模式预报面积偏大,总降水量偏大,雨强偏小;西南地区东部低涡切变型和西南地区东部-江淮切变型降水强度预报误差类似,模式预报雨区面积均偏大,降水尺度越大,偏大的概率越大,实况平均降水强度越强,模式预报强度越偏弱;南风型预报强降水面积和平均强度均偏弱,出现漏报的概率较大;而对于最大降水量,三种类型模式预报的最强降水均较实况偏弱;西南地区东部低涡切变型模式预报落区偏西,江淮至西南地区东部切变型模式预报落区偏西偏北,南风型模式预报落区偏西偏南。 相似文献
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利用WRF模式及WRFDA同化系统,循环同化风云三号微波湿度计资料（MWHS-2）,对2019年6月4日四川西南涡暴雨天气过程进行数值模拟试验。结果表明:WRF模式成功预报出本次暴雨天气过程,同化MWHS-2观测资料对模式初始场盆地中东部的相对湿度有明显调整,较控制试验对盆地降水的模拟结果更接近于实况,不仅改善了700hPa低涡模拟路径与实况路径的差距,也改善了模拟结果中850hPa西南涡在盆地东部打转的虚假活动路线。整个过程中水汽辐合区与强降水区有很好的对应关系,强降水主要出现在700hPa低涡东南侧偏南气流气旋性曲率最大值区与850hPa低涡切变南侧的重叠位置。 相似文献
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利用增长模繁殖法(BGM),对2012年6月我国长江中下游及华南地区的一次强降水过程进行了不同扰动方案的集合预报试验研究。分别对集合预报中只考虑初值扰动、加入模式物理过程扰动和加入地表参量扰动的三种不同扰动方案进行了对比试验,并对最优试验方案的降水集合预报结果进行检验分析。(1) 同时考虑风场、温度场、湿度场、高度场和地表参量的初值扰动,以及考虑模式物理过程扰动的降水集合预报效果最优,可有效提高灾害性天气的预报效果。(2) 初值扰动和模式物理过程扰动对降水预报都有着重要的影响,相同的模式物理过程扰动会由于不同的初值扰动而产生较大差异,并且扰动的集合平均预报对降水有较好的指导意义 。(3) 对于位势高度场预报检验 ,集合预报平均要好于控制预报,并且随着预报时效延长,这种优势更加明显。(4) 对此次强降水过程在长江中下游、华南地区和全国区域的各量级降水预报TS评分检验可知,集合预报较单一的决定性预报(控制预报)效果有明显改善;集合平均预报一般都好于控制预报 ,同时集合预报也为预报员提供了天气不确定性的警示作用。 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
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The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
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Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
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Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed. 相似文献